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Digital Poster - Body Weekend and Oral

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Body Digital Poster

Thoracic and Breast MRI

2281 - 2386

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

2387 - 2477

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

2478 - 2649

Hyperpolarized Gas Lung MRI

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2281		Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) Denoising of Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR Images
		Norman B Konyer¹, Nayana Menon¹, Paul Polak^1,2, Parameswaran Nair^3,4, Michael D Noseworthy^1,2, and Sarah Svenningsen^1,3,4
		¹Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ²Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ³Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ⁴Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
		Hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MRI is an attractive approach to regionally quantify ventilation, however, it often suffers from low SNR. The use of a wavelet transform algorithm was explored as a way to improve SNR while not compromising image detail. Various wavelets and sparsity parameters were explored, all of which provided a significant improvement in SNR while minimally impacting image detail.

2282		Simple Method for Off-Resonance Gas Artifact Removal in 129Xe Gas-Transfer MRI
		Matthew Willmering¹, Peter Niedbalski¹, Laura Walkup^1,2, Zackary Cleveland^1,2, and Jason Woods^1,2
		¹Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ²University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
		Hyperpolarized dissolved-phase ¹²⁹Xe imaging allows pulmonary gas transfer processes to be quantified at multiple stages and physical abnormalities in gas-exchange to be identified in subjects with pulmonary disease. However, the technique is hindered by gas-phase contamination due to imperfect frequency-selective excitation of the 50-fold larger pool of gaseous ¹²⁹Xe. The previous method to remove this contamination required additional echoes. We present a simple post-acquisition method to remove gas-phase contamination with >90% efficiency. This method can be applied to the standard gas-transfer MRI sequence, thus permitting contamination removal for existing data, facilitating more accurate and consistent hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe gas-transfer imaging.

2283		Noninvasive Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension with Hyperpolarized 129Xe Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy
		Elianna Ada Bier¹, Ziyi Wang¹, Hamid Chalian², Joseph Mammarappallil², John C Nouls², Leith Rankine³, Junlan Lu³, Bastiaan Driehuys², and Sudarshan Rajagopal⁴
		¹Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, ²Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, ³Medical Physics Graduate Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, ⁴Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
		Using unique signatures in ¹²⁹Xe MR 3D gas exchange imaging and dynamic spectroscopy, we tested an algorithm to detect pulmonary hypertension (PH). The algorithm was developed using a training cohort (n=105) and tested on 25 subjects whose PH status was determined via right heart catheterization. Two expert readers rated scan quality and interpreted each subject’s ¹²⁹Xe MRI/MRS to determine PH status. Using the 16 patients for which readers rated scan diagnostic quality as 4-5/5, the diagnostic accuracy was 0.84 (sensitivity=0.78, specificity=0.93). This model demonstrates the ability to distinguish subjects with pre-capillary PH from those without PH or with post-capillary PH.

2284		Automatic Segmentation of Hyperpolarized Gas MRI via Deep Learning
		Joshua R Astley^1,2, Alberto M Biancardi¹, Paul JC Hughes¹, Laurie J Smith¹, Helen Marshall¹, Grace T Mussell¹, James Eaden¹, Nicholas D Weatherley¹, Guilhem J Collier¹, Jim M Wild¹, and Bilal A Tahir^1,2
		¹POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ²Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		Deep learning (DL)-based segmentation was conducted on a total of 431 ³He and ¹²⁹Xe 3D ventilation images using several training paradigms. Combined ³He and ¹²⁹Xe training showed a significant improvement over all other DL methods. In the majority of DL models, no significant difference was observed between ³He and ¹²⁹Xe testing data. Results suggest that ³He and ¹²⁹Xe images share important features that allow combined ³He and ¹²⁹Xe DL models to provide superior segmentations to singular gas models. In addition, it was shown that DL generates faster segmentations without the requirement of proton MRI compared to state-of-the-art model-based solutions.

2285		Regional hyperpolarised 129-xenon MR spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted MRI in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
		James A Eaden^1,2, Ho-Fung Chan¹, Guilhem J Collier¹, Nicholas D Weatherley¹, Jim Lithgow¹, Oliver Rodgers¹, Jody FD Bray¹, Graham Norquay¹, Stephen M Bianchi², and Jim M Wild^1,3
		¹POLARIS, MRI unit, Department of Infection Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ²Academic Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ³Insigneo institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		Preliminary findings are presented from a prospective, longitudinal hyperpolarised ¹²⁹Xe MRI study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. To date, 28 patients have undergone baseline ¹²⁹Xe DW-MRI and 10 patients have returned for a six-month scan. 14 patients have undergone baseline dissolved ¹²⁹Xe imaging using IDEAL CSI method. Regional values were produced by separating the lung into three zones. We demonstrate regional differences in ¹²⁹Xe gas transfer and ¹²⁹Xe DW-MRI measurements. Lm_D was found to be more sensitive to longitudinal change than ADC. Over a six-month period, the significant change in mean ¹²⁹Xe Lm_D was observed in the lower zone only.

2286		Dissolved 129Xe lung MRI with 4-echo IDEAL 3D radial CSI: quantification of regional gas transfer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
		Guilhem Jean Collier¹, James A Eaden¹, Paul J Hughes¹, Stephen M Bianchi², Neil J Stewart¹, Nick D Weatherley¹, Graham Norquay¹, Rolf F Schulte³, and Jim M Wild¹
		¹Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ²Academic directorate of respiratory medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ³GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany
		Imaging of the different resonances of dissolved hyperpolarized xenon in the lung is performed using a 4-echo flyback 3D radial implementation of the IDEAL technique and is evaluated in subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Results show: - excellent chemical shift separation of the dissolved peaks and gas contamination removal, - agreement with global spectroscopic and pulmonary function measurements of gas transfer, - reduced imaging gas transfer, especially in the basal lung, when compared to healthy volunteers, - increased cardiogenic modulation of dissolved xenon signal in the blood. Clinical results are in line with previously-published data.

2287		Can Hyperpolarized Gas MRI and Machine Learning Predict Longitudinal Changes in Airflow Limitation in Ex-smokers?
		Maksym Sharma¹, Andrew R. Westcott¹, Aaron Fenster¹, David G. McCormack², and Grace Parraga³
		¹Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada, ²Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada, ³Department of Medical Biophysics, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
		Hyperpolarized-gas-MRI provides a way to measure lung ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in whom progressive worsening of expiratory airflow occurs over time. Progression of COPD is believed to stem from airway wall and lumen changes, airway remodeling or obliteration and emphysema. Our objective was to test machine-learning algorithms trained on hyperpolarized ³He MRI for predicting clinically-relevant FEV₁ changes. Novel 3-dimensional adaptations of gray-level run-length-matrices, gap-length-matrices, zone-size-matrices and co-occurrence-matrices were used for feature extraction which lead to the identification of features that predicted changes in airflow limitation (∆FEV₁%_pred>5%) over a 2.5-year time-period in at-risk and COPD ex-smokers.

2288		Assessment of Gas Exchange for Lung Volume Reduction Surgery in an Emphysema Rat Model Using Xenon Polarization Transfer Contrast Imaging
		Faraz Amzajerdian ^1,2, Luis Loza¹, Tahmina Achekzai¹, Federico Sertic^1,3, Yi Xin^1,2, Harrilla Profka¹, Hooman Hamedani^1,2, Ian Duncan¹, Stephen J Kadlecek¹, Kai Ruppert¹, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) treats emphysema by removing severely emphysematous regions of the lung. Techniques that can better identify which regions of the lung to remove as well as assess the resultant changes in lung function could lead to better surgical outcomes. Here, we explored the feasibility of using hyperpolarized xenon-129 (HXe) MRI for this purpose. Xenon polarization Transfer Contrast (XTC) imaging was used to quantify gas exchange as a metric for assessing the severity and distribution of emphysematous lung regions before and after LVRS.

2289		Quantifying Gas Exchange Rates Between Red Blood Cells and Airways Using Hyperpolarized Xenon-129
		Faraz Amzajerdian ^1,2, Stephen J Kadlecek¹, Hooman Hamedani^1,2, Yi Xin^1,2, Ryan Baron¹, Ian Duncan¹, Maurizio Cereda^1,3, Kai Ruppert¹, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		Xenon Polarization Transfer Contrast (XTC) imaging is useful for quantifying the exchange rates between gas-phase and dissolved-phase xenon, particularly in emphysematic lungs which experience reduced local tissue and blood volumes. However, this technique does not account for local gas volumes, which can provide important context for interpreting these exchange rates. In this work, a method of incorporating both gas exchange rates and local gas volumes is described.

2290		A Multiparametric Functional Map for Monitoring and Predicting Chronic Lung Transplant Rejection
		Hooman Hamedani^1,2, Stephen J Kadlecek¹, Ryan Baron¹, Faraz Amzajerdian ^1,2, Kai Ruppert¹, Ian Duncan¹, Yi Xin^1,2, Mehrdad Pourfathi¹, Sarmad Siddiqui¹, Luis Loza¹, Tahmina Achekzai¹, Maurizio Cereda^1,3, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		mPRM analysis allowed us to distinguish otherwise healthy transplanted lungs and to classify functional abnormalities in lungs compromised by CLAD.

2291		Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI Measures of Gas Exchange in Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia
		David Mummy¹, Ziyi Wang², Elianna Bier², Robert Tighe³, Bastiaan Driehuys¹, and Joseph Mammarappallil¹
		¹Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, ³Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
		Hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe gas exchange MRI was used to compare patients with non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and healthy controls. NSIP patients had significantly increased interstitial barrier uptake and decreased red blood cell transfer despite preserved ventilation; in some cases, these abnormalities were present without spatially associated CT findings. These results suggest that ¹²⁹Xe gas exchange MRI is sensitive to disease activity that is not reflected on ¹²⁹Xe ventilation alone, or on CT. Ongoing analyses will test the ability of this technique to assess response to targeted therapies and guide clinical decision making in NSIP and other interstitial lung diseases.

2292		Optimizing Hyperpolarized 129Xe Production under Practical Cryogenic Accumulation Conditions
		Joseph W Plummer¹, Zackary I Cleveland¹, Laura Walkup¹, Jason W Woods¹, Kiarash Emami², and Andrew Dummer²
		¹Center for Pulmonary Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ²Polarean Imaging PLC, Durham, NC, United States
		Following improvements in continuous-flow hyperpolarization technology, ¹²⁹Xe has shown ever-increasing utility as a pulmonary contrast agent. However, polarization remains constrained by conflicting demands of spin-exchange efficiency and T₁ relaxation during cryogenic collection. By collecting ¹²⁹Xe across a range of practical conditions, we developed model to predict conditions for optimal ¹²⁹Xe polarization. In many regimes, the benefits of optimal spin exchange efficiency were outweighed by polarization lost to rapid relaxation in polycrystalline ¹²⁹Xe snow (T₁^snow = 84 minutes). For 1-L, clinical ¹²⁹Xe doses, our model suggests optimal polarizations are obtained using accumulation times <30 minutes and relatively rich (2–2.3%) xenon mixtures.

2293		Quantitative Assessment of Lung Compliance using both Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI and Micro-CT
		Hongchuang Li¹, Ming Zhang¹, Haidong Li¹, Xiuchao Zhao¹, Qiuchen Rao¹, Xiaoling Liu¹, Yeqing Han¹, Xianping Sun¹, Xinrui Wang², Chaohui Ye¹, Xin Lou², and Xin Zhou¹
		¹Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China, ²Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China, Beijing, China
		Lung compliance is commonly used in clinical diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, and it is generally measured using pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in clinic. In this study, the imaging methods including both hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MRI and micro-CT were used to quantify lung compliance in rats, and the significant correlation was found between these two imaging methods. Our study also demonstrates the feasibility of measuring lung compliance using hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MRI, which would contribute to fully understanding the lung function changes caused by the pulmonary diseases.

2294		Quantitative Evaluation of Changes in Lung Compliance Caused by Fibrosis using Hyperpolarized Gas MRI
		Ming Zhang¹, Haidong Li¹, Hongchuang Li¹, Xiuchao Zhao¹, Yeqing Han¹, Xianping Sun¹, Chaohui Ye¹, and Xin Zhou¹
		¹National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
		Pulmonary compliance is generally measured using pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in clinical practice. In this study, we proposed a strategy of quantifying pulmonary compliance (Cst-Xe) using hyperpolarized (HP) ¹²⁹Xe MRI. The Cst-Xe reliably distinguishes the healthy and bleomycin rats, and was correlated well with pulmonary compliance via PFTs and microstructure parameters via HP ¹²⁹Xe DWI, respectively. The results have demonstrated the feasibility of HP ¹²⁹Xe MRI in quantitatively and non-invasively assessing the pulmonary compliance, and also have improved the understanding of the lung compliance changes in fibrosis.

2295		Imaging Hyperpolarized Xe Changes in the Lung Over a Breathing Cycle Using a Dynamic CSI
		Tahmina Achekzai¹, Stephen J Kadlecek¹, Kai Ruppert¹, Luis Loza¹, Faraz Amzajerdian ^1,2, Yi Xin^1,2, Ian Duncan¹, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		We demonstrated a new imaging technique capable of quantifying Xe gas uptake into airways and parenchyma over the course of a breathing cycle. Current imaging techniques acquire entire images at a single breathing point. These methods may not replicate organ function during tidal breathing, and could potentially miss diagnostically important dynamic information depending on the time of acquisition. This sequence traverses the k-space over a series of 576 breaths to produce 12 images at different time points. Three healthy rats were imaged, and Xe signal was found to fluctuate at different times and amplitudes depending on respective lung compartment.

2296		Hyperpolarised 129Xe Imaging Using A 0.5T Upright Paramed MRI Scanner.
		James Harkin¹, Robert Irwin¹, Joshua McAteer¹, Penny Gowland², Michael Barlow³, and Ian Hall³
		¹University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Using a multinuclear 0.5T Paramed Medical Systems MROpen Upright MRI scanner, ¹²⁹Xe images have been acquired within the duration of a breath hold. An active SAR monitoring system has been implemented to allow for the safe collection of data within SAR limits of chest imaging. There is the intention of applying compressed sensing to the current ¹²⁹Xe sequence. The upright and open design of the scanner makes imaging more comfortable for patients and allows for imaging in later stages of respiratory diseases.

Lung & Mediastinum

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2297		Pulmonary Ventilation Analysis Using Motion-Resolved Ultrashort Echo (UTE) MRI
		Fei Tan¹, Xucheng Zhu¹, and Peder E. Z. Larson^1,2
		¹Graduate Program in Bioengineering, UC Berkeley - UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
		Pulmonary ventilation analysis using motion-resolved ¹H UTE MRI with tissue deformation-based and signal intensity-based methods was conducted for the first time. The ventilation maps derived from both approaches are consistent with each other on healthy volunteers and a pediatric subject with lung abnormality.

2298		Dynamic 3D Ventilation Maps with Phase-Resolved Ultrashort Echo Time (UTE) MRI
		Fei Tan¹, Xucheng Zhu¹, and Peder E. Z. Larson^1,2
		¹Graduate Program in Bioengineering, UC Berkeley - UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
		In this abstract, we propose a novel respiratory phase-resolved reconstruction for free-breathing pulmonary ¹H UTE MRI. We compute the tissue deformation-based ventilation maps and further use the parametric and non-parametric fitting methods to reduce the noise and registration errors.

2299		Feasibility study of nodule conspicuity for lung screening using ultrashort echo time MRI
		Saori Koshino^1,2, Takeharu Yoshikawa³, Yukihiro Nomura³, Soichiro Miki³, Shouhei Hanaoka², Takeyuki Watadani², Naoto Hayashi³, and Osamu Abe^1,2
		¹Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Radiology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ³Department of Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
		Pulmonary MRI with ultrashort echo time (UTE) is expected to be an alternative to low-dose CT for lung screening. In this study, the feasibility of breath-hold (BH) and respiratory triggered (RT) scans with UTE was investigated. In total, 229 lung MRI examinations that were composed of 136 examinations with a solid nodule (SN) and 93 examinations with a ground-glass nodule (GGN) were evaluated. Both results of qualitative and quantitative assessment suggested that SN was more clearly depicted than GGN. BH scan in pulmonary MRI should be more suitable for lung screening than RT scan.

2300		Imaging of lung parenchyma: comparison of UTE3D, ZTE3D vnav, and ZTE4D acquisitions
		Dorottya Papp¹, Piotr A. Wielopolski¹, Bernadette B.L.J. Elders², Pierluigi Ciet¹, Mika W. Vogel³, Gyula Kotek¹, and Juan Antonio Hernandez-Tamames¹
		¹Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands, ²Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands, ³GE Healthcare, Hoevelaken, Netherlands
		MRI has recently emerged as a potential clinical tool that can produce high resolution images of structural changes in the lung thanks to the use of ultrashort TE readouts without the ionizing radiation of CT scans [3-6]. Thanks to this developments, pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can undergo routine monitoring with CT like quality [1]. In this study we investigate three different MRI sequences (UTE, ZTE3D vnav and ZTE 4D). In general, all sequences perform reasonably well though ZTE3D vnav seems to provide the best performance for CF monitoring.

2301		Motion-Corrected Pulmonary Imaging Using Spiral UTE Acquisition and Accelerated GROG-XD-GRASP Reconstruction
		Eddy Solomon¹, Li Feng², Benkert Thomas ³, Moritz Schneider ⁴, Kai Tobias Block¹, Daniel K Sodickson¹, and Hersh Chandarana¹
		¹Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ²Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ³Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴Radiology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
		Despite recent advances in imaging techniques, respiratory motion remains a major challenge in lung MRI. This work explores ultrashort echo time (UTE) technique based on a stack-of-spirals trajectory for lung MRI. To achieve motion-resolved and high-resolution pulmonary MRI during free breathing, spiral arms were grouped into different respiratory states based on self‐navigator signals. These data were reconstructed with an eXtra-Dimensional (XD) compressed-sensing algorithm that use self-calibrating GRAPPA operator gridding (GROG). The proposed reconstruction pipeline enabled motion-compensated imaging revealing fine details of pulmonary parenchymal anatomy.

2302		Reproducibility of functional lung MRI using non-contrast-enhanced 3D-UTE MRI in breath-hold technique
		Corona Metz¹, Julius Frederik Heidenreich¹, Andreas Max Weng ¹, Thomas Benkert², Herbert Köstler¹, Thorsten Alexander Bley¹, and Simon Veldhoen¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany, ²Application Development, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
		Functional and morphologic assessment of lung disease is to date performed separately using pulmonary function testing and mostly radiation-based imaging. UTE MRI is a promising tool for radiation-free pulmonary imaging. Pre-existing invasive functional MRI techniques have been transferred to UTE MRI. For non-invasive combined functional and morphologic imaging, radiation-free 3D-UTE MRI acquired in breath-hold and using stack-of-spirals trajectories enables ventilation measurements with high reproducibility for both tidal and deep fractional ventilation.

2303		Assessment of the Ventilation Rate allows for Interindividual Comparability of Ventilation Inhomogeneity in Functional 3D-UTE Lung MRI
		Julius Frederik Heidenreich¹, Andreas Max Weng¹, Corona Metz¹, Thomas Benkert², Helge Hebestreit³, Thorsten Alexander Bley¹, Herbert Köstler¹, and Simon Veldhoen¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany, ²Application Development, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Würzburg, Germany, ³Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
		Lung imaging with single-breath-hold 3D-UTE MRI allows for lung function analyses such as fractional ventilation (FV). Despite being a promising technique for unenhanced functional imaging, its limited interindividual comparability due to variable breathing depths has been a major drawback. Referencing the voxelwise FV to the mean FV (entire lung) provides the ventilation rate, which can be used for inter-/intraindividual comparison. We demonstrate that the distribution width of the ventilation rate strongly correlates to the ventilation inhomogeneity in patients with cystic fibrosis as measured by the lung clearance index, which makes it a promising parameter for analysis of lung ventilation.

2304		Comparison of Capability for Therapeutic Effect Prediction between CEST Imaging and FDG-PET/CT in NSCLC Patients with Chemoradiotherapy
		Yoshiharu Ohno^1,2, Masao Yui³, Daisuke Takenaka⁴, Yoshimori Kassai³, Kazuhiro Murayama¹, and Takeshi Yoshikawa²
		¹Radiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan, ²Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan, ³Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan, ⁴Diagnostic Radiology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
		No major repots have been evaluated the capability for therapeutic effect evaluation or prediction by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging and compared with FDG-PET/CT. We hypothesized that CEST imaging had equal or better potential for therapeutic effect evaluation and prediction in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with conservative therapy, when compared with FDG-PET/CT. The purpose of this study was to directly and prospectively compare the capability for prediction of therapeutic effect for chemoradiotherapy between CEST imaging and FDG-PET/CT in NSCLC patients.

2305		Repeatability and correlation of hyperpolarized xenon-129 and oxygen enhanced MRI parameters in healthy volunteers
		Paul J.C. Hughes¹, Marta Tibiletti², Matthew J. Heaton², Ho-Fung Chan¹, Guilhem J. Collier¹, Matthew Austin¹, Laurie J. Smith^1,3, Jim Lithgow¹, Josephine H. Naish^2,4, Jim M. Wild^1,5, and Geoff J.M. Parker^2,6
		¹POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ²Bioxydyn, Manchester, United Kingdom, ³Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ⁴Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ⁵Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ⁶Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
		Hyperpolarised xenon-129 MRI has shown utility in longitudinal assessment of lung structure and function, and has been shown to be a repeatable method. Oxygen enhanced MRI is a cheaper method of imaging different aspects of lung function. This work aimed to assess a single-centre repeatability of multiple metrics from both imaging methods in volunteers, and assess any correlations between xenon-129 and oxygen enhanced metrics of lung function.

2306		On gamma variate fitting for perfusion quantification in the lung.
		Marta Tibiletti¹, Jo Naish^1,2, Matthew J. Heaton¹, Paul JC Hughes³, Jim Wild³, and Geoff JM Parker^1,4
		¹Bioxydyn Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom, ²Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ³POLARIS, , Academic Radiology, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ⁴Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
		Application of first pass imaging to the lung is a promising technique. The majority of works apply a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) with or without a prior fit to a gamma variate function to the concentration-time curve. In this study we compare lung perfusion quantification with and without 2 versions of the gamma-variate fitting in data from 66 patients with Interstitial lung disease. We found that the presence and choice of gamma variate fitting has an influence on perfusion parameters, but this is generally very small, except for mean transit time, suggesting that these approaches are broadly equivalent in practice.

2307		Free breathing and breath hold lung T1 is significantly different in pulmonary hypertension subgroups.
		Laura Saunders¹, Andy Swift¹, and Jim Wild¹
		¹University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		This work explores lung T₁ mapping as a contrast-free, radiation-free method of differentiating subgroups in pulmonary hypertension, measured during both free breathing and inspiration breath hold acquisitions. Inspiration lung T₁ mapping is significantly different between patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH), as well as between patients with idiopathic PAH and PAH due to connective tissue disease (CTD) and congenital heart disease (CHD). Free breathing lung T₁ mapping was also significantly different between patients with IPAH and PAH CTD and CHD and may be useful in patients who struggle to maintain breath hold due to dyspnoea.

2308		129Xe and free-breathing 1H ventilation MRI in patients with cystic fibrosis
		Helen Marshall¹, Laurie J Smith¹, Alberto M Biancardi¹, Guilhem J Collier¹, Andreas Voskrebenzev², Jens Vogel-Claussen², and Jim M Wild¹
		¹POLARIS, Academic Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ²Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
		Free-breathing ¹H MRI offers a means of producing surrogate ventilation images without use of a contrast agent but more validation against direct ventilation imaging methods such as hyperpolarised gas MRI is required. 24 patients with cystic fibrosis were scanned with ¹H and ¹²⁹Xe ventilation MRI. There were strong correlations between ¹H ventilation defect percentage (VDP), ¹²⁹Xe VDP, lung clearance index and FEV₁. ¹H VDP was typically smaller than ¹²⁹Xe VDP with wide limits of agreement (LOA) (bias 2.8%, LOA -13.7%, 19.3%). Both similarities and differences between ¹²⁹Xe and ¹H ventilation images were observed across the range of disease severity.

2309		Free breathing 1H MRI Specific Ventilation: Sensitivity to Bronchodilator and Airway Dysfunction in Severe Asthma
		Dante PI Capaldi¹, Norman B Konyer², Melanie Kjarsgaard³, Michael D Noseworthy^2,4, Parameswaran Nair^3,5, and Sarah Svenningsen^2,3,5
		¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ³Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ⁴Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, ⁵Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
		Free-breathing ¹H MRI–derived specific ventilation (SV) provides a way to visualize regional ventilation, which has been shown to be reduced in asthmatics compared to healthy volunteers. We hypothesized that free breathing MRI–derived SV in severe asthmatics would be sensitive to airway bronchodilation and airway dysfunction, and hence our objective was to measure SV using ¹H MRI in healthy volunteers and severe asthmatics pre- and post-bronchodilator and to evaluate the relationship with airway oscillometry measurements. Preliminary results in severe-asthmatics showed that free-breathing ¹H MRI–derived SV is sensitive to bronchodilator therapy and may reflect regional small airway pathology.

2310		Low-rank and sparse matrix decomposition for accelerated non-contrast-enhanced functional lung MRI
		Efe Ilicak¹, Jascha Zapp¹, Lothar R. Schad¹, and Frank Zoellner¹
		¹Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
		Lung functions have significant clinical value for diagnosis of pulmonary diseases. Fourier Decomposition is a non-contrast-enhanced method for assessing pulmonary functions from time-resolved images. However, its performance depends on temporal resolution. Here we propose two compressed sensing reconstruction strategies based on low-rank and sparse matrix decomposition. Retrospective demonstrations on in vivo acquisitions demonstrate the performance of these techniques, enabling improved scan efficiency without degrading image quality.

2311		Quantification of Hyperpolarized 129-Xe signal fluctuations in a rodent chest restriction model
		Tahmina S Achekzai¹, Steve J Kadlecek¹, Yi Xin^2,3, Federico Sertic^2,4, Luis Loza², Faraz Amzajerdian ^2,3, Kai Ruppert², Harrilla Profka², Ian Duncan², and Rahim R. Rizi²
		¹UPenn, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ⁴Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		We demonstrated a new imaging technique capable of quantifying Xe gas uptake into airways and parenchyma over the course of a breathing cycle. Most current imaging techniques acquire entire images at a single breathing point. These methods may not replicate organ function during tidal breathing, and could potentially miss diagnostically important dynamic information depending on the time of acquisition. This sequence traverses the k-space over a series of 576 breaths to produce 12 images at different time points. Three healthy rats were imaged, and Xe signal was found to fluctuate at different times and amplitudes depending on respective lung compartment.

2312		Applicability of automated cardiac phase sorting for phase resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI
		Lea Behrendt^1,2, Andreas Voskrebenzev^1,2, Filip Klimeš^1,2, Marcel Gutberlet^1,2, Hinrich Winther¹, Till Kaireit^1,2, Tawfik Moher Alsady^1,2, Gesa Pöhler^1,2, Frank Wacker^1,2, and Jens Vogel-Claussen^1,2
		¹Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, ²Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
		Phase-resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI is a promising contrast agent-free 1H method to derive information about perfusion dynamics in free breathing. The analysis includes the segmentation of a main vessel to determine the perfusion phase for reconstruction of a full cardiac cycle. Since manual segmentation can be challenging and time-consuming, an algorithm for automated phase sorting is desirable. In this study such an algorithm is proposed, tested in 34 patients with CF and CTEPH and compared to manual phase sorting. The algorithm was able to perform segmentation in all cases and showed improved phase sorting compared to manual segmentation.

Breast (Machine Learning, Radiomics & Texture Analysis)

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2313		Automatic Segmentation of Tumor-related Vessels of Breast Cancer on Ultrafast DCE MRI using U-Net
		Masako Kataoka¹, Takuto Fukutome², Tomohiro Takemura², Kango Kawase², Kojiro Yano³, Maya Honda⁴, Mami Iima⁴, Akane Ohashi⁴, Masakazu Toi⁵, and Kaori Togashi⁴
		¹Radiology (Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine), Kyoto Univ. Hospital, Kyoto, Japan, ²Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, ³Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan, ⁴Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, ⁵Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
		We aimed to develop a system for automatic segmentation of tumor-related vessels on ultrafast dynamic contrast (UF-DCE) MRI using U-net. Training set consisted of image dataset of 20 MIP images obtained from -15 to +60 sec after contrast injection from 59 patients. Exclusion criteria were those with poor image quality. The dice similarity coefficient was above 0.8 for training set, 0.6 for validation set. Careful analysis of failed cases revealed that inaccurate segmentation of the vessel were caused by low-contrast images, noisy-images, artifact, bright skin line due to incomplete fat suppression, and non-mass enhancement that may mimic vasculature.

2314		Classification of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using 3D Convolution Neural Network: A Pilot Study
		Cindy Xue¹, Gladys Lo¹, Victor Ai¹, Oilei O.L Wong¹, Max W.K Law¹, and Jing Yuan¹
		¹Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
		BIRADS classification is one of the standard of reporting breast MRI. It reveals the information about the likelihood of cancer and management recommendation for the patients. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate a 3D convolution neural network (CNN) for breast MRI BIRADS classification. This 3D CNN network was evaluated and it achieved overall 90% classification accuracy. In particular, the network also has high sensitivity (100%) of highly suspicious of malignancy findings. The results suggested that a deep learning-based computerized tool might be useful in BIRADS-MRI classification.

2315		Diffusion-Weighted MRI-Based Quantitative Markers for Characterizing Breast Cancer Lesions Using Machine Learning
		Rahul Mehta^1,2, Muge Karaman^1,2, Yangyang Bu^3,4, Zheng Zhong^1,2, Guangyu Dan^1,2, Shiwei Wang^3,4, Changyu Zhou^3,4, Weihong Hu^3,4, X. Joe Zhou^1,2,5, and Maosheng Xu^3,4
		¹Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, ³The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China, ⁴The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China, ⁵Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		We investigate the quantitative markers obtained from the parameters of two diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) models, continuous-time random-walk (CTRW) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models, for differentiating malignant and benign breast lesions. The quantitative markers are extracted from the histograms of each parameter, and then the statistical importance of each marker is determined using a feature importance algorithm. Our results show the Gradient Boosted Classifier (GBC) achieves optimal performance using the top quantitative markers. The statistical histogram features from the parameters of CTRW and IVIM models can be used in a GBC to provide a new avenue in breast cancer diagnosis.

2316		Artificial Intelligence Prediction of Breast Cancer Pathologic Complete Response from Axillary Lymph Node MRIs
		Janice Yang^1,2, Thomas Ren¹, Hongyi Duanmu³, Pauline Huang¹, Renee Cattell¹, Haifang Li¹, Fusheng Wang³, and Tim Q Duong¹
		¹Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, ²Dougherty Valley High School, San Ramon, CA, United States, ³Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
		Breast cancer patient response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy cannot be accurately predicted or monitored through imaging, leading to unnecessary treatment and sentinel lymph node biopsies. We developed convolutional neural networks to predict pathologic complete response utilizing a combination of axillary lymph node MRIs from before and during treatment. 3-fold cross validation reveals that the model trained on scans before and after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy performed best with an accuracy of 81.17%. These results point to improved predictive performance of early imaging markers in axillary lymph nodes and encourages its implementation to aid treatment planning and improve prognosis.

2317		Implementing compressed sensing with deep image prior to reconstruct undersampled dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data of the breast
		Kalina P Slavkova¹, Julie C DiCarlo^2,3, David M Van Veen⁴, Anum K Syed⁵, Ajil Jalal⁴, John Virostko⁶, Anna G Sorace⁷, Alexandros G Dimakis^4,8, and Thomas E Yankeelov^2,5,6,9
		¹Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ²Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ³Livestrong Cancer Institutes, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ⁴Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ⁵Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ⁶Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ⁷Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States, ⁸Wireless Networking and Communications Group, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States, ⁹Oncology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
		We evaluate the ability of the compressed sensing with deep image prior (CS-DIP) algorithm to reconstruct undersampled dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data of the breast. The performance of the reconstruction is evaluated by comparing quantitative parameters computed from the reconstructed data to the original parameter values computed from fully-sampled data. We hypothesize that CS-DIP will enable dramatically fewer k-space measurements, thereby allowing for higher temporal (while maintaining spatial) resolution of breast MRI scans.

2318		Automatic Detection and Segmentation of Breast Cancer on MRI Using Mask R-CNN Trained on Non-Fat-Sat Images and Tested on Fat-Sat Images
		Yang Zhang¹, Jiejie Zhou², Youngjean Park³, Siwa Chan⁴, Meihao Wang², Min Jung Kim³, Kai-Ting Chang¹, Peter Chang¹, Daniel Chow¹, Jeon-Hor Chen^1,5, and Min-Ying Su¹
		¹Department of Radiological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States, ²Department of Radiology, First Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China, ³Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ⁴Department of Medical Imaging, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ⁵Department of Radiology, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
		The mask R-CNN algorithm was implemented to search entire images to identify suspicious lesions for further evaluation of malignancy probability. One training (N=98, Siemens 1.5T, non-fat-sat) and two independent testing (N=241, Siemens 3T, non-fat-sat; and N=91, GE 3T, fat-sat) datasets were used. The pre-contrast and subtraction image, and the subtraction image of the contralateral breast, were used as three inputs. The training set had a total of 1353 positive slices (containing lesion), 8055 negative slices without lesion. The 10-fold cross-validation showed accuracy=0.80 and mean DSC= 0.82. The accuracy was 0.73 and 0.62 for two testing datasets, lower for fat-sat images.

2319		Background Parenchymal Enhancement (BPE) classification on Breast MRI using Deep Learning
		Sarah Eskreis-Winkler¹, Katja Pinker¹, Donna D'Alessio¹, Katherine Gallagher¹, Nicole Saphier¹, Danny Martinez¹, Elizabeth Sutton¹, and Elizabeth Morris¹
		¹Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
		Breast cancer risk in high risk women is significantly increased for those with high background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) compared to low BPE, yet there is only fair to moderate inter-rater agreement for BPE assessment among radiologists, limiting the use of BPE as a marker of cancer risk. We developed a deep learning algorithm that classifies BPE with high accuracy. The algorithm works best when sub-MIPs, not MIPs, are used as network inputs. The algorithm has potential to autopopulate breast MRI reports in our breast imaging clinic, and ultimately to standardize BPE as a marker of breast cancer risk.

2320		Shortening Diagnostic T2w Breast Protocols to Capitalize on the Benefits of a Deep Learning Reconstruction
		Timothy J Allen¹, Leah C Henze Bancroft², Roberta M Strigel^1,2,3, Ty Cashen⁴, Orhan Unal², Frank R Korosec^1,2, Ping Wang¹, Lloyd Estkowski⁴, Fred Kelcz², Amy M Fowler^1,2,3, R Marc Lebel⁴, and James Holmes²
		¹Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Global MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, United States
		A SSFSE-based fast acquisition was used in conjunction with a vendor-supplied, deep learning-based reconstruction to obtain T2-weighted images (Rapid T2w+DL) for diagnostic breast MRI. Radiologists compared the Rapid T2w+DL images to standard-of-care T2w FSE images assessing both image quality and utility in completing a typical clinical task. The fast acquisition provided a reduction in average scan time from 3:35 (min:sec) to 1:16 (64%). Deep learning was used to alleviate issues associated with the fast protocol (e.g. blurring and reduced SNR). Rapid T2w+DL images allowed for completion of the clinical task with results comparable to those obtained with standard T2w images.

2321		Comparison of Breast Cancer Diagnostic Performance Using Radiomics Models Built Based on Features Extracted from DCE-MRI and Mammography
		Jiejie Zhou¹, Yang Zhang², Kyoung Eun Lee³, Jeon-Hor Chen², Xiaxia He¹, Nina Xu¹, Shuxin Ye¹, Ouchen Wang¹, Jiance Li¹, Yezhi Lin⁴, Meihao Wang¹, and Min-Ying Su²
		¹First Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China, ²University of California, Irvine, CA, United States, ³Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ⁴Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
		A total of 89 patients receiving both DCE-MRI and mammography were analyzed, including 56 malignant and 33 benign lesions. The 3D tumor mask on MRI was generated using computer algorithms. A total of 99 texture and histogram features were extracted from three DCE parameters maps. The suspicious area on mammography was outlined using MRI findings as guidance, and a similar radiomics method was applied to extract features from the mass and the margin. Random forest was applied to select features for building diagnostic models. The overall accuracy was 0.80 for MRI, 0.75 for mammography, and improved to 0.85 when combined.

2322		Inter-reader variability in Breast MRI Radiomics
		Michael James Fox¹, Roberto Lo Gullo², Isaac Daimiel Naranjo², Carolina Saccarelli², Almir Bitencourt², Katja Pinker-Domenig^2,3, and Peter Gibbs²
		¹Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ²Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ³Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
		The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of choice of radiologist on radiomics in breast MRI. Two cohorts of 100 patients each had breast lesions segmented by 4 independent radiologists, and these segmented images used to produce 101 radiomic features. over 90% of all features were found to have good or excellent agreement across readers, and a similar number of highly significant U-test were found for all readers. Differences between reader interpretation exist, however, they would not appear to effect the ability to distinguish between benign or malignant lesions.

2323		Diagnosis of Non-Mass-Like Enhancement Lesions on DCE-MRI by Using Quantitative Radiomics and Radiologists’ BI-RADS Reading
		Meihao Wang¹, Yang Zhang², Jiejie Zhou¹, Haiwei Miu¹, Nina Xu¹, Xiaxia He¹, Shuxin Ye¹, Huiru Liu¹, Ouchen Wang¹, Jiance Li¹, Yezhi Lin³, and Min-Ying Su²
		¹First Affiliate Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China, ²University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, ³Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
		A total of 105 lesions, 70 malignant and 35 benign, presenting as non-mass-like enhancements were analyzed. Two radiologists gave the BI-RADS reading for the morphological distribution and the internal enhancement pattern. For each case, the 3D tumor mask was generated using FCM clustering algorithm with connective labeling and hole filling. Three DCE parameters maps were generated from the images, and PyRadiomics was applied to extract a total of 321 features for each case. The diagnostic model was built using SVM with 10-fold cross-validation. The accuracy of the radiomics model was 82%, higher compared to 72% built with the BI-RADS reading.

2324		Prediction axillary lymph node status of Breast Cancer by MRI Radiomics
		Lan Li¹, Tao YU¹, ShiXi Jiang¹, YouXi Yuan¹, JiuQuan Zhang¹, and Jianqing SUN²
		¹Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, ChongQing, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		To establish a radiomic model based on dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging predicting ALN status noninvasively before operation.

2325		Combination of curve types, shape and gray level co-occurrence matrix features on breast MR to differentiate mass-like DCIS from invasive cancer
		Kun Cao¹, Ying li¹, and Ying-Shi Sun¹
		¹Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
		For radiologists, mass-like DCIS on breast MRI is unable to be distinguished from invasive ductal cancer by bare eyes. However, different treatment strategies for these two entities pushed us to do the differentiation using innovative approaches. By combining usage of tumor dynamic curve type on DCE, whole tumor shape features and features from GLCM to reflecting heterogeneity inside certain areas on MR images, we were able to achieve diagnostic accuracy 84.7% in telling DCIS from IDC in mass-like lesions, by using only one feature from each categories.

2326		Improvement of Radiomics Prediction by Robustness Preselection
		Renee Cattell¹, Shenglan Chen², Jie Ding^2,3, and Chuan Huang^2,4,5
		¹Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, ³Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ⁴Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, ⁵Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
		Radiomic analysis has exponentially increased the amount of quantitative data extractable from a single medical image. However, the effect of various image acquisition conditions on the reproducibility or robustness of these features is understudied. Specifically, when generating a predictive model to be used in a multi-institutional setting, it must be robust to voxel size changes. This study aims to develop a task-specific robustness preselection step for incorporation into radiomics pipeline to improve the generalizability of a model applied to a testing set of dissimilar resolution.

2327		Textural kinetics of suspicious breast lesions on ultrafast DCE-MRI as a lesion classifier
		Federico Pineda¹, Ty Easley¹, Deepa Sheth¹, Hiroyuki Abe¹, Milica Medved¹, and Gregory Karczmar¹
		¹University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		MRI will likely take on a greater role in breast cancer screening. However, one of the main concerns with MRI's expanded role is that it will lead to many false positives. This work aims to alleviate this problem by leveraging the advantages of ultrafast imaging of initial enhancement. Here we calculated parameters descriptive of the texture of enhancement and its changes throughout the ultrafast series. The results show that 4-D texture parameters may be useful in classifying suspicious lesions (AUC=0.75), the resulting model could have ruled out malignancy in 18% of the benign lesions analyzed, while maintaining 100% sensitivity.

Breast (DWI)

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2328		Multi-exponential model of diffusion signal in healthy and cancerous breast tissue with fixed ADCs
		Ana Elvira Rodríguez-Soto¹, Maren M. Sjaastad Andreassen², Christopher Charles Conlin¹, Helen Park³, Igor Vidic⁴, Neil Peter Jerome^4,5, Agnes Østlie⁵, Tone Frost Bathen^2,5, Pål Erik Goa^4,5, Tyler Seibert⁶, Michael Hahn¹, Anders Martin Dale⁷, and Rebecca Rakow-Penner¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ²Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ³School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ⁴Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ⁵Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, ⁶Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ⁷Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
		Breast DWI has shown great potential to become a contrast-free diagnostic tool for breast cancer. The purpose of this work was to determine a unified model to describe the diffusion signal of cancer and healthy breast tissues, and compare tumor conspicuity of model components to DCE-MRI and DWI estimates. Multi-exponential models with fixed ADCs were determined and the weights of each component estimated. Tumor conspicuity, defined as contrast-to-noise ratio, was found to be ~3 times higher in DCE-MRI than in the weights of multi-exponential components. This model may increase the sensitivity and specificity of DWI for breast cancer diagnosis.

2329		DWI or dynamic contrast-enhanced curve: a retrospective analysis of MRI-based differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions
		Xiaoping Yang¹, Lina Zhang¹, Shu Li¹, Ruimei Chai¹, Zheng Zhang¹, Nan Li¹, and Mengshi Dong¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
		Combined with morphological and enhanced information, DWI model is superior or equal to TIC model in differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions.

2330		Discrimination of breast cancer from healthy breast tissues using a tri-exponential model
		Maren Marie Sjaastad Andreassen¹, Ana Elvira Rodriguez-Zoto², Cristopher Charles Conlin², Igor Vidic³, Grace Sora Ahn⁴, Neil Peter Jerome^1,5, Agnes Østlie⁵, Tone Frost Bathen^1,5, Pål Erik Goa^3,5, Rebecca Rakow-Penner², and Anders Martin Dale^2,6
		¹Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ²Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ³Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ⁴School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, ⁵Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ⁶Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
		The purpose of this work was to develop a method to discriminate breast cancer from healthy breast tissues using signal contribution maps from multi-b diffusion MRI acquisitions. Signal contributions were estimated using a tri-exponential model, with the ADC values for three distinct compartments assumed fixed across voxels and subjects. A linear discriminant function was constructed using the estimated signal contributions from the two lowest ADC components. Average ROC AUC for discriminating cancer from healthy breast tissues was 0.99 (CI95% = 0.98-1.00), superior to that of independent signal contributions, maximum b-value volume and conventional DWI estimates (ADC and apparent diffusion kurtosis).

2331		Diffusion-weighted imaging using multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE) in breast cancer: comparison with single-shot echo-planar imaging
		Gabrielle C Baxter¹, Andrew J Patterson², Ramona Woitek¹, Amy J Frary¹, Gavin C Houston³, Martin J Graves², and Fiona J Gilbert¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ³GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
		Diffusion-weighted images acquired using single-shot echo-planar imaging (ss-EPI) often have a low resolution and are limited by blurring and distortion. This study investigated the use of MUSE (multiplexed sensitivity encoding), a multi-shot segmented-EPI technique, in the detection and characterisation of breast cancer. MUSE showed an improvement in image quality and an increased separation of malignant from benign lesions using the normalised apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC).

2332		Multiparametric approach of diagnosing breast lesions using DWI and ultrafast DCE MRI: compared with conventional DCE MRI
		Akane Ohashi¹, Masako Kataoka¹, Mami Iima¹, Maya Honda¹, Ayami Ohno Kishimoto¹, Rie Ota¹, Kanae Kawai Miyake¹, Masakazu Toi², and Kaori Togashi¹
		¹Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, ²Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
		Ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced (UF-DCE) MRI allows us to obtain kinetic information based on early inflow of contrast medium. A prediction model of diagnosing malignancy using maximum slope (MS) derived from UF-DCE MRI, ADC from DWI, lesion size and patient’s age was constructed. The second model using washout index (WI) derived from conventional DCE MRI instead of MS was constructed for comparison. The two multiparametric prediction models achieved almost the same AUC (AUC 0.91 vs 0.89, p=0.20). The multiparametric approach based on UF-DCE MRI, DWI and patient’s age provided excellent diagnostic performance with decreased scanning time.

2333		A Pilot Evaluation of IVIM Imaging Combined with DCE-MRI Characterize Architectural Distortion Detected on Mammography
		deshuo dong¹, lina zhang¹, ailian liu¹, qingwei song¹, nan zhang¹, anliang chen¹, yan guo², and lizhi xie²
		¹Radiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, Beijing, China
		Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging provides quantitative measurement of cellularity and vascularity. The parameters derived from IVIM can distinguish malignant and benign breast tumors. This study concerned clinical and conventional MRI features, perfusion as well as diffusion parameters using IVIM imaging, and then compared these parameters to conventional MRI images on the classification of Architectural Distortion lesions detected on Mammography.

2334		Pre-surgical evaluation of residual cancer by breast MRI after neoadjuvant systemic treatment with High-resolution Diffusion Weighted Imaging
		Rie Ota¹, Masako Kataoka¹, Maya Honda¹, Ayami Ohno Kishimoto¹, Akane Ohashi¹, Mami Iima¹, Kanae Miyake Kawai¹, Tatsuki R Kataoka², Masakazu Toi³, and Kaori Togashi¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University graduate school of medicine, Kyoto, Japan, ²Department of Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan, ³Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
		We aimed to investigate the accuracy of high resolution-DWI (HR-DWI) using rs-EPI in estimating residual lesion size after neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) using pathological information as a reference. Diagnosis of pCR by two readers were accurate in 83/79 % with HR-DWI, while 50/46 % on HR-CE MRI. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between size on pathology and that on HR-DWI were 0.79 (p<0.0001), indicating strong correlations. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between size on pathology and that on HR-CE-MRI were 0.68 (p<0.0001). Using HR-DWI, residual lesions were depicted with good agreement with the pathology without using contrast agent.

2335		Approach for building a DWI dedicated lexicon for breast cancer
		Aika Okazawa¹, Mami Iima^1,2, Ryosuke Okumura¹, Masako Kataoka², Taro Nishi¹, Tomotaka Noda¹, Sachiko Takahara³, and Kaori Togashi²
		¹Radiology, Kitano Hospital, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan, ²Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, ³Breast Surgery, Kitano Hospital, The Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
		Our proposed DWI reading method based on the BI-RADS lexicons from multiple b-value images had comparable diagnostic performance to the standard BI-RADS. DWI reading method tended to show with higher specificity, and might increase diagnostic confidence in differentiating malignant and benign breast tumors. Excellent to substantial agreement was observed for DWI reading, and substantial agreement was found for mass type classifications between DWI and BI-RADS. Significant difference found in lesion conspicuity between malignant and benign tumors and ADC values assessmet may also provide confidence in tumor characterization.

2336		Diffusion-Weighted Breast MRI in the Supine Position
		Catherine J. Moran¹, Matthew J. Middione^1,2, Valentina Mazzoli¹, Bruce L. Daniel¹, Daniel B. Ennis^1,2, and Brian A. Hargreaves¹
		¹Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging has shown strong potential to be the centerpiece of a breast MRI screening protocol that does not require a contrast injection. Breast MRI is conventionally performed in the prone position but supine positioning could increase patient comfort and alignment of MRI findings with other interventional procedures. Here we investigate six multi-shot DWI breast protocols with supine positioning in assymptomatic volunteers. Over all images quality and trade-offs between motion artifacts, distortion and images sharpness are characterized.

2337		A Reader Study Comparing the Quality of High-Resolution Diffusion Weighted Imaging Methods for Breast MRI
		Jessica A McKay^1,2, An L Church³, Nathan Rubin⁴, Tim H Emory³, Noelle F Hoven³, Jessica E Kuehn-Hajder³, Michael T Nelson³, and Patrick J Bolan^2,3
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States, ²Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States, ³Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States, ⁴Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
		Axially reformatted (AR) SMS can provide full-coverage breast DWI with high quality and 1.25 mm isotropic nominal resolution. In this work we assess the image quality of AR-SMS in a clinical setting and compare it with a standard clinical sequence and RS-EPI. Three radiologists scored DWI and ADC maps from 30 patients with enhancing lesions. All three readers scored AR-SMS with the highest quality and ranked it as superior most frequently. Accounting for reader and subject effects, a linear mixed model found that AR-SMS outperformed RS-EPI, which both outperformed the Standard with statistical significance in both quality score and rank.

2338		Comparative Analysis of the Value of APTWI and IVIM in Evaluating the Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: A pilot study
		Nan Meng¹, Xuejia Wang², Dongming Han², Jing Sun³, Meng Zhang², Kaiyu Wang⁴, and Meiyun Wang*⁵
		¹Department of Radiology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ²Department of MRI, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China, ³Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ⁴GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China, ⁵Department of Radiology, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital & Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
		Amide proton transfer-weighted imaging (APTWI) has unique advantages in displaying the metabolism of diseased proteins. Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) method is able to obtain a variety of quantitative parameters, including D, D* and f values, which reflect the perfusion and diffusion information of the tissues. Our results show that APTWI and IVIM have similar diagnostic performance in the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors.

2339		Accelerating Acquisition of RESOLVE-DWI with Simultaneous Multi-slice (SMS) Technique in Diagnosing Breast Lesions
		TAO AI¹ and Liming Xia¹
		¹Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
		Readout-segmented echo planar imaging (RESOLVE) has demonstrated its high diagnostic performance in breast with sharper Images, better lesion-background contrast and higher spatial resolution. However, long scan time (multi-shot strategy) may significantly decrease its clinical application due to possible motion artifacts and limitation of more complex diffusion approaches. Simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) technique allows for rapid realization of breast MR imaging, which may serve as a superior alternative for the diagnosis of breast lesions. In study , SMS was implemented into DWI to reduce the scan time by factor of 2-4, while maintaining the same anatomic coverage and basic image quality.

2340		Simultaneously acquired DWI and PET for early prediction of pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer
		Yee-Fan Lee¹, Jo-Yu Chen¹, Ning Chien¹, Emi Niisato², Robert Grimm³, Chiao Lo⁴, Ming-Yang Wang⁴, Chiun-Sheng Huang⁴, and Yeun-Chung Chang¹
		¹Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ²Siemens Healthcare Limited, Taipei, Taiwan, ³Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
		Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for treatment of breast cancer has the potential benefit of reducing tumor size before surgery. The response to NAC may also provide prognostic information which may lead to more effective chemotherapy. Combining PET and MRI information is useful for assessing the tumor response to NAC in a comprehensive manner. In this study, we performed texture analysis which indicated that the entropy of ADC and difference entropy of SUV were related and can be used to predict pCR with high areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

2341		Rapid 3D B1+-Compensated, Simultaneous Whole Breast T1, T2, and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Quantification with MR Multitasking
		Sen Ma^1,2, Anthony G. Christodoulou², Nan Wang^1,2, and Debiao Li^1,2
		¹Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		Quantitative relaxation and diffusion mapping are desirable in clinical breast MRI as biomarkers for tissue characterization and prediction of treatment response. Conventional multi-parametric mappings are typically acquired in separate scans. We simultaneously generate high quality, co-registered T1/T2/ADC maps without image distortion for 3D whole breast coverage in 8.5min, incorporating B1+ compensation into the Multitasking framework to improve T1 accuracy. We demonstrate excellent agreement of T1/T2/ADC measurements between the proposed Multitasking approach and available reference methods, as well as good repeatability. We also show that all T1/T2/ADC measurements produced by the Multitasking framework agree with literature range.

Hyperpolarized, Lung & Mediastinum

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2342		Evaluating the accuracy of time-domain Voigt fitting of dissolved-phase 129Xe spectra in the lungs
		Graham Norquay¹ and Jim M Wild¹
		¹POLARIS, Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		This work quantifies the accuracy of time-domain Voigt fitting of dissolved-phase ¹²⁹Xe peak parameters (xenon in red blood cells and tissue/blood plasma). It is shown that time-domain Voigt fitting of dissolved-phase ¹²⁹Xe resonances in the lungs is accurate to within 5% when the SNR values of the spectra are >100 and the gas phase resonance amplitude is < factor of 2 higher than each of the dissolved-phase ¹²⁹Xe resonances.

2343		Quantify the Influence of Smoking on Pulmonary Structure and Function in Lung Cancer Patients using Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR
		Qian Zhou¹, Haidong Li¹, Qiuchen Rao¹, Junshuai Xie¹, Xiuchao Zhao¹, He Deng¹, Lei Shi¹, Xianping Sun¹, Yeqing Han¹, Dongshan Han², Xin Lou², Chaohui Ye¹, and Xin Zhou¹
		¹National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China, ²Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China, Beijing, China
		Pulmonary diseases, such as lung cancer, usually result in changes of pulmonary structure and function. To assess these changes, gas exchange across the respiratory membrane and gas diffusion in the alveoli can be quantified using hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR via CSSR and DWI in lung cancer patients, The significant differences were found in mean exchange time constant(T) and septal wall thickness(d) between smoking and non-smoking lung cancer patients, indicating the impact of smoking. The results manifested that the hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR is a promising method for optimizing radiation therapy in the future.

2344		Resolving the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental polarization of HP 129Xe using numerical simulations and optical spectroscopy
		Michele Kelley¹, Alex Burant¹, and Rosa Tamara Branca¹
		¹Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
		For emerging biomedical applications of hyperpolarized xenon, the ability to obtain high nuclear spin polarization levels is imperative. Yet, experimental nuclear spin polarization levels of xenon obtained by continuous flow spin-exchange optical pumping are highly variable and often well below theoretical predictions. Identifying possible depolarization mechanisms has been the focus of those trying to rectify this discrepancy. Instead, we revisit assumptions made about the physical system. By using a combination of numerical simulations and in situ optical spectroscopy measurements, we found that lower Rb densities and shorter residence times than typically assumed lead to lower, not higher, theoretical polarization values.

2345		Measuring Ventilation and Gas Exchange Rates with Hyperpolarized 129Xe During Tidal Breathing in Human Subjects
		Hooman Hamedani^1,2, Stephen J Kadlecek¹, Faraz Amzajerdian ^1,2, Ryan Baron¹, Kai Ruppert¹, Ian Duncan¹, Yi Xin^1,2, Mehrdad Pourfathi¹, Sarmad Siddiqui¹, Luis Loza¹, Tahmina Achekzai¹, Maurizio Cereda^1,3, Rahim R. Rizi¹, and fmig upenn⁴
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ⁴University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		A super multibreath maneuver to measure ventilation and gas exchange during tidal breathing in human subjects.

2346		Evaluation of Ventilation Function Using 3D Ultrashort Echo-Time Imaging Without Exogeneous Gases
		Seokwon Lee¹, Jinil Park¹, Hyonha Kim², Ho Yun Lee³, and Jang-Yeon Park^1,4
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea, ²Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Republic of Korea, ³Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ⁴Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
		Lung MRI is widely used for diagnosis pulmonary disease, there has been continuing interest in the possibility of using MRI to detect the pulmonary lesion. Recent works acquired ventilation defect region using ventilation map. Here we proposed another method, which evaluates ventilation flow map and regional fractional ventilation flow-volume loop using 3D UTE. These methods provide valuable information to evaluate pulmonary ventilation function as well as ventilation map. The potential of methods was demonstrated by different ventilation flow map and regional fractional ventilation flow volume loops in healthy subjects.

2347		The Impact of Acquisition Parameters on Alveolar Septal Wall Thickness Measurements with Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI
		Kai Ruppert¹, Faraz Amzajerdian¹, Yi Xin¹, Hooman Hamedani¹, Luis Loza¹, Tahmina S. Achekzai¹, Ryan J. Baron¹, Ian F. Duncan¹, Harrilla Profka¹, Yiwen Qian¹, Mehrdad Pourfathi¹, Federico Sertic¹, Stephen Kadlecek¹, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelhia, PA, United States
		Measurements of the apparent alveolar septal wall thickness (SWT) with hyperpolarized xenon-129 (HXe) MRI are sensitive to inflammatory or fibrotic pathologies in the lung parenchyma but are also affected by lung inflation level. Here, we investigated the dependence of such measurements on the choice of acquisition parameters in a rabbit model. We found the SWT measurements to be strongly affected by the imaging parameters: in particular, the number and flip angle of the applied RF pulses centered at the dissolved-phase resonances. If this bias is minimized, the previously reported dependence of septal thickness measurements on lung inflation disappears.

2348		Fast Advanced Spin-Echo vs. Echo-Planar Imaging: DWI at 3T MR System for Postoperative Clinical Outcome Prediction in NSCLC Patients
		Yoshiharu Ohno^1,2, Masao Yui³, Daisuke Takenaka⁴, Yoshimori Kassai³, Kazuhiro Murayama¹, and Takeshi Yoshikawa²
		¹Radiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan, ²Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan, ³Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan, ⁴Diagnostic Radiology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
		No one has compared the capability among DWIs obtained by EPI and FASE at a 3T MR system and PET/CT for prediction of postoperative clinical outcome. We hypothesize that DWI obtained by FASE sequence are more useful than that by EPI sequence at 3T MR system and PET/CT for predicting postoperative recurrence and treatment outcome in NSCLC patients with surgical treatment. The purpose of this study was to directly and prospectively compare the quantitative capability for prediction of postoperative recurrence and treatment outcome among DWI with FASE and EPI sequences at 3T system and FDG-PET/CT in NSCLC patients.

2349		3D and 2D MRI sequences of lung nodules: comparison of capability for nodule detection and image quality evaluation
		Shuyi Yang¹, Qinqin Yan¹, Fei Shan¹, Zhiyong Zhang², Yuxin Shi¹, and Mengxiao Liu³
		¹Shanghai public health clinical center, Shanghai, China, ²Fudan University, Shanghai, China, ³Scientific Marketing, Diagnositic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., Shanghai, China
		This study aimed to evaluate the capability of different non-enhanced MRI sequences for lung nodules assessment. Sensitivity and specificity from MR images were calculated, with CT regarded as golden standard. The sensitivities by T1-starVIBE, T1-VIBE, T2-fBLADE TSE and T2-SPACE were 79.79%, 75%, 88.3%, 89.89%, while the specificity were 100%, 83.33%, 33.33%, 53.33% respectively. In conclusion, for uncooperative patients who can’t hold their breath, T1-starVIBE and T2-fBLADE were advised because of the excellent ability to remove artifacts. T1-VIBE can applied to those who coordinate well. All those three sequences can be used for pulmonary nodules assessment and long-term follow-up in clinical.

2350		Native T1-mapping of focal pulmonary lesions in 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging: lesions display and accuracy of size estimation
		Shuyi Yang¹, Qinqin Yan¹, Fei Shan¹, Zhiyong Zhang¹, and Yuxin Shi¹
		¹Shanghai public health clinical center, Shanghai, China
		This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis efficacy of native T1-mapping in focal pulmonary lesion, focused on lesions display and accuracy of size estimation. All lesions were clearlly demonstrated by CT, native T1-mapping, T1-star VIBE, and T2-fBLADE TSE. The tumor and distal obstructive pulmonary atelectasis can also be detected clearly by native T1-mapping. T1-mapping-based diameter measurements yielded excellent intra-observer and inter-methods consistent.In conclusion, we considered that native T1-mapping displays focal pulmonary lesions clearly (particularly when accompanying obstructive atelectasis and/or pneumonia) and enable accurate and reliable diameter measurement.

2351		Comparison of Quantitative and Semi-Quantitative Metrics from Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MRI: Evaluation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
		Luis A Torres¹, Greg Barton¹, Nathan Sandbo², Mark L Shiebler^2,3, and Sean B Fain^1,3,4
		¹Dept. of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Dept. of Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Dept. of Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Fully quantitative pulmonary perfusion metrics for the evaluation of lung disease can be difficult and time consuming to compute. We compare fully quantitative pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and mean transit time (MTT) to simpler semi-quantitative metrics slope and first moment transit time (FMTT) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We found strong correlations between the slope and PBF, as well as MTT and FMTT. A decrease in slope values was found in subjects with IPF when compared to healthy subjects. Slope could potentially be used as a surrogate for PBF to evaluate IPF.

2352		Feasibility of 3D flow-volume loop analysis using phase-resolved functional lung imaging (PREFUL) in comparison with 2D PREFUL
		Filip Klimeš^1,2, Andreas Voskrebenzev^1,2, Marcel Gutberlet^1,2, Robert Grimm³, Cristian Crisosto^1,2, Frank Wacker^1,2, and Jens Vogel-Claussen^1,2
		¹Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany, ²Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hanover, Germany, ³Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
		The measurement of ventilation dynamics with 2D proton MRI (PREFUL) might offer a sensitive lung function test but lacks a high spatial resolution and whole-lung acquisition is time consuming. Recently, the feasibility of 3D PREFUL was demonstrated. In this work, ventilation dynamics assessment using flow-volume loop (FVL) analysis is performed on 2D and 3D data of a healthy volunteer and an asthma patient. Full respiratory cycle was reconstructed to calculate regional ventilation and cross-correlation metric of FVL. Similar results suggest that 3D PREFUL might be an interesting alternative to 2D PREFUL due to its improved spatial resolution and acquisition efficiency.

2353		Assessing the Error in Functional Lung Parameters obtained via SENCEFUL MRI
		Andreas Max Weng¹, Simon Veldhoen¹, Christian Kestler¹, and Herbert Köstler¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
		Until now, no study assessed the error that arises during calculation of quantitative functional lung parameters obtained from MRI. Using a bootstrapping approach with shuffling residuals the error of ventilation and perfusion (amplitude and phase) of the SENCEFUL technique was investigated in this study. Obtained error values were in an acceptable range rendering quantitative functional lung MRI a promising technique for the assessment of regional alterations in lung function.

2354		Development and Validation of T2WI-Based Radiomics Classifier in Patients with solid solitary pulmonary lesion
		Wan Qi¹, Yuze Wang¹, Xinchun Li¹, Tianjing Zhang², Jianqing Sun², and Yingjie Mei²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China
		The solitary pulmonary lesion (SPL) is one of the most common imaging findings. In this study, lung MR using T2 weighted imaging were acquired and analyzed using radiomics. Both 2D and 3D features combined with machine learning approach were compared to determinate an optimal model for differentiation of SPLs. We found that the radiomics signatures derived from 3D features outperformed that from 2D features. The best 3D radiomics model for the classification was a combination of principal component analysis(PCA), analysis of variance(ANOVA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The T2WI-based radiomics model shows potential in differentiating malignancy from benign SPLs.

2355		Detecting regional differences of lung motion by optical flow analysis combined with rapid cine MRI using compressed sensing
		Koji Sagiyama¹, Masateru Kawakubo², Ryohei Funatsu³, Takeshi Kamitani¹, Yuzo Yamasaki¹, Tomoyuki Hida¹, Yuko Matsuura¹, Yuriko Murayama¹, and Hidetake Yabuuchi⁴
		¹Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, ²Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, ³Department of Medical Technology, Division of Radiology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, ⁴Departmant of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
		The application of cine MRI to lung disease has been technically challenging. In this study, we exploited optical flow analysis combined with rapid acquisition of cine MRI using compressed sensing to detect differences in regional lung motion. The high spatial and temporal resolution and higher signal-to-noise ratio of cine MRI enabled optical flow analysis to visualize regional differences between five lung segments. It also differentiated between chest and diaphragm breathing patterns in volunteers. In the future, this non-invasive method could be applied to assess and follow lung diseases, such as interstitial pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

2356		High Time Resolution 2D Chest Imaging Using A 0.5T Upright Paramed MRI Scanner.
		James Harkin¹, Michael Barlow², Alan Smyth³, Ian Hall¹, and Andrew Prayle³
		¹University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Using a 0.5T Paramed MROpen Upright MRI scanner, adult and paediatric cohorts as young as 3 can be scanned without sedation. 2D images can be acquired every <0.5s allowing for diaphragm movement to be characterised. Lung density variation through the breathing cycle can also be extracted.

Lung, Mediastinum & Hyperpolarized

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2357		Functional Lung Investigation with Tiny Golden Angle Ultra-Short Echo-Time Stack of Stars (UTE STyGAS)
		Anke Balasch¹ and Volker Rasche¹
		¹Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
		Deriving lung data with MRI is challenging due to several reasons, including short T2*, cardiac and respiratory motion, and low proton density. In this study, a tiny golden angle UTE stack-of-stars (UTE STyGAS) sequence was applied for quantification of lung parenchymal functional parameters, including proton fraction, fractional ventilation and perfusion. Data were acquired during free breathing and reconstructed applying an image-based self-gating technique.

2358		Lung Function Assessment by Self-Gated 2D UTE – Comparison of Smoker and Non-Smoker
		Anke Balasch¹, Patrick Metze¹, Tobias Speidel², and Volker Rasche¹
		¹Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany, ²Core-Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
		In this study, a two-dimensional ultra-short TE protocol was used to acquire free-breathing data of the lung. The signal intensity in expiration and inspiration were used to derive the fractional ventilation, proton fraction and perfusion of the lung parenchyma.

2359		Same-day reproducibility of quantitative lung perfusion metrics in patients with IPF
		Paul J.C. Hughes ¹, Nicholas D. Weatherley¹, Helen Marshall¹, Stephen M. Bianchi², and Jim M. Wild^1,3
		¹POLARIS, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease,, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ²Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Academic Directorate of Respiratory Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ³Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		Recent work in assessing patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis suggests that vascular changes, as assessed by dynamic contrast enhanced lung MRI, are a useful marker to assess disease progression. Therefore this work aimed to develop an image processing pipeline to assess same-day intra-participant reproducibility of quantitative perfusion metrics in a cohort of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. From the data here it suggests that these quantitative metrics are not reproducible, even when patients are scanned on the same day.

2360		Reducing Streak Artifacts in 3D Radial Imaging Using Volume-Selective Signal Acquisition
		Jinil Park¹ and Jang-Yeon Park^1,2
		¹Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, Republic of, ²Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Korea, Republic of
		The non-Cartesian sampling can obtain the image even for the number of data that does not satisfy Nyquist, but the under-sampled image is accompanied by streak artifact. Since the non-selective pulse used in conventional 3D radial UTE(C-UTE) is excite unwanted areas out of FOV, streak artifacts may appear in the image when under-sampling. Volume-Select UTE(VS-UTE) performs spin excitation using frequency-selective SINC pulses. Accordingly, the proposed method effectively suppresses the signal outside the FOV, which reduces streak artifacts. The purpose of this study is to introduce a VS-UTE sequence and to confirm that the streak artifacts are reduced effectively.

2361		Pulmonary nodule detection using ultra-short TE (UTE) with a 3D variable-TE stack-of-spirals sequence in a 3T MR-PET scanner
		Yu-Sen Huang¹, Mao-Yuan Marine Su¹, Ning Chien¹, Jin-Shing Chen², and Yeun-Chung Chang¹
		¹Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ²Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
		Although the 3T MR-PET system has been used clinically for the whole body, PET/CT still has advantages over this technique when evaluating the pulmonary region. Ultrashort TE with 3D variable-TE stack-of-spirals sampling has been used for pulmonary nodule detection in MR examination¹, which allows for shorter scanning times using an undersampling technique in combination with iterative self-consistent parallel imaging reconstruction (SPIRiT). The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of this technique for detecting pulmonary nodules in the 3T MR-PET scanner, which has fewer coil elements compared with most other MR-only scanners, to achieve minimum PET attenuation.

2362		Reducing the breath hold time required to image the diaphragm in an upright position
		Joshua McAteer¹, James Harkin², Olivier Mougin¹, Christoph Arthofer², Paul Glover¹, and Penny Gowland¹
		¹Physics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		We investigated accelerating two paradigms of in vivo diaphragm imaging using a 0.5T upright scanner. These two paradigms, high resolution and low resolution, were optimised to deliver minimal artefacts and maximal information about the diaphragm surface. These scans delivered sufficient image quality for the tissue boundary of the diaphragm to be located. This will allow for future work to study the diaphragm in the upright position of participants with COPD who are only able to hold their breath for ~5 sec.

2363		3.0T Magnetic resonance for adult pulmonary tuberculosis
		Qinqin Yan¹, Shuyi Yang², Jie Shen², Shuihua Lu², Fei Shan², and Yuxin Shi²
		¹Radiology of Departemnt, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China, ²Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
		Pulmonary tuberculosis is common chronic infectious disease, with a wide range of patients from infancy to the elderly. Currently, CT is the a commonly used method of examination, but radiation is not negligible. MRI as a non-radiative lesion, and functional measurement, can be used for tuberculosis examination and follow-up. This article provides a feasible examination plan for routine examination of tuberculosis via comparisons of T1-weighted Star vibe and standad vibe, and T2-weighted fBLADE and 3D SPACE.

2364		Quantify the Progression of Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide with Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR
		Haidong Li¹, Ming Zhang¹, Hongchuang Li¹, Xiuchao Zhao¹, Yeqing Han¹, Xianping Sun¹, Chaohui Ye¹, and Xin Zhou¹
		¹National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
		CT and PET should not be performed on patient repeatedly in short-term for monitoring the progression of diseases since the ionizing radiation and radioactivity. Herein, we tried to demonstrate the feasibility of hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR for monitoring the progression of acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. Our results indicated hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR has the potential to monitor the progression of ALI in rats.

2365		A Technique for Quantitative Measurement of Pulmonary Gas Uptake using Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI in Free-Breathing Mice
		Luis A Loza¹, Stephen J Kadlecek¹, Mehrdad Pourfathi¹, Kai Ruppert¹, Tahmina S Achekzai¹, Ian F Duncan¹, and Rahim R Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		Here we present an imaging technique for measuring regional gas uptake in a free-breathing mouse non-invasively. Gas- and dissolved-phase images were acquired simultaneously for a wide range of repetition times (13 ms up to 100 ms), and used to derive septal wall thickness measurements by fitting to a theoretical gas uptake model. The work shown here sets the groundwork for non-terminal longitudinal studies in rodent models of pulmonary radiation and fibrosis.

2366		Investigation of Lung Injury Caused by Air pollutants PM2.5 with both Pulmonary Function Tests and Hyperpolarized 129Xe MR
		Ming Zhang¹, Haidong Li¹, Hongchuang Li¹, Xiuchao Zhao¹, Qian Zhou¹, Qiuchen Rao¹, Yeqing Han¹, Yina Lan², He Deng¹, Xianping Sun¹, Xin Lou², Chaohui Ye¹, and Xin Zhou¹
		¹National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China, ²Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
		In this study, hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR and pulmonary function tests were utilized to quantitatively evaluate the pulmonary physiological changes caused by air pollutants (PM_2.5), which are difficult to be non-invasively assessed using the conventional methods including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis and histopathological sections. Significant differences were found in mean exchange time constant, septal wall thickness and TP/GAS ratio using ¹²⁹Xe dynamic spectra. The results from our study indicated hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe MR may be a promising method for quantifying lung injury caused by air pollution in clinic.

2367		Phase imaging of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas in a human lung
		Gang Zheng¹, Wai Tung Lee^2,3, Xin Tong⁴, Tim D’Adam², Steven Parnell⁵, Michael de Veer¹, Shenpeng Li¹, Hongxin Wang¹, Richard Mcintyre¹, Francis Thien⁶, and Gary Egan¹
		¹Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, ²Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia, ³Instrument Technologies Division, European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden, ⁴China Spallation Neutron Source, Dongguan, China, ⁵Delft University of Technical, Delft, Netherlands, ⁶Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Australia
		We describe a custom-designed spin-exchange-optical pumping (SEOP) polarizer which can reliably produce hyperpolarized 129-Xe (HP-Xe) gas. Imaging of a HP-Xe phantom showed phase images were less sensitive to depolarization and could provide on/off images of HP-Xe. In a human lung, phase image provided higher imaging contrast in low HP-Xe polarization states.

2368		Does Pulmonary Gas Transport Affect Spatially-Resolved Alveolar Septal Wall Thickness Measurements with Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI?
		Kai Ruppert¹, Faraz Amzajerdian¹, Yi Xin¹, Hooman Hamedani¹, Luis Loza¹, Tahmina S. Achekzai¹, Ryan J. Baron¹, Ian F. Duncan¹, Harrilla Profka¹, Yiwen Qian¹, Mehrdad Pourfathi¹, Federico Sertic¹, Stephen Kadlecek¹, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelhia, PA, United States
		Septal wall thickness (SWT) measurements with hyperpolarized xenon-129 (HXe) MRI are typically conducted as spectroscopic acquisitions that lack spatial information. Recently, efforts have been made to obtain spatial maps of SWT. Here, we investigated differences in apparent lung physiology between peripheral and central lung regions and found an implausible change in observed capillary transit time and SWT from the periphery to the center of the lungs. This effect is likely caused by the transport of xenon-saturated blood towards the heart, and is not based on physiological differences, thus requiring a fundamental revision of analytical gas uptake models.

2369		The Impact of T2* And Pulmonary Gas Exchange on The Accuracy Of The Applied Dissolved-phase Flip Angle in Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 MRI?
		Yiwen Qian¹, Kai Ruppert¹, Faraz Amzajerdian¹, Yi Xin¹, Hooman Hamedani¹, Luis Loza¹, Tahmina S. Achekzai¹, Ryan J. Baron¹, Ian F. Duncan¹, Harrilla Profka¹, Mehrdad Pourfathi¹, Federico Sertic¹, Stephen Kadlecek¹, and Rahim R. Rizi¹
		¹Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelhia, PA, United States
		The fleeting nature of hyperpolarized xenon-129 magnetization necessitates a separate flip angle calibration procedure based on the decay of the gas-phase signal. This calibration is subsequently assumed to be valid for imaging of the xenon dissolved in the lung tissue despite the rapid exchange between the parenchyma and the alveolar gas volume and despite that the T2* is much shorter in the former than in the latter. In this work we implemented a 1-dimensional gas exchange simulation and investigated to what extent the effective flip angle at the dissolved-phase frequencies is affected by exchange and acquisition parameters.

2370		Feasibility of 19F Lung Imaging On A 0.5T Multi-Nuclear Upright Paramed MRI Scanner By Imaging Proton on HFC Gas.
		James Harkin¹, Robert Irwin¹, Peter Thelwall², and Michael Barlow¹
		¹Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
		Using a multinuclear 0.5T Paramed Medical Systems MROpen Upright MRI scanner the feasibility of ¹⁹F imaging was assessed. The upright and open design of the scanner makes imaging more comfortable for patients and allows for imaging in later stages of respiratory diseases. It proved to be possible to image ¹H of a fluorinated gas within a single repetition and there is an expectation of at least a 2.5 fold improvement in signal when moving to ¹⁹F.

2371		Assessment of interstitial membrane permeability using a generalized model of 129Xe septal uptake in the lung
		Agilo L. Kern^1,2, Karen M. Olsson^2,3, Till F. Kaireit^1,2, Frank K. Wacker^1,2, Jens M. Hohlfeld^2,3,4, Marius M. Hoeper^2,3, and Jens Vogel-Claussen^1,2
		¹Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, ²Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany, ³Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, ⁴Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
		The hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) method combined with mathematical models of gas uptake provides unique insights into lung microstructure and function. Here, we propose a generalization of the Patz model for assessing interstitial membrane permeability. We test the model’s potential for in-vivo determination of membrane permeability by fitting to CSSR data from healthy volunteers and pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. The obtained permeabilities lie between those estimated for O₂ and CO₂ in healthy volunteers and tend to be lower in PH. The proposed model enables the non-invasive assessment of interstitial barrier permeability and shows potential as diagnostic tool.

Breast (Perfusion & Other Techniques & Topics)

Thoracic and Breast MRI

Body

2372		Assessing void artifacts in follow-up breast MRI scans after sentinel node biopsy using superparamagnetic tracer
		Anke Christenhusz¹, Lejla Alic¹, Frank F.J. Simonis¹, Margreet C Van der Schaaf², Caroline A.H. Klazen², Joost M Klaase³, Anneriet E Dassen³, and Bennie ten Haken¹
		¹Techmed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, ²Department of Radiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, ³Department of Surgery, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
		Sentinel lymph node biopsy using a magnetometer and a superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) tracer is currently being introduced for breast cancer patients eligible for breast conserving surgery. However, the residual SPIOs potentially result in void artifacts in follow-up MRI examinations. This study assesses the influence of injection dose on the severity of the void artifacts in follow-up MRI by means of qualitative grading by radiologists.

2373		Comparison of breast BPE segmentation methods for early prediction of response to treatment
		Alex Nguyen¹, Fredrik Strand², Vignesh Arasu¹, Wen Li¹, Natsuko Onishi¹, Jessica Gibbs¹, Bonnie N Joe¹, Laura J Esserman³, The I-SPY2 Investigator Network⁴, David C Newitt¹, and Nola M Hylton¹
		¹Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, ³Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ⁴Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, San Francisco, CA, United States
		Breast parenchymal enhancement (BPE) has shown association with breast cancer risk and response to neoadjuvant treatment. However, BPE quantification is challenging and there is no agreed upon standard. This study compares the results of three fully automated segmentation methods for early prediction of pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant treatment. We evaluated three different sub-volumes of interest segmented from DCE-MRI: full stack, half stack, and center 5 slices. The differences between methods were assessed and a univariate logistic regression model was implemented to determine predictive performance of each segmentation method.

2374		Breast Lesion Segmentation in MR Images through Knowledge Distillation-based Modality Speculation
		Cheng Li¹, Hui Sun¹, Taohui Xiao¹, Zaiyi Liu², Qiegen Liu³, Xin Liu¹, Hairong Zheng¹, and Shanshan Wang¹
		¹Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ²Department of Radiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China, ³Department of Electronic Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
		Multi-modal MR images are widely utilized to overcome the shortcomings of single modalities and pursue accurate image-based diagnoses. However, multi-modal MR imaging takes a longer time. For automated diagnosis, misalignment between modalities brings extra problems. To address these issues, we propose a new strategy to speculate the modality information by distillation-based knowledge transfer. Experiments on breast lesion segmentation confirm the feasibility of the proposed method. Networks trained with our method and single-modal MR image inputs can partially recover the breast lesion segmentation performance of models trained using two-modal MR images.

2375		Perfusion analyses of breast benign and malignant lesions using super high frame rate reconstruction with stack-of-stars acquisition
		Yoshie Omiya¹, Tetsuya Wakayama², Daiki Tamada¹, Sagar Mandava³, Ty A Cashen⁴, Hiroshi Onishi¹, and Utaroh Motosugi¹
		¹University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan, ²MR Collaboration and Development, GE Healthcare, Hino, Japan, ³MR Collaboration and Development, GE Healthcare, Tucson, AZ, United States, ⁴MR Collaboration and Development, GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, United States
		Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is used to diagnose breast cancer. Although 3-phase DCE-MRI is used in clinical settings according to BI-RADS, higher temporal resolution with perfusion analyses may be essential to precisely distinguish between benign and malignant breast lesions. Stack-of-stars (SOS) acquisition enables motion-robust DCE-MRI with arbitrary high temporal resolution. We performed perfusion analyses of breast lesions using super-high frame rate reconstruction (3.2 s/phase) with SOS acquisition, compared with BI-RADS-based enhancement category using typical temporal resolution (32 s/phase), and found that two more lesions were accurately diagnosed via perfusion-based analyses using super-high frame reconstruction compared to BI-RADS-based evaluation.

2376		Multi-nuclear MRI to disentangle intracellular sodium concentration and extracellular volume fraction in breast
		Carlotta Ianniello^1,2, Ryan Brown^1,2, Linda Moy^1,2, and Guillaume Madelin^1,2
		¹Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R) and Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, NEW YORK, NY, United States, ²The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Science, New York University School of Medicine, NEW YORK, NY, United States
		The intracellular sodium concentration (C_IC) and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) are promising biomarkers in breast lesions. However, separating the contribution of the intracellular (IC) and extracellular (EC) compartments only relying on differences in ²³Na relaxation properties is challenging due to close similarity between the two compartments and the inability to measure IC and EC relaxation times in vivo. In this study we demonstrate the feasibility to quantify C_IC and ECV in three healthy subjects by using complementary information from ²³Na and ¹H MRI measurements. The mean C_IC and ECV between three healthy subjects were 27.7±4.1 mM and 0.29±0.07, respectively.

2377		A meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic performance of abbreviated MRI (ABB-MRI) and a full diagnostic protocol (FDP-MRI) in breast cancer
		Gabrielle C Baxter¹, Ayla Selamoglu², James W Mackay¹, Simon Bond³, Ewan Gray⁴, and Fiona J Gilbert¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ³National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ⁴University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
		The diagnostic performance of abbreviated MRI (ABB-MRI) and full diagnostic protocol MRI (FDP-MRI) in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer was compared using meta-analysis. 13 eligible studies were included (5 screening studies and 8 enriched cohort studies) and pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve were calculated for ABB-MRI and FDP-MRI for both types of study. The diagnostic performances of ABB-MRI and FDP-MRI were comparable.

2378		Quantitative Bilateral Sodium and Proton Breast Imaging at 3T
		Gabrielle C Baxter¹, Mary A McLean², Joshua D Kaggie¹, Frank Riemer³, Ferdia A Gallagher¹, Andrew D James^4,5, Aneurin J Kennerley^5,6, Rolf F Schulte⁷, William J Brackenbury^4,5, and Fiona J Gilbert¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Cancer Research UK, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ³Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, ⁴Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom, ⁵York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom, ⁶Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom, ⁷GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany
		Sodium (²³Na)-MRI was performed using a dual-tuned bilateral ²³Na/¹H breast coil on four healthy volunteers. Images acquired using ²³Na-MRI show a relationship between sodium concentration and diffusion properties of breast tissue. Sodium signal variations due to mild flip angle non-uniformity were observed between left and right breasts. After correction using B₁ mapping, tissue sodium concentration (TSC) maps were more closely matched between breasts.

2379		Use of a Digital Reference Object for Validation of Advanced Reconstruction Methods in High Spatial-temporal Resolution Breast DCE-MRI
		Ping N Wang¹, Julia V Velikina¹, Roberta M Strigel^1,2,3, Leah C Henze Bancroft², Ty A Cashen⁴, Kevin M Johnson¹, Alexey A Samsonov², Ali Ersoz⁵, Edward F Jackson^1,2,3, and James H Holmes²
		¹Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵MR Engineering, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States
		Advanced data acquisition and reconstruction methods have been proposed to improve temporal and spatial resolution DCE imaging for breast. However, validation and comparison of these methods against a known truth is challenging. In this work we propose a digital reference object for breast pharmacokinetic simulation to evaluate different advanced reconstructions including MOCCO and iGRASP. The approach allowed comparison of the reconstructed temporal characteristics including pharmacokinetic analysis using different reconstruction parameters against the assigned ground truth. Spatial sharpness was also measured to compare with reference fully sampled images.

2380		Non-contrast method for breast tumor detection using EPT based tissue conductivity maps reconstructed from routine T2-mDixon TSE images
		Rakesh Kumar Gupta¹, Ulrich Katscher², Rupsa Bhattacharjee³, Mamta Gupta¹, and Indrajit Saha ³
		¹Department of Radiology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, India, ²Philips GmbH / Innovative Technologies / Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany, ³Philips Health Systems, Philips India Limited, Gurugram, India
		Breast tissue conductivity map based on EPT MRI is one of the non-contrast methods that can differentiate malignant from benign breast lesions; however, the need for DCE based tumor “mask” to generate conductivity maps from the phase of VISTA images in breast challenges EPT’s role as a non-contrast method. This study demonstrates an alternative to reconstruct breast tissue conductivity maps using T2-w mDixon TSE sequence that is comparable with DCE/VISTA method, and demonstrates similarities in detecting cancerous tissues. EPT maps of breast using T2-w mDixon TSE method has the potential to help in developing non-contrast MR breast cancer screening protocol.

2381		Ultra-fast DCE breast MRI protocol using Compressed-SENSE: A quantitative comparison study with standard protocol in Breast Cancer detection
		Shikha Panwar¹, Rupsa Bhattacharjee², Vivek Pawar³, Stanley PK², and Harsh Mahajan¹
		¹Mahajan Imaging, Gurugram, India, ²Philips Health Systems, Philips India Limited, Gurugram, India, ³Philips Health Systems, Philips India Limited, Pune, India
		Main challenge associated with conventional DCE-MRI of breast is compromise between spatial and temporal-resolution. In this study our objective is to develop an ultra-fast breast dynamic protocol keeping both spatial and temporal resolution sufficiently high. This is enabled by using compressed SENSE acceleration technique. Proposed Compressed-SENSE enabled ultra-fast dynamic breast DCE protocol design has the potential to be used as alternative of conventional DCE protocol. It gives contrast wash-in information from arteries and veins within very short time, and can significantly differentiate between malignant and benign breast lesions quantitatively (validated on proven 10 malignant and 10 benign cases).

2382		Impact of MRI protocol compliance on the prediction of pCR in the I-SPY 2 neoadjuvant breast cancer trial
		Natsuko Onishi¹, Li Wen¹, Jessica Gibbs¹, Ella F. Jones¹, Lisa J. Wilmes¹, Alex Nguyen¹, Vignesh Arasu¹, Bonnie N. Joe¹, Laura J. Esserman², The I-SPY 2 Investigator Network³, David C. Newitt¹, and Nola M. Hylton¹
		¹Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ³Quantum Leap Healthcare Collaborative, San Francisco, CA, United States
		In the I-SPY2 breast cancer trial, functional tumor volume (FTV, a quantitative measure of tumor burden derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI) serves as a marker used for patient randomization and estimation of predictive probabilities for pathologic complete response (pCR). This retrospective study investigated the impact of MRI protocol compliance on prediction of pCR using FTV at four time points during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. FTV with compliant image quality factors tended to show higher AUC than that with non-compliant factors. This tendency was most prominent in percent change of FTV from baseline at early-treatment (3 weeks after treatment initiation) and inter-regimen.

2383		The impact of aorta contrast enhancement patterns on ultrafast time of arrival measurements when screening for breast cancer with MRI
		Keith S Cover¹
		¹Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
		A growing number of MRI screening protocols to detect breast cancer are using ultrafast imaging to improve specificity by distinguishing between malignant and benign for small lesions by their time of arrival (ToA) of contrast relative to the aorta. Sagittal MIP of color intensity projections (CIP) of the middle quarter of the chest were used to display the DISCO ultrafast enhancement patterns of the aorta for 556 scans. While 71% of the scans presented simple aorta enhancement patterns, the remaining 29% were more complex. To ensure accurate ultrafast ToA measurements, the aorta enhancement pattern of each scan should be reviewed.

2384		A feasibility study of radiomics based on dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in identifying benign and malignant breast mass.
		Weibo Gao¹, Xin Chen¹, Quanxin Yang¹, and Xiaohui Li¹
		¹The second affiliated hospital of xi 'an jiaotong university, xi an, China
		The current study aim to investigate the value of radiomics’ features based on dynamiccontrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) in the identification of benign andmalignant breast tumors. It was concluded that the radiomics’ features based on dynamicenhanced magnetic resonance imaging have certain value in identifying benign and malignantbreast tumors, among them, the superior radiomics’ features is Gabor, gray level co-occurrencematrix variance and variance, which worth further study.

2385		Portable NMR for quantification of breast density and tissue composition: from proof-of-concept in vitro to trials in vivo
		Konstantin I. Momot¹, Honor J. Hugo ², Xuan Huang², Tony Blick², Tonima S. Ali³, Monique C. Tourell³, Thomas Lloyd⁴, and Erik W. Thompson²
		¹School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, ²Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, ³University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, ⁴Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
		Elevated mammographic density (MD) is a significant independent risk factor for breast cancer and a source of masking in X-ray mammography. Availability of a low-cost, non-ionising measurement technique for quantitative assessment of MD would be valuable both in therapeutic and research contexts. We demonstrate that Portable NMR, a low-cost technique based on the same physics as MRI, represents a reliable approach to quantification of MD in excised breast tissue samples in vitro. We also present the initial results of an observational trial in healthy volunteers, which show that Portable NMR has a great potential for quantification of MD in vivo.

2386		Advances in 3D High-Speed MR Spectroscopic Imaging for Monitoring Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer
		Stefan Posse¹, Ingrid Lane², Bruno Sa De La Rocque Guimaraes¹, Bernard Twafik³, and Ursa Brown-Glaberman³
		¹Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States, ²Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States, ³Division of Hematology / Oncology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
		Three patients with biopsy-confirmed, infiltrating ductal carcinoma were studied at 3 Tesla to monitor changes in total Choline during neoadjuvant chemotherapy in comparison with dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. A novel bilateral high-speed 3D Proton-Echo-Planar-Spectroscopic-Imaging (PEPSI) protocol with integrated water reference acquisition mapped decreases in total Choline early during treatment in 2 HER2-negative patients with partial pathologic response, but not in the third HER2-positive patient. Surgical clip related B0-inhomogeneity impacted both PEPSI and DCE-MRI measurements. To address this limitation, we developed a novel expanded k-space encoding approach for PEPSI and demonstrated signal recovery in tissue regions affected by dephasing.

Deep Prostatomics

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2387		The repeatability of deep learning-based segmentation of the prostate on T2-weighted MR images
		Mohammed R. S. Sunoqrot¹, Sandra Kucharczak², Magdalena Grajek², Kirsten M. Selnæs^1,3, Tone F. Bathen^1,3, and Mattijs Elschot^1,3
		¹Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technolog, Trondheim, Norway, ²Department of quantum electronics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland, ³Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
		Inter- and intra-observer variability are current limitations of radiological reading of multiparametric MR images of the prostate. Deep learning (DL)-based segmentation has proven to provide good performance, but little is known about the repeatability of these methods. In this work, we investigated the intra-patient repeatability of shape features for DL segmentation methods of the prostate on T2-weighted MR images and compared it to manual segmentations. We found that the repeatability of the investigated methods is excellent for most of the investigated shape features.

2388		Improving the repeatability of radiomic analysis of the prostate through deep normalization of T2w MRI inputs
		Stephanie Alley¹, Andrey Fedorov^2,3, Cynthia Menard⁴, and Samuel Kadoury^1,4
		¹Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, ²Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ³Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
		Radiomics analyses are being increasingly employed to investigate tissue heterogeneity present within the prostate gland. We present a method for improving the repeatability of radiomics features extracted from T2-weighted images using a deep normalization technique based on fully convolutional networks (FCNs). We test the repeatability of select radiomics features on a previously published test-retest prostate dataset. We demonstrate that the intraclass correlation coefficient of first-order statistics features extracted from images normalized using the FCN-based pre-processor is consistently higher than for features extracted from non-normalized images.

2389		Learning how to adapt T2 PROPELLER MR prostate imaging: going beyond PIRADS requirements with MR Deep Learning reconstruction
		Julie Poujol¹, Charline Henry¹, Vincent Barrau², François Legou², Eric Pessis², Xinzeng Wang³, and Daniel Litwiller⁴
		¹Clinical Research & Development, GE Healthcare, Buc, France, ²Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint-Denis, France, ³Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Houston, TX, United States, ⁴Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, New York, NY, United States
		To give a confident image-based prostate cancer diagnosis, PIRADS recommends using multiparametric MR (mp-MRI) exam composed of DWI and T2w sequences. By using a new deep learning-based image reconstruction algorithm, we aim to improve the utility of T2w PROPELLER images by reducing acquisition time and/or increasing spatial resolution beyond PIRADS requirements. We present quantitative analysis based on signal-to-noise ratio estimates and qualitative analysis based on delineation of anatomical structures, overall image quality, vision of thin structures.

2390		Augmented ensemble learning is effective strategy for imbalanced small dataset: improve differentiation of low from high grade prostate cancer
		Yuta Akamine¹, Yoshiko Ueno², Keitaro Sofue², Takamichi Murakami², Yu Ueda¹, Ahsan Budrul¹, Masami Yoneyama¹, Makoto Obara¹, and Marc Van Cauteren³
		¹Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan, ³Asia Pacific, Philips Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan
		Machine learning (ML) techniques have gained more attention to distinguish low from high grade prostate cancer. However, obtaining big training data is difficult. Moreover, ML models created by imbalanced dataset have a high accuracy for majority, but a low accuracy for minority. For this problem, data augmentation is widely studied. Recently, ensemble learning, which merges different classifiers, has shown great potential. Combinations of data augmentation and ensemble learning were investigated, using multi-parametric MR. We demonstrated that synthetic-minority-over-sampling-technique (SMOTE) with ensemble learning showed increased F1 (0.831) and AUC (0.762) and is effective strategy to improve diagnosis performance for imbalanced small dataset.

2391		Applying Radiomics and Convolutional Neural Network Analysis to distinguish Lymph Node Invasion in Prostate Cancer using Multi-parametric MRI
		Yang Song¹, Ying Hou², Min-xiong Zhou³, Xu Yan⁴, Ye-feng Yao¹, Yu-dong Zhang², and Guang Yang¹
		¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal Univeristy, Shanghai, China, ²Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, ³Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China, ⁴MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		We compared a radiomics model and a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to distinguish lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer (PCa) using multi-parametric magnetic resonance images (mp-MRI). We trained the models in 281 patients and evaluated them in another 71 cases. The radiomics/CNN model produced an AUC 0.741/0.722, sensitivity 0.769/0.692, specificity 0.690/0.845 for the differentiation of LNI, which showed potential for the diagnosis of LNI in PCa.

2392		Prostate MRI Image Quality Control using Deep Learning
		Jing Zhang¹, Yang Song¹, Ying Hou², Yu-dong Zhang², Xu Yan³, Yefeng Yao¹, and Guang Yang¹
		¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, shanghai, China, ²Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University,, Nanjing, China, ³MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, shanghai, China
		Deep learning-based computer aided diagnosis (CAD) has been proposed to detect and classify prostate cancer lesions in multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mp-MRI) images. CAD requires their input images meet certain quality standards. In this work, we proposed a ResNet50-based model to filter out images not suitable as the input to the following lesion detection network. Taking unqualified images as positive cases, we obtained an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.8526 in test cohort, which helped to improve the performance of detection model and increased the interpretability by rejecting unqualified images with a reason instead of giving wrong results.

2393		Prostate Tumor Characterization using Texture Analysis of Diffusion MRI
		Dharmesh Singh¹, Virendra Kumar², Chandan J Das³, Anup Singh^1,4, and Amit Mehndiratta^1,4
		¹Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India, ²Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India, ³Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India, ⁴Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India
		Accurate diagnosis of prostate-cancer(PCa) remains challenging due to high false-negative rate of biopsy and low-specificity of the screening test. Computer-aided diagnosis(CAD) systems are increasingly being used for detection and diagnosis of PCa. Texture analysis has been proved to be a significant CAD tool in medical applications. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of texture parameters extracted from diffusion-weighted MRI and machine-learning classifiers in distinguishing PCa from normal peripheral-zone(PZ). The proposed methodology has achieved 93% accuracy using support-vector machine classifier. Experiments showed that the application of texture-analysis could improve the accuracy of identifying healthy and cancerous prostate-regions.

2394		Artificial Intelligence Analysis on Prostate DCE-MRI to Distinguish Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Yang Zhang¹, Weikang Li², Zhao Zhang², Yingnan Xue², Peter Chang¹, Daniel Chow¹, Min-Ying Su¹, and Qiong Ye^2,3
		¹Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, ²The Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China, ³High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
		Three convolutional neural network architectures were applied to differentiate prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia based on DCE-MRI: (1) VGG serial convolutional neural network; (2) one-directional Convolutional Long Short Term Memory (CLSTM) network; (3) bi-directional CLSTM network. A total of 104 patients were analyzed, including 67 prostate cancer and 37 benign prostatic hyperplasia. Upon 10-fold cross-validation, the differentiation accuracy was 0.64-0.77 (mean 0.68) using VGG, 0.75-0.87 (mean 0.81) using the CLSTM, and 0.73-0.89 (mean 0.84) using bi-directional CLSTM. The radiomics model built by SVM using histogram and texture features extracted from the manually-drawn tumor ROI yielded accuracy of 0.81.

2395		High Resolution Prostate T2-weighted MRI with Deep Learning and without an Endorectal Coil
		Xinzeng Wang¹, Jong Bum Son², Priya Bhosale³, Aliya Qayyum³, Juan Jose Ibarra-Rovira³, Ken-Ping Hwang², Jason Stafford², Mark David Pagel⁴, Marc Lebel⁵, Ersin Bayram¹, Jingfei Ma², and Janio Szklaruk³
		¹Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Houston, TX, United States, ²Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ³Department of Abdominal Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ⁴Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ⁵Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Calgary, AB, Canada
		Endorectal coil (ERC) offers high SNR that is needed for high-resolution prostate MRI, which is essential for accurate visualization of prostate and detection of prostate cancer. Unfortunately, use of an ERC is cumbersome, costly, and discomforting or even intolerable to some patients. Further, ERC often has exacerbated motion artifacts due to its proximity to the regions of interests. In this work, we applied a novel deep learning-based MR reconstruction method to clinical prostate T2-weighted imaging without an ERC (non-ERC). DL Recon improved non-ERC image SNR, reduced artifacts, and improved overall image quality compared to conventional reconstruction with/without endorectal coil.

2396		Radiomics based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging to predict extraprostatic extension of prostate cancer
		Lili Xu¹, Gumuyang Zhang¹, Lun Zhao², Li Mao², Xiuli Li², Weigang Yan³, Yu Xiao⁴, Jing Lei¹, Zhengyu Jin¹, and Hao Sun¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ²Deepwise AI Lab, Beijing, China, ³Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ⁴Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
		The preoperative prediction of EPE has a profound impact on treatment decision making, however, it still remains challenging presently. In this study, we compared the radiomics signatures extracted from different MR sequences to diagnose EPE. The radiomics signature based on DWI showed better performance for EPE prediction among mpMRI sequences. The radiomics model based on DWI, T2WI and DCE images was demonstrated feasible for the prediction of EPE. But the added value of clinical variables to the radiomics model was not prominent.

2397		Differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia using texture features based on multiple high b-values DWI
		Jingjun Wu¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Lihua Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, and Bingbing Gao¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		This work aimed for multiple high b-values DWI texture features based strategy to identify prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, which may provide more abundant and comprehensive quantitative information, and promote clinical decision-making. The results showed that the diagnostic value was improved with AUC of 0.832 (sensitivity: 0.800, specificity: 0.762) based on combined texture features from ultra-high b value (b = 800, 1200, 2000s/mm2) DWI images, which is a valuable strategy for clinical practice.

2398		Characterization of the Metabolomic Signature of Prostate Cancer by Mass Spectrometry and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Urine
		Leo L. Cheng¹, Andrew Gusev¹, Alex Buko², Takushi Oga², and Adam S. Feldman¹
		¹MGH/Harvard, Boston, MA, United States, ²Human Metabolome Technologies, Boston, MA, United States
		We used Capillary Electrophoresis Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to analyze urine from men undergoing prostate biopsy to investigate their metabolomic profiles and look for potential biomarkers. CE-MS analysis identified 60 metabolites that were statistically different between urine samples of men with PCa and PCa-free men and had overlap with MRS. Pathway analysis of these showed high activity in ceramide, short chain fatty acid (SCFA), branched chain amino acid, serine, threonine and tryptophan metabolism. Targeted studies of these metabolites are underway in our lab; if validated, they have potential to serve as non-invasive biomarkers for PCa.

2399		Evaluation of convolution strategies for 3D-CNN for MR Prostate segmentation
		Yanlu Wang^1,2, Patrick Masaba³, Fredrik Strand^4,5, and Fredrik Järderling^6,7
		¹Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, ²Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden, ³Imaging and Function, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, ⁴Breast Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden, ⁵Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, ⁶Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, ⁷Department of Radiology, Capio S:t Göran Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
		Typical prostate MR dataset are 2D with few slices and high in-plane resolution. These dimensions do not conform naturally to traditional 3D convolution neural network up/down-sampling schemes, which customarily double/halves the input dimensions in all directions. We compared two strategies for up/down-sampling applied to prostate segmentation in MRI datasets: 1) Transform the datasets and applying orthodox convolution layers. 2) Adapt the up/down-sampling convolution layers in order to use more native resolution input datasets. Our results show that, in general, the former strategy works best, both in terms training loss convergence and overall segmentation results.

2400		Post processing decisions, independent of institution and fit, influence the perceived diagnostic utility of prostate cancer diffusion maps
		Sean D McGarry¹, John D Bukowy², Kenneth Iczkowski³, Allison K Lowman², Anjishnu Banerjee⁴, Kenneth Jacobsohn⁵, Petar Duvnjak², Michael Griffin², Dariya Malyarenko⁶, Tom Chenevert⁶, Yuan Li^7,8, DaeKeun You⁷, Yue Cao^6,7, Andrey Fedorov⁹, Laura C Bell¹⁰, Chad Quarles¹⁰, Melissa A Prah¹, Kathleen M Schmainda¹, Stefanie Hectors¹¹, Bachir Taouli¹¹, Eve LoCastro¹², Yousef Mazaheri^12,13, Amita Shukla-Dave^12,13, Thomas Yankeelov¹⁴, David Hormuth II¹⁴, Ananth J Madhuranthakam¹⁵, Keith Hulsey¹⁵, Mark Muzi¹⁶, Michael Jacobs¹⁷, Meiyappan Solaiyappan¹⁷, William See⁵, Mark Hohenwalter², and Peter S LaViolette¹⁸
		¹Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ²Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ³Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ⁴Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ⁵Urological Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ⁶Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁷Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁸Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁹Radiology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ¹⁰Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States, ¹¹Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ¹²Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ¹³Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ¹⁴Institute for Computer Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States, ¹⁵Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States, ¹⁶Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ¹⁷Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, ¹⁸Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, wauwatosa, WI, United States
		Diffusion data from 33 prospectively recruited patients was distributed to 14 sites, who returned monoexponential, biexponential, and diffusion kurtosis fits of the data. Receiver operator characteristic curve AUC was evaluated while varying the positive condition in the ROC analysis, minimum lesion size included, and method of extracting values from the ROI. Cluster size and stratification technique have a significant impact on the AUC and should be explicitly stated in future rad-path studies.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2401		Visualize the micro-hemorrhage of HCC through SWI and intravoxel incoherent motions to predict the microvascular invasion
		Zhijun Geng¹, Yunfei Zhang², Hui Li¹, Jing Zhao¹, Sihui Zeng¹, Cheng Zhang¹, Chuanmiao Xie¹, and Yongming Dai²
		¹Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China, ²United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		Tightly correlated with the prognosis, microvascular invasion (MVI) serves as one significant predictor determining the clinical management. Abnormal angiogenesis, one typical character during carcinogenesis, can lead to the abnormal micro-vessel manifestations including micro-hemorrhage and more, which may correlate with another abnormal vascular manifestations—MVI. Hence, this research aims to predict the MVI via visualizing the intra-tumor hemorrhage with susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) widely proven to be powerful for imaging hemorrhage and IVIM hypothesized to be effective for visualizing the hemorrhage via quantifying the abnormal perfusion. The results displayed that visualizing the micro-hemorrhage holds great potential for predicting MVI of HCC.

2402		3D ROI Histogram Based on Intravoxel Incoherent Motion for Preoperative Evaluation of Pathological Differentiation of the Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Zhe Zhang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Ying Zhao¹, Jingjun Wu¹, Nan Wang¹, Dahua Cui¹, Tao Lin¹, Qingwei Song¹, Xin Li¹, Tingfan Wu¹, and Yan Guo¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, Dalian, China
		The purpose of this study was to preoperatively evaluate pathological differentiation of the whole hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by 3D ROI histogram of ADC, D, D* and f. The results showed that 3D ROI histogram of ADC, D can identify poor differentiated HCC. The D-5th achieved the highest AUC values (AUC: 0.778; sensitivity: 66.7%; specificity: 78.4%). Although there was no significant difference between AUC of 3D ROI histogram and routine ROI, 3D ROI histogram can reflect the heterogeneity to evaluate the differentiation of the whole tumor.

2403		Evaluating the feasibility of predicting the multiple pathological indexes of hepatocellular carcinoma with a single MR scan
		Xue Han¹, Yunfei Zhang², Qi Wang¹, Yan Ding¹, Hui Liu¹, Xiaojing Ma¹, Gaofeng Shi¹, and Yongming Dai²
		¹The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China, ²United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		Imaging manifestations and pathological findings are tightly correlated to each other as they all provide the portraying of the tumor from different perspectives. We hypothesized that exploiting the quantitative markers from MR images would be a feasible way for simultaneously predicting the multiple pathological indexes. With regard to conventional “mean value” of ROI, histogram metrics, taking the tumor heterogeneity into consideration, can give full play of quantitative indicators. This research aims to preliminarily evaluate the feasibility of simultaneously predicting the multiple pathological indexes with a single Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) scan by extracting multiple histogram metrics of parametric images.

2404		Predicting therapeutic response using dynamic enhanced MRI radiomics for patients with HCC treated with TACE: comparison of radiomics models
		Ying Zhao¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jingjun Wu¹, Nan Wang¹, Dahua Cui¹, Tao Lin¹, Qingwei Song¹, Xin Li², Tingfan Wu², and Yan Guo³
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Translational Medicine Team, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
		In the current study, dynamic enhanced MRI-based radiomics model was applied to predict therapeutic response in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. In order to obtain the optimal radiomics model, we compared the diagnostic performance of the model built by different classifiers.

2405		Multi-sequence MRI-based radiomics nomogram to predict two-year recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy
		Ying Zhao¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jingjun Wu¹, Dahua Cui¹, Tao Lin¹, Qingwei Song¹, Xin Li², Tingfan Wu², Yan Guo³, Lizhi Xie³, and Jingjing Cui⁴
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Translational Medicine Team, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³GE Healthcare, Beijing, China, ⁴Huiying Medical Technology Inc., Beijing, China
		In the current study, multi-sequence MRI radiomics nomogram was demonstrated to be capable to predict two-year recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy, which will provide more prognostic information and facilitate clinical management.

2406		Analysis of liver function after molecular targeting therapy of HCC with hepatocyte fraction index obtained from gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI.
		Yudai Syogan¹, Satoshi Kobayashi¹, Yu Ueda², Noboru Taniguchi¹, Naoki Ohno¹, Tosiaki Miyati¹, Toshifumi Gabata³, Takeshi Terashima⁴, Kuniaki Arai⁴, and Tatsuya Yamashita⁴
		¹Quantum Medical Technology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan, ²Philips.Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ³Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan, ⁴Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
		Hepatocyte fraction index (HeFra index) obtained from gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging might be possible surrogate marker of liver function after molecular targeting therapy to advanced HCC, and the molecular targeting therapy to advanced HCC do not affect the function of background liver parenchyma.

2407		Longitudinal study of liver imaging reporting and Data system LR-2, LR-3 and LR-4 observations in cirrhosis on MRI
		Fei Xing¹, Xue qin Zhang¹, Jian Lu¹, and Xiao fen Miao ¹
		¹The Third Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, China
		Using LI-RADS v2018 on MRI, LR-2, LR-3 and LR-4 lesions in cirrhosis have different natural outcomes, LI-RADS lesions demonstrate increasing risk of progression to HCC with increasing category. About two-fifths of LR-4 observations progressed to a malignant category. LR-3 observations with APHE or threshold/subthreshold growth upgraded to LR-5 were significantly higher. Most LR-2 observations that remain stable in category for at least a year.

2408		The value of multi-quantitative parameters of DKI to evaluate the pathological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a preliminary study
		Liuji Sheng¹, Ailian Liu¹, Ying Zhao ¹, Jingjun Wu¹, Nan Wang¹, Dahua Cui¹, Tao Lin¹, Qingwei Song¹, Xin Li², Tingfan Wu², and Yan Guo³
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Translational Medicine Team, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The main purpose of this work was to use multi-quantitative parameters of DKI to evaluate the pathological grade of HCC before surgery. The results showed that FA have a powerful value in preoperative assessment of pathological grade of HCC (AUC:0.716; sensitivity:73.7%; specificity: 65.0%).

2409		Can IVIM Be used for Preoperative Assessment of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma ?
		Yi Wei¹, Zheng Ye¹, Hehan Tang¹, Bin Song¹, Xiaocheng Wei², Lisha Nie², and Hancheng Yang²
		¹West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research, Beijing, China
		Microvascular invasion (MVI) is one of the most important factors for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, accurate preoperative evaluation of MVI is quietly difficult because of the controversy results caused by the conventional imaging features. Compared with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted MR imaging could better characterize heterogeneity and irregularity of tissue components, and thus may have the potential to better evaluate MVI. In this study, we prospectively determine the usefulness of IVIM parameters and conventional radiologic features for preoperative prediction of MVI in patients with HCC.

2410		R2* yield by IDEAL IQ MRI in Evaluating the Expression Status of Glypican-3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Rushi Chen¹, Yan Bai², Ge Zhang², Kaiyu Wang³, and Meiyun Wang²
		¹Henan provincial people's hospital& Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, ²Henan provincial people's hospital, Zhengzhou, China, ³GE Healthcare, MR Research, Beijing, China
		Accurate diagnosis and evaluation of HCC is important for improving the efficiency of HCC treatment and patient prognosis. Glypican-3 (GPC3) has been considered as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a target for immune-therapeutic in HCC. Our study aimed to investigate the utility of IDEAL IQ MRI to prospectively evaluate the expression status of GPC3. Our results showed that the intratumoral R2* value was significantly higher in the positive-GPC3 HCC patients than in the negative-GPC3 HCC patients (P=0.003). The IDEAL IQ MRI may have potential for non-invasively predict GPC3 expression status.

2411		Diagnosis of LR-M in at risk patients: performances of serological tumor markers and LI-RADS version 2018 features
		Hanyu Jiang^1,2, Bin Song¹, and Mustafa Shadi Rifaat Bashir²
		¹Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ²Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
		The aim of this study was to develop diagnostic models comprising serological tumor markers and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (EOB-MRI) features for patients with LR-M lesions by LI-RADS version 2018 (v2018). We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from 45 consecutive at risk patients with LR-M observations and generated diagnostic models for LR-M to predict tumors with a cholangiocarcinoma component (M-CC). Among these models, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 alone demonstrated excellent diagnostic specificity, while the model integrating both CA 19-9 and the EOB-MRI feature “blood products in mass” achieved optimal overall performance.

2412		Optimized Colorectal Liver Metastasis Screening: Diagnostic Performance of an Abbreviated Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced MR Imaging Protocol.
		Nobuyuki Kawai¹, Yoshifumi Noda¹, Satoshi Goshima², Keita Fujimoto¹, Kimihiro Kajita³, Hiroshi Kawada¹, Yukichi Tanahashi¹, and Masayuki Matsuo¹
		¹Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan, ²Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan, ³Radiology Services, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
		Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging is an essential modality for the screening and assessment of hepatic diseases, which has an incremental value when combined with contrast-enhanced computed tomography for detecting colorectal liver metastasis (CLM). We assessed the diagnostic performance of an abbreviated protocol (axial heavily T2-weighted + axial and reconstructed-coronal hepatobiliary phase + axial diffusion-weighted imaging) compared with the standard routine clinical one for CLM screening. Our results demonstrated excellent performance for the detection of CLM comparable to standard one less than one third of acquisition time.

2413		Texture Analysis in MRI Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Takeshi Yoshikawa¹, Yoshiharu Ohno², Ryo Shiroishi³, Masao Yui³, Yoshimori Kassai³, Shinichiro Seki⁴, Katsusuke Kyotani⁵, and Yuji Kishida⁶
		¹Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan, ²Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan, ³Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan, ⁴Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tamba, Japan, ⁵Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan, ⁶Konan Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
		Texture analysis can characterize spatial variations of gray levels on an image. Our results showed texture analysis has a potential to improve MR ability in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Optimal imaging techniques might be different from ones for visual assessment. Capsule, hemorrhage, and cellularity in HCC are possible influential factors.

2414		Quantitative evaluation liver cyst, hemangioma and hepatocellular carcinoma by using T1 mapping and DWI
		Fei Wang¹, Yupei Zhang¹, Mengxiao Liu², and Juan Zhu¹
		¹Department of MRI,AnQing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, China, ²MR scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Shanghai, China
		In this study, pre- and post-contrast T1-mapping technique and DWI were used for differential diagnosis of hepatic cyst, hemangioma and HCC. pre- and post-contrast T1 value, the decrease rate of T1 value and ADC value of the three types of lesions were compared and analyzed.T1-mapping technology for differential diagnosis of hepatic cyst，hemangioma and HCC provides a new quantitative method, especially for no-enhanced T1-mapping, have promise of clinical application.

2415		RADIOLOGICAL COURSE OF SUB-CENTIMETER ARTERIALLY ENHANCING NODULES DETECTED DURING SURVEILLANCE FOR HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
		Sonal Krishan¹ and Prabhat Kumar²
		¹Medanta Hospital, Gurgaon, India, ²Medanta Hospital, GURGAON, India
		Clinical data on the course of sub-centimeter-sized nodules (SCSNs) detected during surveillance for HCC is limited. Through this study we wished to evaluate arterially enhancing SCSN evolving into HCC. We tried identify specific size cut off, rate of growth, enhancement features which can predict which SCSN will turn into HCC. 47.5% of SCSN have the potential to turn into HCC. 8.55 mm is the optimal size cut off above which risk of developing HCC increases with a sensitivity of 71.4%. Diffusion restriction was seen in 50% and non uptake of hepatobiliary contrast in 91% of SCSN which developed into HCC.

Shallow Teaching Prostate (Not Deep Learning)

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2416		Differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer using APTw imaging and DKI Imaging
		Yunsong Liu¹, Lihua Chen¹, Weiping Yang¹, Xinmiao Bu¹, Jianqing Sun², Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The present study aimed to explore the value of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging combined with diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) in the differential diagnosis between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic cancer. The results showed that the combined technique had a good diagnostic effect. When APT value was combined with 3 DKI parameters (FA, MK, Ka), the diagnostic efficacy significantly enhanced (AUC: 0.872; sensitivity: 76.5%; specificity: 90.9%).

2417		Differentiation of Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia using Whole-lesion Histogram Analysis on Diffusion-weighted Imaging
		Luguang Chen¹, Pengyi Xin¹, Qingsong Yang¹, Tao Song¹, Chao Ma¹, Robert Grimm², Caixia Fu³, and Jianping Lu¹
		¹Radiology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China, ²Application Predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, ³Application Development, Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonace Ltd, Shenzhen, China
		Histogram and texture analysis have the potential in evaluating the heterogeneous features of tumors. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of histogram and texture analysis of ADC maps for differentiating PCa from BPH with pathology as the reference. 90 PCa and 112 BPH patients were enrolled and analyzed using histogram and texture analyses. Significant differences were observed in age, PSA, lesion volume and histogram parameters (except kurtosis) of ADC map between the PCa and BPH patients. The whole-lesion histogram and texture analysis-based parameters from the quantitative ADC map may serve as a useful biological characterization of prostate cancer.

2418		The Value of Obtaining Incremental Cores in MRI Guided Prostate Biopsy
		Nicole Seyfried¹, Amr Mahran^1,2, Ananya Panda³, Verena Obmann⁴, Christina Buzzy^1,2, Yun Jiang⁵, Katie Wright⁵, Dean Nakamoto⁶, Indravadan Patel⁷, Britt Conroy^1,2, Lee Ponsky^1,2, and Vikas Gulani⁵
		¹School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States, ²Urology Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States, ³Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, ⁴Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland, ⁵Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁶Radiology, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States, ⁷Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
		The value of incremental biopsy cores during in-gantry MRI-guided targeted prostate biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis was examined. 135 patients with 175 lesions underwent in-gantry targeted prostate biopsy and the rates of pathology upgrading for sequential cores were determined. Significant upgrading was observed when increasing from 1 to 2 cores and from 2 to 3 cores, but not from core 3 to 4. Higher Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) Version 2.0 score and anteriorly located lesions were more likely to result in an upgrade.

2419		Two-component model of prostate tissue using hybrid multidimensional T2 and diffusion-weighted imaging
		Ingrid Framås Syversen¹, Mattijs Elschot², Tone Frost Bathen², and Pål Erik Goa³
		¹Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ²Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, ³Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
		T2 and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) are increasingly used in the detection and staging of prostate cancer, however, usually under the assumption that the T2 values and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) are independent of each other. Using hybrid multidimensional imaging, where images are acquired at two echo times and two b-values, we estimate volume fractions of slow and fast diffusion compartments in the prostate with a two-compartment model. The results suggest that the volume fractions can be used to discriminate between tumor and normal prostate tissue.

2420		Does intramuscular injection of glucagon improve prostate MR image quality?
		Karthik Meenakshi Sundaram¹, Ali B Syed¹, Stephanie Tzu-Ying Chang^1,2, and Andreas Markus Loening¹
		¹Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Department of Radiology, Veterans Affair Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
		ACR PI-RADs guidelines suggest anti-spasmodic agents may be beneficial for some patients during multi-parametric prostate MRI (mpMRI). Recent evidence suggests that the anti-spasmodic scopolamine butylbromide improves image quality on mpMRI. However, no studies have evaluated intramuscular (IM) injected glucagon. This retrospective IRB approved single-center study performed data-mining of 2595 mpMRI radiology reports (693 with glucagon) and subjective image quality assessment of 63 mpMRI exams (32 with glucagon). No significant benefit of IM glucagon for prostate evaluation was found on mpMRI. Our findings suggest that the risks associated with IM glucagon (medication side effects, patient discomfort, cost) may outweigh any benefits.

2421		Multi-site analysis of DWI metrics for differentiating pathologically confirmed prostate cancer: patient and digital reference object results
		Peter S LaViolette¹, Sean D McGarry², John D Bukowy¹, Allison K Lowman¹, Anjishnu Banerjee³, Dariya Malyarenko⁴, Tom Chenevert⁴, Yue Cao^4,5, Andrey Fedorov⁶, Laura C Bell⁷, Chad Quarles⁷, Melissa A Prah², Kathleen M Schmainda², Stefanie Hectors⁸, Bachir Taouli⁸, Eve LoCastro⁹, Yousef Mazaheri^9,10, Amita Shukla-Dave^9,10, Thomas Yankeelov¹¹, David Hormuth II¹¹, Ananth J Madhuranthakam¹², Keith Hulsey¹², Wei Huang¹³, Mark Muzi¹⁴, Michael Jacobs¹⁵, Meiyappan Solaiyappan¹⁵, Kenneth Jacobsohn¹⁶, Mark Hohenwalter¹, Petar Duvnjak¹, Michael Griffin¹, Watchareepohn Palanghmonthip^17,18, William See¹⁶, Marja Nevalainen¹⁷, and Kenneth Iczkowski¹⁷
		¹Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ²Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ³Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ⁴Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁵Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁶Radiology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ⁷Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States, ⁸Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ⁹Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ¹⁰Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ¹¹Institute for Computer Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States, ¹²radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States, ¹³Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States, ¹⁴Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ¹⁵Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, ¹⁶Urological Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ¹⁷Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ¹⁸Pathology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
		This study presents a multi-site study measuring the ability of site-specific diffusion weighted imaging fitting algorithms for differentiating prostate cancer. A dataset of DWI collected from 33 patients and a simulated digital reference object was distributed to thirteen sites who fit the multi-b DWI models with onsite-implemented software. Derived parametric maps were then submitted for central analysis. Each map was aligned to the T2-weighted image, and DWI metrics were extracted from aligned pathologist annotations. A statistical analysis was performed to determine the ability of each metric to differentiate PCA and to determine how fits of simulated data differed between sites.

2422		Comparing multi-shot DWI with multiplexed sensitivity encoding (MUSE) with reduced field of view DWI in prostate MRI by visual grading analysis
		Anugayathri Jawahar¹, Ali B Syed ¹, Peter Wei ¹, Lloyd Estkowski², Arnaud Guidon³, Perla Subbaiah⁴, Bruce Lewis Daniel¹, and Andreas M Loening ¹
		¹Body MRI, Stanford University, PALO ALTO, CA, United States, ²Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States, ³MR Body Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Mathematics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
		Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) using echo-planar technique is highly sensitive to susceptibility artifacts, in prostate MRI this is mainly due to rectal gas. In the hopes of identifying a sequence with better robustness to rectal gas, we compared multi-shot DWI using MUSE (with 3 shots) with a rFOV-DWI acquisition. In this IRB approved prospective study, 3 readers performed visual grading of MUSE and rFOV-DWI on 50 consecutive prostate MRI studies. MUSE-DWI and ADC maps showed statistically significant improvements in image quality for anatomic contour, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality, as well as significantly reduced susceptibility artifacts related to rectal gas.

2423		Short TR DWI in prostate
		Yu Ueda¹, Tsutomu Tamada², Koji Yoshida², Ayumu Kido², Makoto Obara¹, Masami Yoneyama¹, Yuta Akamine¹, and Marc Van Cauteren³
		¹Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ²Kawasaki medical school, Kurashiki, Japan, ³Philips Healthcare, Asia Pacific, Tokyo, Japan
		DWI is a key component of mp-MRI in prostate and the usefulness of high b-value DWI has been reported. However, the quality might depend on magnetic field strength and scanner performance. It would be beneficial to acquire sufficient diffusion contrast and ADC using standard b-value of 1000 s/mm² without an additional higher b-value acquisition. We exploited the difference of T1 between cancer and normal to improve contrast. The contrast of T1 enhanced DWI₁₀₀₀ using short TR was better compared to that of DWI₁₀₀₀ with normal long TR but it was less than that of DWI₂₀₀₀ with normal long TR.

2424		Clinical value of accelerated three-dimensional T2-weighted turbo spin-echo imaging with compressed SENSE in prostate MRI
		Tustomu Tamada¹, Yu Ueda², Kosuke Ito³, Takeshi Fukunaga¹, Ayumu Kido¹, Tomohiro Mochizuki⁴, and Akira Yamamoto¹
		¹Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Japan, ²Philips Japan, Minato-ku, Japan, ³Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki City, Japan, ⁴Philips Japan, Osaka, Japan
		T2WI is a key component of mpMRI in prostate. 2D T2WI obtained in multi plane is recommend in PI-RADS v2, resulting in prolonged examination time. The usefulness of 3D-VRFA-TSE, which has a potential to reduce scan time by multiplanar postprocessing reconstruction of images into any desired plane, has been reported. As an further effective way to accelerate scan time is provided by C-SENSE, which uses undersampling of the k-space, we compared 3D-VRFA-TSE with 3D-VRFA-TSE with C-SENSE. C-SENSE enables a reduction in acquisition time of 40% in 3D-VRFA-TSE, maintaining image quality and lesion conspicuity except for clarity of prostatic capsule.

2425		Reduced field-of-view and multi-shot DWI acquisition techniques: prospective evaluation in prostate cancer imaging
		Edward M Lawrence¹, Yuxin Zhang¹, Jitka Starekova¹, Zihan Wang², Shane A Wells¹, and Diego Hernando¹
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) non-invasively evaluates tissue microstructure, relevant in the setting of prostate cancer. Distortion from susceptibility effects can confound standard single-shot echo planar imaging (ssEPI). Reduced-distortion techniques, including reduced field of view (rFOV) and multi-shot EPI (msEPI), may improve prostate imaging quality but further evaluation is warranted. Therefore, a prospective comparison of rFOV and msEPI to ssEPI, in either biopsy proven or suspected prostate cancer patients, was performed. Our results demonstrate that both rFOV and msEPI reduce distortion artifacts, and improve image quality, in comparison to ssEPI. Furthermore, ADC quantification was reproducible across these three techniques.

2426		Amide proton transfer MR imaging of prostate cancer: a preliminary study using 3D acquisition
		Ayumu Kido¹, Tsutomu Tamada¹, Yu Ueda², Tomohiro Mochizuki³, Takeshi Fukunaga¹, and Akira Yamamoto¹
		¹Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan, ²Philips Japan, Minato-ku, Japan, ³Philips Japan, Osaka, Japan
		APT-MRI is a contrast-agent-free MRI technique that exploits signal from the amide protons (NH groups) contained in proteins and peptides. No studies have reported the use of 3DAPT. Quantitative analysis (ADC and APT SI (%)) were calculated for PC lesions and for benign regions that included normal PZ and benign prostatic lesions. APT SI was comparable among normal regions, benign lesions, and PC. However, APT SI was significantly higher in large PC than in small PC. In addition, the APT SIs of PC lesions correlated well with PSA. APT SI may represent tumor volume, PC staging, and prognosis.

2427		Developing Hybrid Multidimensional MRI without an endorectal coil for the detection of prostate cancer: a feasibility study
		Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi^1,2, Aritrick Chatterjee¹, Ajit Devaraj³, Ambereen Yousuf¹, Gregory S Karczmar¹, Tatjana Antic⁴, Scott Eggener⁵, and Aytekin Oto¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Department of Radiodiagnosis, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India, ³Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, United States, ⁴Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, ⁵Department of Urology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		There are conflicting reports on the use of endorectal coil in the detection of prostate cancer at 3T due to increased patient discomfort and susceptibility artifacts. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of Hybrid Multidimensional MRI (HM-MRI) without an endorectal coil (using pelvic phased-array coil only) in the detection of prostate cancer (PCa) and to calculate fractional volumes of prostatic tissue composition, non-invasively. A non-endorectal coil HM-MRI is feasible. We obtained a significant difference in epithelium volume between normal and PCa (p = 0.02), however stromal and luminal volume did not reach a significance level.

2428		Interobserver agreement of the PI-RADS Version 2.1 lexicon: A Multicenter Study of Six Radiologists with different levels of experience
		Li Zhang¹, Longchao Li¹, Min Tang¹, Yinzhong Wang², and Xiaoyan Wang²
		¹Department of MRI, Shaanxi Provincial People’s hospital, Xi’an, China, ²Lanzhou university First Hospital, Lanzhou, China
		PI-RADS Version 2.1 makes several minor modifications aimed at addressing these issues and simplifying the scoring system without changing the overall framework for acquisition or interpretation using the principles of the dominant sequence paradigm. Formal investigations of the Interobserver agreement of the PI-RADS version 2.1 scoring system are critical to confirm that it is attaining its primary aim of standardization.

Rectal Cancer

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2429		A preliminary study of 3D-amide proton transfer MR imaging in rectal adenocarcinoma: comparison with diffusion kurtosis imaging
		Weicui Chen¹, Ling Li², Yingjie Mei³, Jilei Zhang³, Weikang Huang¹, Bo Liu¹, and Xian Liu¹
		¹Radiology, The second Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China, ²Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; The second Affiliated hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine;, Guangzhou, China, ³Clinical Science,Philips Healthcare;, Shanghai, China
		We explore the utility of 3D APTw imaging and DKI in assessing the pathological factors of rectal adenocarcinoma. The mean APTSI and MK was higher with the advanced staging and grading in rectal adenocarcinoma. In addition, the mean APTw SI have a significantly positive correlation with WHO grades. Therefore, the mean APTw SI is promising to be a non-invasive biomarker in clinical practice and to become a potential predictor for estimating the prognosis of rectal adenocarcinoma.

2430		Relationship between ADC values of MRI diffusion-weighted imaging and the pathological prognostic factors of rectal cancer
		rui qi¹ and ying wan²
		¹radiology, Sichuan university, Chengdu, China, ²pathology, Sichuan university, Chengdu, China
		To investigate the correlation between the ADC value of MRI-DWI and the pathological prognostic factors of rectal cancer. 87 patients with rectal cancer were grouped according to the pathological prognostic factors. The mean ADC values of tumor tissues were measured, and the relationship between ADC values of different groups was analyzed. The differences of ADC values of the different differentiation groups, pN stage groups and P53 expression groups had statistical significance. The P53 expression level and ADC value showed a moderate negative correlation. It is expected the biological behavior of tumors can be predicted by quantitative analysis of ADC values.

2431		R2* relaxation rates of pelvic lymph nodes in USPIO-enhanced MRI of rectal cancer patients at 3 and 7T
		Tijmen Koëter¹, Rutger CH Stijns¹, Bart JW Philips², Jurgen J Futterer², Patrick Zamecnik², Sjaak JA van Asten², Marnix C Maas², and Tom WJ Scheenen²
		¹Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Surgery, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands, ²Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
		Six patients with rectal cancer underwent USPIO-enhanced MRI at 3 and 7T. The presence and appearance of lymph nodes was annotated by two trained radiologists. Lymph nodes were matched between 3 and 7T, and ROIs were drawn inside the nodes to calculate mean R2* relaxation rates in order to assess the possibilities of quantitative thresholds in R2* between suspicious and benign lymph nodes at both field strengths.

2432		Using radiomics to build prediction model for diagnosing metastatic lymph node in rectal cancer basing on HR-T2 imaging
		Gesheng Song¹, Aiyin Li¹, Jingjing Cui², and Yan Jia²
		¹Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital，the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical, Jinan, China, ²Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
		MRI based radiomics machine learning model could differentiating metastatic lymph node in rectal cancer.

2433		Comparative study of APTw combined with T2 mapping quantitative imaging in patients of rectal cancer with and without chemotherapy
		Anliang Chen¹, Ailian Liu¹, Xuedong Wang¹, Yunsong Liu¹, Jingjun Wu¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², and Liangjie Lin²
		¹Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging can be used to assess changes of intracellular protein concentration and the pH value.And the T2 mapping allows non-invasive visualization and quantification of tissue composition. Here, weaimsto explore the value of APTw imaging in combination with T2 mapping in comparative analysesof rental cancer with and without chemotherapy. Results indicated that a ultrahigh diagnostic efficacy (AUC: 1.000; sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 100%) was achieved with combination of APT and T2 values.

2434		Value of texture analysis based on DWI with multiple b-values for evaluation of tumor heterogeneity in rectal cancer patients
		Jingjun Wu¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhongping Zhang², Anliang Chen¹, Xuedong Wang¹, Yunsong Liu¹, Lihua Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, and Bingbing Gao¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death worldwide. DWI is now recommended as a routine addition to the MRI protocol for the assessment of rectal cancer. However, the effect of the b-value on the diagnostic performance has not yet been explored. The current study aims to evaluate the value of texture analysis based on DWI with different B values to evaluate the heterogeneity of rectal cancer patients. The skewness and kurtosis were all significantly different in DWI with different B values, and they were obviously changed when B reached 800.

2435		Comparative study of APT combined with DKI in post-chemotherapy and non-chemotherapy rectal cancer
		Xuedong Wang¹, Anliang Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Jiazheng Wang², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The first affiliated hospital of dalian medical university, DaLian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, China, Beijing, China
		We aimed to explore the difference of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging combined with DKI between the chemotherapy group and non-chemotherapy group of rectal cancer. The result showed that the highest diagnostic efficacy(AUC: 0.986; sensitivity: 91.8%; specificity: 100%) was acquired using APT combined with DKI, rather than APT and DKI value respectively.

2436		Comparative study of APTw quantitative imaging in normal intestinal wall and rectal cancer
		Xuedong Wang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Yishi Wang², Anliang Chen¹, Lihua Chen¹, and Qingwei Song¹
		¹The first affiliated hospital of dalian medical university, DaLian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, China, Beijing, China
		The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using APTw for the diagnosis of rectal cancer.

2437		Amide Proton Transfer Imaging of Rectal Cancer: Which Duration and Power Level of Saturation Pulse is better?
		Lan Zhang¹ and Xin Li¹
		¹Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
		We speculate that APT value may be a useful biomarker for assessing rectal pathological characteristics, which could have a potential impact on the clinical therapeutic strategies for patients. A baseline of APT value needs to be established for rectal cancer, which remains challenging due to the susceptibility effects. So we need to optimize the sequence by adjusting duration and power level of saturation pulse

2438		Reduced field-of-view versus conventional pelvic diffusion-weighted imaging in rectal cancer
		Ali B Syed¹, Anugayathri Jawahar¹, and Vipul R Sheth¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
		There is growing literature supporting the use of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) for staging and re-staging of rectal cancer. We investigated the performance of reduced FOV (rFOV) DWI in comparison with conventional whole pelvis DWI. Two readers graded rFOV and conventional DWI for anatomic detail, lesion conspicuity, tumor margin delineation, artifact, and overall image quality. rFOV DWI showed statistically significant improvement in anatomic detail, lesion conspicuity, tumor margin delineation, and overall image quality. No significant difference in artifact/distortion or lymph nodes was detected. rFOV DWI is a promising technique in rectal cancer evaluation and improves tumor visualization.

2439		T2 mapping-based the change trend of retrospective analysis of rectal cancer before and after chemotherapy
		Yunsong Liu¹, Anliang Chen¹, Jingjun Wu¹, Xuedong Wang¹, Lihua Chen¹, Yishi Wang², Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The current study aimed to investigate the value of T2 mapping in evaluating the difference of rectal cancer before and after chemotherapy. The results showed that T2 mapping had high diagnostic value in the two groups (AUC: 0.92; sensitivity: 100%; specificity: 80%).

Prostate

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2440		IVIM-DKI analysis using Hybrid model with parameter reconstruction method in prostate cancer at 1.5T vs 3T MRI
		Archana Vadiraj Malagi¹, Arjun Lokesh², Esha Baidya Kayal¹, Kedar Khare³, Virendra Kumar⁴, Chandan J. Das², and Amit Mehndiratta^1,5
		¹Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, ²Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India, ³Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, ⁴Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India, ⁵Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India
		Currently in countries with poor resources availability of higher magnetic strength 3T MRI is low. Objective is to analyze whether with lower magnetic strength 1.5T MRI with advanced parameter reconstruction method can perform better or equivalent to 3T MRI. IVIM-DKI signal was modelled using hybrid (HY) model which produces non-physiological inhomogeneity in parameter map. This inhomogeneity can be corrected by using total variation penalty function (TV) with HY model. IVIM-DKI maps obtained from HY with TV produced more clinically reliable than HY model. Even with low magnetic strength i.e. 1.5T, overall HY+TV model outperformed qualitatively & quantitatively against 3T MRI results.

2441		Age-Related and Zonal Anatomical Microstructure Features of Normal Prostatic Tissues: A Preliminary Study with VERDICT MRI
		Xiangyu Wang¹, Fan Lin¹, and Yi Lei¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
		31 male volunteers were examined with VERDICT MRI of the prostate. The derived VERDICT parameters (the fIC, fEES and fVASC) were analyzed with a histogram based on the whole prostate volume and the PZ, CG and AS ROIs. There were statistical differences between histogram parameters and regions of the prostate. Among different anatomical zones, for PZ, Age has a negative correlation with fIC, and positive correlation with fEES. According to CG, there was also positive correlation between age and fEES.

2442		Validation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Multi-parametric MRI with PI-RADS V2.1 for Detecting Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer
		Xiangyu Wang¹, Fan Lin¹, and Yi Lei¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
		229 PZ and 270 TZ lesions were included in this study. The proportion of overall PCa and clinically important PCa detection (Gleason score≥3+4) for each PI-RADS version 2.1 category was determined. The performance of PI-RADS version 2.1 in cancer detection was evaluated. The diagnostic accuracy of the overall(82.6%) and csPCa TZ lesions(83.0%) is higher than the accuracy of PZ lesions(80.4%, 77.7%). For the csPCa diagnosis, the AUCs of PI-RADS version 2.1 in TZ(0.84) was higher than in PZ(0.77) without significance(P=0.06). Higher PI-RADS version 2.1 scores were associated with increasing likelihood of the presence of clinically important PCa (P<0.01).

2443		Differential diagnosis of Prostatic Hyperplasia with inflammation and Low-grade Transitional Zone Carcinoma: Advanced DWI VS Conventional DWI
		Ren Huipeng¹, Fan Qing¹, Wang Xiaohu¹, Wei Xiaocheng², and Ren Zhuanqin¹
		¹Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, China, ²GE Healthcare China, Beijing, China
		The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of advanced diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the differential diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) with inflammation and Low-grade prostate transitional zone (TZ) cancer. By comparing the D, DDC and MK from advanced DWI with ADC value, it is found that the diagnostic efficiency of advanced DWI is better than the conventional DWI, and the combined diagnosis of (D + DDC + MK) has the highest efficiency.

2444		Quantitative Approach by the Simultaneous Acquisition of ADC and T2 Values Using Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence for Prostate Cancer Detection
		Hirotoshi Maruyama¹, Yasuhiro Fujiwara², and Akira Takahashi¹
		¹Radiology, Kumamoto Saishun Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan, ²Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
		We propose a sequence to simultaneously acquire apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 values for detecting prostate cancer. ADC and T2 values of prostate cancer can simultaneously be acquired using not only a diffusion-weighted image, but also multiple echo time (TE) images without motion-probing gradient using echo-planar imaging (EPI). Moreover, the quantitative ADC and T2 maps can be produced in approximately 5 min. Combining ADC and T2 values was effective in differentiating between prostate cancer and the normal peripheral zone. Our rapid quantification imaging technique improves the accuracy of the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

2445		Assessment of aggressiveness of prostate cancer: correlation of MRI ADC map textures with Gleason grade after radical prostatectomy
		Liang WANG ¹
		¹Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
		Prostate cancer is the 2nd leading diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Radiomics extracts large amounts of quantitative image features from radiologic images and selects stable and clinically relevant radiomics biomarkers for disease assessment. 90 patients underwent mpMRI before radical prostatectomy, with subsequent pathologic evaluation. The texture features were extracted by the python-based pyradiomics package. The AUC of the model was 0.841, with sensitivity 69.6% and specificity 91.2%, which was significantly higher than mean ADC value or single texture feature. MRI ADC map texture evaluation may facilitate noninvasive assessment of aggressiveness of prostate cancer.

2446		Tumor Estimation for PI-RADS v2 Assessment of Prostate Cancer using Multiparametric MRI
		Dharmesh Singh¹, Saumya Diwan², Virendra Kumar³, Chandan J Das⁴, Anup Singh^1,5, and Amit Mehndiratta^1,5
		¹Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India, ²Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India, ³Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India, ⁴Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India, ⁵Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi, India
		Accurate estimation of tumor size is a challenging task due to the large variation in shape of prostatic tumors. Measurement of diameter and volume of tumor are useful for the staging of prostate cancer(PCa). Therefore, an appropriate method for tumor assessment is essential to assist clinical management of PCa. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of tumor size estimation methods (2D vs. 3D) for the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version-2(PI-RADS v2) assessment of PCa using multiparametric MRI. Automatic tumor size assessment using ellipse-fitting approach showed relatively better performance of PCa assessment compared to radiologist-assessment.

2447		Prostate cancer: Inter-reader Agreement and Diagnostic Performance with PI-RADS Version 2.1 at Multiparametric MRI
		Li Zhang¹, Longchao Li¹, and Min Tang¹
		¹Department of MRI, Shaanxi Provincial People’s hospital, Xi’an, China
		In 2019, the updated version of PI-RADS Version 2.1 was introduced. This version did not change the entire framework, but made several modifications to address limitations and simplify the scoring system. Between 442 patients, both readers had 96 discordant cases in terms of five-point Version 2.1 scoring. Version 2.1 provides high accuracy for detecting clinically significant PCa with category 4 as the threshold. Both readers have good inter-reader reliability. However, agreement for TZ was lower than for PZ lesions.

2448		Highly accelerated prostate water/fat 3D MRI with compressed sensing and SENSE, compared to the standard of care
		Ya nan Wu¹, Mei yu Sun¹, Ai lian Liu¹, Jia zheng Wang², Yi shi Wang², Cheng yan Wang¹, Li hua Chen¹, Qing wei Song¹, Ren wang Pu¹, and Bing bing Gao¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Da lian, China, ²Philips Healthcare,China, Bei jing, China
		Compressed sensing(CS)technology is currently used less in prostate diseases. This study aims to explore the feasibility of CS and SENSE technology with different acceleration factors for prostate 3D magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). The preliminary exploration concluded that the SNR and CNR with CS 5 in prostate 3D mDIXON imaging are similar to the SENSE 2, and the imaging time is reduced by 28%, which effectively improves the MR scanning efficiency.

2449		Automated diagnosis of prostate cancer from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI using a Convolution Neural Network–based deep learning approach
		Ming Deng¹, Haibo Xu², Xiaoyong Zhang³, and Yingao Zhang⁴
		¹Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University,, Wuhan, China, ²Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, ³MR Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Shenzhen, China, ⁴Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning technique for the differentiation of prostate cancer (PC) using dynamic contrast agent–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data. Our patient study demonstrated that the quantitative image features derived from the DCE-MR images based on the self-defined CNN model can be effective in distinguishing PC from the normal, and the automated extraction of Ktrans, TDC, DR, and DY features can significantly promote PC diagnosis. The high performance of the proposed CNN-based deep learning method statistical analysis demonstrated its potential for improving PC diagnosis.

2450		Initial experience in abbreviated T2-weighted Prostate MRI using a Deep Learning reconstruction.
		Aileen O'Shea¹, Arnaud Guidon², Robert Marc Lebel³, Ersin Bayram⁴, Theodore Pierce¹, Amirkasra Mojtahed¹, and Mukesh G Harisinghani¹
		¹Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ²Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Boston, MA, United States, ³Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Calgary, AB, Canada, ⁴Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Houston, TX, United States
		Increasing the speed of multiparametric prostate MRI (mpMRI) is highly desirable. However, usual tradeoffs between signal-to-noise (SNR), scan time and lesion conspicuity must be considered. One recently proposed approach consists of using a bi-parametric protocol, whereby only the T2 and diffusion-weighted images are collected, thus highlighting the particular significance of achieving a robust, high-quality T2-weighted acquisition. As such, this work focuses on evaluating a Deep Learning reconstruction technique which shows promises to cut acquisition time of prostate T2-weighted imaging in half and would therefore benefit both bi-parametric as well as mpMRI.

2451		Mean or Extremum? Comparison of Two Strategies to Extract Orientation-Dependent Texture Features in Radiomics Studies
		Jing Zhang¹, Yang Song¹, Yu-dong Zhang², Xu Yan³, Yefeng Yao¹, and Guang Yang¹
		¹Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, shanghai, China, ²Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University,, Nanjing, China, ³MR Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthcare, shanghai, China
		Texture features plays an important role in radiomics. To make the texture features rotation-invariant, pyradiomics computes the texture features along all directions and use their mean values. In this study, we demonstrated that maximum and minimum values of these features along different directions, which is also rotation-invariant, may provide added value to radiomics studies. We trained models using mean, maximum and minimum values of texture features along different directions to classify clinically significant (CS) prostate cancer (PCa) and non-CS PCa on PROSTATEx dataset. We found that using extremum instead of mean texture features improved the performance of model.

2452		A Deuterated 13C-Urea Reference to Eliminate 1H Imaging Artifacts in Hyperpolarized 13C MRI Studies
		Collin J. Harlan¹, Zhan Xu ¹, Keith A. Michel^1,2, Christopher M. Walker¹, Sanjaya D. Lokugama³, Mark D. Pagel^2,3, and James A. Bankson^1,2
		¹Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ²The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States, ³Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
		Multiparametric and hyperpolarized (HP) ¹³C Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are attractive multi-modality methods for prostate cancer imaging studies because of their non-invasiveness and characterization of changes in tumor metabolism. A ¹³C-urea calibration reference is required when conducting HP ¹³C MRI studies, which must be heavily doped with Gd⁺ to facilitate rapid calibrations. Care must be taken to ensure that the highly relaxed ¹H signal does not compromise DCE-MRI via hyperintense imaging artifacts. Deuteration and lyophilization of ¹³C-urea can be useful in creating a calibration reference that does not lead to imaging artifacts in ¹H Images.

Genitourinary Oncology & Function

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2453		Comparison of Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography for Evaluation of Complex Renal Cysts
		Anqin Li¹, Zhen Li¹, and Daoyu Hu¹
		¹Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
		To improve understanding of DWI features of complex renal cysts, and compare diagnostic performance of MRI and CT in discrimination of benign and malignant masses. Images of each lesion were analyzed, including size, thickness of wall, number of septum, enhancement of wall/septum, wall nodule, calcification, and cyst content. CT and MRI image characteristics were compared with pathology or follow-up results. The incidences of high signal intensity on DWI were significantly higher in malignant than in benign masses. MRI showed higher AUC than CT for differentiating benign from malignant masses. MRI could be useful in improving diagnosis of complex renal cysts.

2454		Is diffusion-weighted imaging effective in differentiating chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma as per cell grade?
		Tatsuya Yamamoto¹ and Atsushi Kohno¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
		Although the prognosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CHRCC) is more favorable than that of other RCC subtypes, it is a malignant tumor with possible metastasis. On the other hand, there is only one confirmed case of renal oncocytoma metastasis. This study assessed the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value derived from diffusion-weighted imaging to differentiate renal oncocytoma from CHRCC according to cell grade. The ADC values were significantly different between low-grade and high-grade CHRCCs and between oncocytoma and high-grade CHRCC. Thus, the ADC value is useful for differentiating oncocytoma from high-grade CHRCC but not for differentiating oncocytoma from low-grade CHRCC.

2455		Evaluate the efficiency of the ESWAN value for differentiating renal clear cell carcinoma with different pathological grades.
		Xinmiao Bu¹, Ailian Liu¹, Dahua Cui¹, Xin Li², and Qingwei Song¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, dalian, China, ²GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
		To investigate the potential of ESWAN in differentiating renal clear cell carcinoma with different pathological grades, to help preoperative non-invasive prediction of renal clear cell carcinoma pathological grading.

2456		Evaluate the efficiency of T1 Mapping and amide proton transfer imaging in differentiating chronic kidney disease and healthy volunteers.
		Xinmiao Bu ¹, Ailian Liu¹, Lihua Chen¹, Weiping Yang¹, Yunsong Liu¹, Yaxin Niu¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², and Zhongping Zhang²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, dalian, China, ²Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		To evaluate the joint diagnosis value of T1 Mapping and amide proton transfer imaging in the chronic kidney disease and healthy volunteers.

2457		Multiparametric MR imaging in diabetic nephropathy: New insights to evaluate early diabetic nephropathy noninvasively
		Akira Yamamoto¹, Tsutomu Tamada², Yu Ueda³, Takeshi Fukunaga², Ayumu Kido², and Atsushi Higaki²
		¹Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan, ²Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan, ³Philips Japan, Minato-ku, Japan
		The purpose of this study was to identify the changes in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in early diabetic nephropathy. Measurements were made of the renal cortex and renal medulla T2 values, T2* values and R2* values, as well as optimal TI, inverted TI value in SSFP with ssIR pulse with multi TI. Also, renal cortical thickness and renal length were measured, representing morphological changes. Significant differences were seen between the healthy and early diabetic nephropathy groups in values of T2 and inverted TI. This study suggests the possibility that MRI using the T2 value and inverted TI of SSFP with an ssIR pulse can be used to evaluate early diabetic nephropathy non-invasively and in a short period of time.

2458		Multiparametric-MRI in the Evaluation of Early diabetic kidney damage
		Youzhen Feng¹, Zhongyuan Cheng¹, Xiaoqing Xiong¹, Qiting Lin¹, Dingkun SiTu¹, Pingkang Chen¹, Zhifei Liu², Long Qian³, and Xiangran Cai¹
		¹Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Guangzhou, China, ²Medical Imaging Center, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Xinjiang, china., Xinjiang, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, 100176, China., Beijing, China
		Multiparametric-MRI (mp-MRI) has shown promising results in the diagnosis of clinical disease. It provides us an approach to perform investigation from multiple dimension and avoids to ignore the worthwhile diagnosis information. Previous studies indicated that the perfusion and dispersion of renal parenchyma have been changed in diabetic mellitus (DM) without biochemical indicators of significant renal damage. However, the convergence and divergence of those diffusion and perfusion related MRI parameters in the evaluation of DM associated kidney damage is still unclear. To assess the renal functional changes in DM patients, three MRI modalities were applied in current study.

2459		Non-invasive assessment of renal function using intravoxel incoherent motion imaging taking account of renal tubular water and relaxation times
		Hajime Tamura¹, Hideki Ota², Tatsuo Nagasaka³, and Eikan Mishima⁴
		¹Division of Medical Physics, Tohoku University, Graduate school of medicine, Sendai, Japan, ²Department of Advanced MRI Collaboration Research, Tohoku University, Graduate school of medicine, Sendai, Japan, ³Department of Radiology, Tohoku University hospital, Sendai, Japan, ⁴Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University, Graduate school of medicine, Sendai, Japan
		Renal IVIM imaging taking account of water in the urinary tubules and relaxation times was performed in patients with renal-artery stenosis. Several estimated parameters were significantly correlated with the functional parameters obtained by renal scintigraphy (water fraction with the time to peak height (T_max) on the renogram curve of renal scintigraphy, parenchymal diffusion coefficient with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and transverse relaxation time of flowing blood with GFR).

2460		Spin-lock MRI Reveals Tubular Dilation and Fibrosis after Unilateral Ureter Obstruction
		Feng Wang^1,2, Tadashi Otsuka³, Keiko Takahashi³, Daniel C. Colvin¹, Hua Li¹, Raymond C. Harris³, Takamune Takahashi³, and John C. Gore^1,2,4
		¹Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States, ²Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States, ³Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States, ⁴Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
		Assessing the severity and progression of tubular dilation and fibrosis in kidneys are important clinical challenges. Here we evaluate spin-lock MR imaging with different locking fields for detecting tubular dilation and fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureter obstruction. We fit the dispersion of spin-lock relaxation rates R_1ρ at different locking fields (frequencies) to a model of exchanging water pools and assessed the sensitivity of the derived quantities for detecting tubular dilation and fibrosis in kidney. Histological scores for tubular dilation and fibrosis, based on luminal space and positive picrosirius red area in sections, were obtained for comparison.

2461		Towards non-invasive measurement of renal tubule size by diffusion MRI
		Darya Morozov¹, Jennifer R. Charlton², Kimberly A. deRonde², and Kevin M. Bennett¹
		¹Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States, ²Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, United States
		Tubular hypertrophy is an early feature of many renal pathologies. A direct, non-invasive measure of kidney morphology is lacking. Current diagnostics are primarily based on biopsy after suspected renal disease, which is prone to sampling error and is invasive. A robust non-invasive imaging tool to study tubular changes in vivo is greatly needed and would provide early tissue biomarker for initiation and progression of kidney injury. In this work, we used a single diffusion encoding MRI approach to study distribution of restricting tissue compartment sizes in kidney cortex as a potential noninvasive marker of tubule size in the intact kidney.

2462		Non-invasive assessment of progressive changes in aristolochic acid (AA) induced AKI with T2 mapping
		Yingjie Mei^1,2, Guixiang Yang³, Yihao Guo^1,4, Kaixuan Zhao^1,4, Chenggong Yan³, Yikai Xu³, and Yanqiu Feng^1,4
		¹Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guang Zhou, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Guang Zhou, China, ³Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ⁴School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guang Zhou, China
		Cases of Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) have been reported worldwide, yet no serum or urinary biomarkers have been shown to have clinical utility in detection of AAN. In this study, we aim to detect renal changes in the early phase of AAN with T2 mapping. The results suggest that T2 mapping may be a valuable tool in experimental studies and clinical practice of acute phase of AAN.

2463		Monitoring the microenvironment changes of kidney in patients with hyperuricemia using dual-modal functional MRI
		Zhongyuan Cheng¹, Qiting Lin¹, Xiaoqing Xiong¹, Dingkun Situ¹, Pingkang Chen¹, Zhifei Liu², Long Qian³, Youzhen Feng¹, and Xiangran Cai¹
		¹Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University., Guangzhou, China, ²Medical Imaging Center, First People's Hospital of Kashgar, Xinjiang, china., Xinjiang, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare., Beijing, China
		The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and blood oxygenation level dependent imaging (BOLD) in assessing early renal function changes in hyperuricemia.

2464		Is renal blood supply a predictor of protein synthesis in the kidney? A preliminary study in the healthy population
		Lihua Chen¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiangzheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, and Nan Wang¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		3D amide proton transfer weighted (APTw) MR imaging is a novelcontrast-agent-free MRI technique for detection of amide protons in mobile cellular proteins and peptides 1-3.On the other hand, 3D pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (3D-pCASL)is amethod to measure renal blood supply and hence potentially a metric for renal function. This study reveals a close association between the vascularity and concentration of mobile cellular proteins in kidney.

2465		Quantitative Renal Function Assessment of Renal embolization
		Hanjing Kong¹
		¹Peking University, Beijing, China
		Renal embolization is part of a multisystemic disease and has attracted enhanced attention in recent years for its increasing incidence in the elderly.It is a significant cause of renal loss in patients who suffer from valvular cardiopathy, aortic atheromatosis, and hypercoagulable states. In this study, we attempt to investigate the feasibility of compressed sensing (CS) based DCE-MRI in the assessment of AERD in animal models.

Hepatobiliary & Pancreas

Abdominopelvic MRI - Cancer

Body

2466		In-vivo 19F-isoflurane MR imaging in adipose tissue
		Gang Zheng¹, Michael de Veer¹, Hongxin Wang¹, Shenpeng Li¹, and Gary Egan¹
		¹Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
		The detection of adipose tissue (AT) is of great importance in studying obesity. Isoflurane is a common fluorinated anesthetic with an excellent safety record in preclinical studies, which has a high blood–gas partition coefficient in adipose tissue. This abstract demonstrates that 19F-isoflurane can be used as an MR contrast agent for noninvasive imaging of AT in a mouse body.

2467		Measurement of pancreatic volume: a comparison between the single-layer ROI based and 3D volume Extraction methods.
		Wan Dong¹, Ailian Liu¹, Qinhe Zhang¹, Liangjie Lin², and Jiazheng Wang²
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		It has been reported that pancreatic volume is closely related to pancreatic function. The 3D mDixon Quant MRI can achieve accurate water and fat images. Here, two measurement methods, including the single-layer region-of-interest (ROI) based and the 3D volume extraction methods, were compared for determination of pancreatic volume on the 3D mDixon Quant images. Results showed that pancreatic volumes measured by the two methods were with favorable consistency (ICC=0.971) and strong stability (P=0.169).

2468		The value of 3D mDIXON Quant in quantitative evaluation of factors related to pancreatic volume and fat content in healthy subjects.
		Wan Dong¹, Ailian Liu¹, Qinhe Zhang¹, Liangjie Lin², and Jiazheng Wang²
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Functions of pancreas are associated with its volume and fat fraction. 3D mDixon Quant has been proved to be valuable in measuring fat fraction, which was employed in this study for determination of volume and fat content of pancreas. Then the correlations of pancreas volume and fat content to age, gender and BMI were examined. Results showed a significant negative correlation of age to the pancreas volume, while positive to the fat fraction. Therefore, 3D mDixon Quant is helpful in assessing pancreas volume and fat fraction. As age increases, the pancreas tends to shrink and its fat fraction to increase.

2469		Early Effect of 90Y locoregional therapy on tumor and liver parenchyma stiffness measured with MR elastography: initial experience
		Paul Kennedy^1,2, Sara Lewis³, Octavia Bane^1,2, Stefanie Hectors^1,2,4, Edward Kim⁵, and Bachir Taouli^1,2
		¹BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ²Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ³Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ⁵Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, United States
		In this study we assess early changes following ⁹⁰Y radioembolization (RE) in hepatocellular carcinoma and liver parenchyma using MR elastography and predict response at 6 weeks/6 months. Tumor stiffness (TS) and liver stiffness (LS) adjacent to the tumor were significantly increased 6w following RE. Baseline TS and LS adjacent to the tumor were significantly lower in patients who achieved complete response. Baseline TS correlated with necrosis at 6w and was a significant predictor of partial response or stable disease based on mRECIST criteria following RE. MR elastography may be a useful tool for predicting necrosis and tumor response to RE.

2470		Liver Diffusion MRI using Optimized Gradient Waveforms, Free-Breathing Acquisitions, and Motion-Corrected Averaging: Validation in Patients
		Ruiqi Geng^1,2, Yuxin Zhang^1,2, Matthias Robert Muhler¹, Jitka Starekova¹, and Diego Hernando^1,2
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of the liver has multiple important applications in the assessment of liver disease, including cancer. However, liver DWI faces several major challenges including signal dropout due to cardiovascular pulsation, mis-registration due to respiratory motion, and low SNR. We have developed a DWI technique that addresses these challenges by combining motion-robust diffusion waveforms to address cardiovascular pulsation, high SNR from non-gated free-breathing acquisitions, and motion-corrected averaging for respiratory motion-correction. This technique was evaluated in patients with known or suspected liver metastases. The proposed technique has the potential to enable improved assessment of liver lesions.

2471		Motion-resistant XD-GRASP for free-breathing liver MRI: qualitative comparison with standard breath-hold hepatobiliary phase imaging
		Nathanael Kim¹, Shannan Dickinson², Maggie Fun³, Ersin Bayram³, Li Feng⁴, Ricard Do², and Ricardo Otazo^1,2
		¹Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ²Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ³GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States, ⁴Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute and Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
		Breath-hold post contrast T1-weighted liver MRI is limited by the patient’s ability to cooperate with breathing instructions. Free-breathing radial imaging and compressed sensing-based motion-resolved image reconstruction (XD-GRASP) has been specifically developed to resolve motion artifacts over standard cartesian techniques. In this work, we apply XD-GRASP to enable free-breathing MRI in the hepatobiliary liver phase, a clinically relevant problem. We demonstrate that the image quality of free-breathing XD-GRASP is equal to or superior to the one using standard breath hold acquisitions.

2472		Comparison of Mono-, Bi-, and Stretched Exponential Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging in Differentiating Hepatic Hemangiomas and Liver Metastases
		Yoshifumi Noda¹, Keita Fujimoto¹, Nobuyuki Kawai¹, Kimihiro Kajta¹, Yuta Akamine², Hiroshi Kawada¹, Yukichi Tanahashi¹, and Masayuki Matsuo¹
		¹Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan, ²Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		Intravoxel incoherent motion, a bi-exponential model of diffusion-weighted imaging with multiple b values, can represent pure molecular diffusion and perfusion, and be used in characterizing focal hepatic lesions. Recently, stretched exponential model has been used in several cancers. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of stretched exponential model for differentiating hepatic hemangiomas and liver metastases. Our results showed that DDC value from a stretched exponential model was the highest diagnostic potential, so it could be a quantitative imaging biomarker for differentiating hepatic hemangiomas and liver metastases.

2473		Hepatobiliary Contrast Uptake Patterns in Liver Metastases from Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Prediction for Patients’ Overall Survival
		Yoshifumi Noda^1,2, Vinit Baliyan¹, Hamed Kordbacheh¹, and Avinash R Kambadakone¹
		¹Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ²Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
		Gadoxetic acid is a liver-specific contrast agent and has been reported to be useful for the detection of liver metastases in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recently, aberrant OATP expression has been reported in liver metastases from PDAC and is associated with poor prognosis. Our results show that patients with liver metastases demonstrating heterogeneous hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase images are associated with worse overall survival compared to those with homogeneous hypointensity.

2474		A preliminary study on differential diagnosis of the benign and malignant liver lesions with amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging
		Tao Lin¹, Ailian Liu ¹, Jiazheng Wang ², Nan Wang¹, Lihua Chen ¹, Dahua Cui¹, Ying Zhao ¹, Qingwei Song ¹, Yishi Wang², Renwang Pu ¹, and Bingbing Gao¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Our work aimed to explore the value of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging in diagnosing liver lesions. The result showed that novel imaging tool had a high value in differentiating benign liver lesions from malignant liver lesions (AUC: 0.801; sensitivity: 76.9%; specificity: 83.3%).

2475		The value of texture analysis of multiple high b-values DWI in distinguishing different types of hepatic malignant tumors
		Ying Zhao¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Jianqing Sun², Nan Wang¹, Lihua Chen¹, Dahua Cui¹, Tao Lin¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Bingbing Gao¹, and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		In the current study, texture analysis of multiple high b-values DWI was demonstrated to be capable to identify primary hepatic cancer and hepatic metastases, which provided abundant quantitative information that may facilitate clinical management. The results showed that texture features based on b800 and b2000 DWI images was the optimal strategy to identify different types of hepatic malignant tumors (b800: sensitivity 92.0%, specificity 84.2%; b2000: sensitivity 84.0%, specificity 94.7%).

2476		Development of a deep learning algorithm for detection of liver cancers on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Sailong Zhang¹, Keith Wan-Hang Chiu¹, Siu Hin Mak², TSOUGENIS Efstratios³, and Peng Cao¹
		¹Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ²The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ³Imsight Medical Technology Company (Hong Kong), Hong Kong, Hong Kong
		Early detection of liver cancer is crucial for improving patient management outcome. However, liver lesions can be differencaited to be identified. In recent years, the fully convolution neural network (FCNN) has shown to be able to achieve commensurate and comparable performance of detecting various pathology on medical imaging. The goal of this study is to show the possibility of applying FCNN deep learning for training the hepatic lesion detection on dynamic contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

2477		Clinical Outcome of Uncinate Process Cancer versus Non-Uncinate Process Pancreatic Head Cancer: A Singe Center Retrospective Study
		Yun Bian¹, Chao Ma¹, Xu Fang¹, Jin Li¹, Kai Cao¹, Li Wang¹, Jin Gang², Jianping Lu¹, and Hui Jiang³
		¹Radiology, Changhai hospital, Shanghai, China, ²Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai hospital, Shanghai, China, ³Pathology, Changhai hospital, Shanghai, China
		The uncinate process has unique anatomical characteristics, which may make cancers that develop there radiopathologically different from cancers that develope elsewhere in the pancreas. Previous studies on uncinate and non-uncinate process pancreatic head cancer have yielded conflicting results. Some investigators concluded that location of pancreatic head cancer did not correlate with prognosis. Meanwhile, other investigators demonstrated a significant association between tumor location and prognosis, showing that uncinate process pancreatic head cancer was associated with a higher mortality risk versus non-uncinate process pancreatic head cancer. However, it still remains unelucidated whether tumor location is an independent prognostic factor of overall survival (OS) of pancreatic head cancer patients. In addition, it is unclear whether tumor location could guide prognostic stratification of pancreatic head cancer patients. So, the primary objectives of our study were to investigate the relationship between uncinate and non-uncinate process pancreatic head cancer and overall survival (OS) and further explore prognostic stratification between the two tumor locations and OS in different subgroups of patients.

Diffuse Liver: Fat & Contrast

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2478		Simultaneous T1 and Fat Fraction Quantification using Multi-Echo Radial Look-Locker Imaging
		Mahesh Bharath Keerthivasan¹, Xiaodong Zhong², Marcel Dominik Nickel³, David Garcia⁴, Maria Altbach⁴, Berthold Kiefer³, and Vibhas Deshpande⁵
		¹Siemens Healthcare USA, Tucson, AZ, United States, ²Siemens Healthcare USA, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Siemens Healthcare Gmbh, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States, ⁵Siemens Healthcare USA, Austin, TX, United States
		Abdominal T1 mapping has been used for the quantification of various pathologies including the characterization of focal liver lesions and liver fibrosis. The presence of fat and iron in the liver act as confounding factors resulting in T1 estimation errors. In this work, we present a multi-echo inversion-recovery radial Look-Locker technique with FLASH readouts for simultaneous T1w, T2* and PDFF quantification. We also propose two fitting strategies to generate water-only T1 estimates from the acquired data. Performance of the method is evaluated on phantoms and in vivo results are presented.

2479		Multiparametric MRI evaluation of liposomal prostaglandin E1 intervention on hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits
		Qian Ji¹, JingYao Li¹, Jiabing Jiang¹, Robert Grimm², and Jinxia Zhu³
		¹Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, ²Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ³MR collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China
		This study evaluated if multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could identify changes in warm ischemia-reperfusion injury (WIRI) after liposomal prostaglandin E1 (Lipo-PGE1) intervention in rabbit livers. We measured blood oxygen level–dependent, diffusion tensor, and intravoxel incoherent motion imaging on functional hepatic parameters in rabbits exposed to 1) warm ischemia at different times, 2) Lipo-PGE1 interventions, and 3) sham operations. The parameters were sensitive to perfusion and oxygenation changes during WIRI. Multiparametric MRI successfully identified changes after Lipo-PGE1 intervention. These results offer new insights to quantitatively evaluate the effect of drugs on hepatic WIRI after liver transplantation and hepatectomy.

2480		Limits of Fat Quantification with Chemical Shift Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Presence of Iron Overload
		Timothy J Colgan¹, Diego Hernando^1,2, and Scott B Reeder^1,2,3,4,5
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Quantitative confounder-corrected chemical shift encoded MRI estimates of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) are corrected for R2* signal decay. However, at very high levels of iron overload, the observed signal in CSE-MRI decays rapidly (high R2*), complicating the separation of water and fat signals, and therefore the quantification of PDFF. This work characterized the degree of iron overload above which the quantification of PDFF is limited and developed practical clinical and research guidelines for PDFF estimation protocol design for 1.5T and 3.0T.

2481		Association between visceral adipose tissue and hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in obese patients
		Ilkay S Idilman^1,2, Hsien Min Low³, Tolga Gidener¹, Kenneth Philbrick¹, Taofic Mounajjed⁴, Jiahui Li¹, Alina Allen⁵, Meng Yin¹, and Sudhakar K Venkatesh¹
		¹Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, ²Radiology, Hacetep University, Ankara, Turkey, ³Radiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, ⁴Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, ⁵Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
		In this study we measured visceral adipose tissue (VAT), proton density fat fraction (PDFF) of liver, liver volume and correlated with liver biopsy features in obese patients at risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). VAT shows moderately significant association with PDFF and liver volume. VAT also shows weak but significant correlation with hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis at histology. Liver volume was significantly larger in patients in hepatic steatosis, NASH and fibrosis. VAT has moderate accuracy for detection of hepatic steatosis (0.71), NASH (0.68), fibrosis (0.68) and significant fibrosis (0.73) at histology.

2482		Feasibility of Liver Fat Quantification based on the Threshold Extraction on fast 3D mDIXON images
		Nan Zhang¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Haonan Zhang¹, Yu Song¹, Jiazheng Wang², Liangjie Lin², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The present study aims to explore feasibility of the threshold extraction method for liver fat quantification on the CS-SENSE 3D mDIXON-Quant images. Different from the conventional measurement of liver fat contents based on regions of interest that can be limited when the patients are associated with inhomogeneous fat distribution, liver fat quantification based on the 3D threshold-extraction can be more convenient and reliable.

2483		Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRI predicts the severity of esophageal varices (EV) and portal vein pressure in hepatitis B cirrhosis patients
		Xinya Zhao¹, Xianshun Yuan¹, Mengxiao Liu², Xiang Feng³, Xiangtao Lin¹, and Ximing Wang¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China, ²MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, shanghai, China, ³MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China
		The characteristics of liver cirrhosis are usually hepatic dysfunction and portal hypertension. Portal hypertension further leads to ascites and esophageal varices (EV). To our knowledge, no methods are currently available for the simultaneous evaluation of portal hypertension and EV severity. The results of this study positively illustrate that Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRI can serve as a novel and efficient tool to simultaneously and accurately evaluate portal hypertension and high-risk EVs. Relative enhancement ratio (RE) is correlated with estimated HVPG. The formula (-6.483+15.612portal vein width + 2.251 RE - 0.176 * platelet count) could be used for the prediction of high-risk EVs.

2484		Gadolinium-BOPTA Contrast-enhanced MRI in the Hepatobiliary Phase: Evaluating Liver Function based on the visualizing degree of Biliary System
		Xinya Zhao¹, Xianshun Yuan¹, Xiang Feng², Mengxiao Liu³, Xiangtao Lin¹, and Ximing Wang¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China, ²MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China, ³MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, shanghai, China
		Gd-BOPTA, as a widely used hepatobiliary-specific MR contrast agent, has advantages in diagnosing focal liver lesions and may be a valuable assessment tool for the estimation of liver function. The aim of our study was to evaluate liver function according to the degree of biliary system visualization using Gd-BOPTA. Our results suggested that the degree of biliary system visualization using Gd-BOPTA-enhanced MRI may be used as a quantifiable metric to estimate liver function and liver function reserve.

2485		Evaluation of liver function using the hepatocyte fraction based on gadoxetic acid–enhanced MR imaging
		Mao-Tong LIU¹, Xue-Qin ZHANG¹, Jian LU¹, and Wei-Bo CHEN²
		¹Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University & Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nan Tong, China, ²Philips Healthcare Shanghai, China, Shang Hai, China
		The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the hepatocyte fraction based on gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI for the assessment of liver function. Firstly, T1 mapping imaging was performed before and 20 minutes after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration, The following parameters are then obtained from the images: pre- and postcontrast T1 values of the liver (T1pre and T1post), increase in the T1 relaxation rate (Δ R1), rate of the decrease of the T1 relaxation time (Δ T1), hepatocyte fraction (HeF), and uptake coefficient (K). Our study showed that hepatocyte fraction is an effective method to evaluate liver function in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.

2486		Radiomics Analysis on Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI for Prediction of Liver Function and Hepatic Cirrhosis
		Xie Yuanliang¹, Wang Xiang¹, Li Hui¹, Liu Xiaoyu¹, and Sun Jianqing²
		¹Radiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, ²Clinical Science,Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		This retrospective study explored the value of a radiomics-based model on Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI for predicting liver function and cirrhosis in clinic. Multi-class radiomics feature extraction was performed on 2D-view whole liver at portal level on HBP MRI obtained 20 min after Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI. A prediction model including 15 radiomics features using a machine learning logistic regression classifier showed the mean AUCs on train dataset and test dataset were 0.91 and 0.87 for diagnosing Child-Pugh A respectively; 0.93 and 0.93 for diagnosing liver cirrhosis, respectively.

2487		A New Possibility of Late Phase Image in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI: Visual Assessment of Hepatic Function and Fibrosis Based on Uptake Rate of EOB
		Yasuhiro Inokuchi¹, Masahiro Uematsu¹, and Tsuneyuki Takashina¹
		¹Radiology, Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
		We identified visual assessment value of late phase image to assess abnormal hepatic function and fibrosis. We retrospectively selected 41 patients who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI and classified them into three groups based on visual assessment of late phase images. Kruskal–Willis t-test was used to assess significant differences in the LSR of hepatobiliary phase, FIB-4, APRI, and platelet count. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for intra-reader visual assessment of late phase image. Significant differences in all parameters were observed in the groups. ICC was 0.85. Hepatic function or fibrosis might be assessed by visual assessment of late phase image.

2488		A unified model for hepatobiliary transporter function assessment using Gadoxetate DCE-MRI
		Sirisha Tadimalla^1,2 and Steven Sourbron^2,3
		¹Institute of Medical Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, ²Department of Biomedical Imaging Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ³Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		A variety of models for Gadoxetate DCE-MRI in the liver has been proposed, but comparing results of different groups is difficult due to a lack of consistency in the definitions, nomenclature and units. We perform a rigorous classification of existing models and definitions by defining a general unified Gadoxetate DCE-MRI liver model, and identifying the relationship with existing models. Six distinct models were identified in the literature and a translation table was derived to allow direct comparison of measured quantities. The method provides a rational basis for a new standard in this field.

2489		Quantitative Assessment of Liver Function by Using T1mapping based on Gadoxetic Acid–enhanced MRI
		Xueqin Zhang¹, Jian LU¹, Jifeng JIANG¹, and Weibo CHEN²
		¹the Third People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		The purpose of this study was to investigate whether liver function as determined by indocyanine green (ICG) clearance can be estimated quantitatively from magnetic resonance T1mapping with Gd-EOB-DTPA. We used Look-Locker sequences to acquire T1 mapping images pre and post-contrast at 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration, T1 relaxation times of the liver were measured, reduction rates of T1 relaxation times were calculated, our study showed that Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced T1mapping MRI is helpful for the quantitative evaluation of liver function, T1 relaxation time post-contrast at 20 minutes was the independent factor to predict ICG R₁₅＞20%.

2490		Prediction of post-hepatectomy liver function with Dynamic Gadoxetate-Enhanced MRI
		David Longbotham¹, Daniel Wilson², Ian Rowe³, Dhakshinamoorthy Vijayanand⁴, Magdy Attia⁴, Ashley Guthrie⁵, Mark Gilthorpe³, Rajendra Prasad⁴, and Steven Sourbron⁶
		¹University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ²Department of Medical Physics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom, ³Leeds Institute of Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ⁴Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom, ⁵Department of Radiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom, ⁶Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		The aim of this study was to identify Dynamic Gadoxetate-Enhanced MRI (DGE-MRI) biomarkers that can improve predictions of post-hepatectomy liver function. 29 patients requiring resection for colorectal liver metastases were recruited, with post-operative bilirubin as outcome measure. The results suggest that: (a) functional imaging substantially improves outcome predictions over demographical and biochemical tests; (b) it is critical to separately characterise the future liver remnant; (c) volumetry does not offer any added predictive value. We conclude that DGE-MRI may improve patient selection for hepatectomy, potentially reducing the risk of post-hepatectomy liver failure while allowing more patients to be operated.

2491		Comparative study of T1ρ and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced T1mapping with extracellular volume fraction in assessment of liver fibrosis in rabbit model
		Qing Wang¹, wei xing¹, Yanan Du¹, Zuhui Zhu¹, Yufeng Li¹, and Jilei Zhang²
		¹Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University & First People's Hospital of Changzhou., changzhou, China, ²Clinical Science,Philips Healthcare, shanghai, China
		This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance for liver fibrosis staging of T1ρ and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced T1mapping with extracellular volume fraction measurement in CCL4 rabbit model. Result showed that T1ρ performed better diagnostic performance and correlation with LF and fibrosis percentage of postive staining(%) than T1_native.

2492		Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Quantification of Liver Microscopic Changes in Rats Following Partial Hepatectomy at Different Proportions
		Caixin Qiu¹, Shuangshuang Xie¹, Jinxia Zhu², Chengwen Liu², Robert Grimm³, Qing Li¹, and Wen Shen¹
		¹Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China, ²MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China, ³Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
		In this study, we used DKI to quantify the microscopic changes of residual liver in two groups of rats with different proportions of a partial hepatectomy (PH). All the rats underwent DWI to acquire DKI data at baseline and multiple time points after surgery. The results showed that DKI-derived MD in the 70% PH group were lower than in the 30% PH group at all time points after surgery. MD decreased to a minimum by the fifth day before rising back to baseline. This suggests that DKI is a practical technique for the timely evaluation of the liver regeneration process.

Liver Fibrosis & Cirrhosis

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2493		Effect of spatial resolution on Gradient Echo Magnetic Resonance Elastography at 3T
		Chris R Bradley^1,2, Deirdre McGrath^1,2, Eleanor F Cox^1,2, and Susan T Francis^1,2
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Iron-mediated T₂* effects are more prominent in MRE data acquired at 3T compared to 1.5 T, and have been suggested to lead to failure rates of up to 15% for MRE at 3T. MRE based liver stiffness was measured using the QIBA recommendation with a 2D gradient‐recalled‐echo MRE sequence using a 1.5x4.5x10 mm³ acqusition. For comparison, MRE data was also collected at 4.5mm isotropic spatial resolution. A larger voxel volume in the MRE acquisition provided higher SNR which in turn resulted in a higher proportion of voxels being fit for stiffness with confidence >0.95.

2494		Assessing the variation of MR and non-invasive markers in compensated cirrhosis: insights for assessing disease progression
		Chris R Bradley^1,2, Eleanor F Cox^1,2, Naaventhan Palaniyappan², Guruprasad P Aithal², I Neil Guha², and Susan T Francis^1,2
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Baseline multi-organ MRI measures of structure and haemodynamics in the liver, spleen, heart and kidneys were collected in healthy volunteers, compensated cirrhosis (CC) and decompensated cirrhosis patients to benchmark the change in measures with disease severity. In a stable CC cohort, observed annually for 3 years, we show liver T₁, liver perfusion, superior mesenteric artery flow, spleen perfusion, and renal cortex T₁ (measures that predict negative liver related outcomes) have sufficient resolution to track disease progression.

2495		A Fast MR Elastography Sequence with Interleaved Inflow Saturation and Compressed SENSE
		Hui Wang^1,2,3, Amol Pednekar^2,3, Jean A. Tkach^2,3, Kaley R. Bridgewater², Andrew T. Trout^2,3, Jonathan R. Dillman^2,3, and Charles L. Dumoulin^2,3
		¹Philips, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ²Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ³Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
		We describe a fast field-echo Magnetic Resonance Elastography pulse sequence to measure liver stiffness in less than half the breath hold time (≈6.3 sec/slice) of the conventional implementation. Key features include: 1) non-alternating motion encoding gradients to allow a shorter TR while maintaining appropriate gradient waveform polarity synchronization with the applied mechanical motion; 2) interleaved flow saturation pre-pulses to suppress flow; and 3) pseudorandom undersampling k-space with Compressed SENSE reconstruction. The technique was validated in two gel phantoms differing in stiffness and used to evaluate liver stiffness in five volunteers.

2496		A Fast 3D MR Elastography Sequence for Measurement of Liver Stiffness in One Breath Hold
		Hui Wang^1,2,3, Amol Pednekar^2,3, Jean A. Tkach^2,3, Charles L. Dumoulin^2,3, Kaley R. Bridgewater², Andrew T. Trout^2,3, and Jonathan R. Dillman^2,3
		¹Philips, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ²Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ³Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
		We describe a 3D fast field echo (FFE) Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) pulse sequence for measurement of liver stiffness in a single breath hold. The key features of the sequence include: 1) 3D acquisition; 2) mechanical wave magnitude labelling of 1.5 cycles of motion for each RF excitation; 3) flow saturation pre-pulses to suppress vascular flow; and 4) pseudorandom undersampling of k-space with Compressed SENSE reconstruction. The technique was validated in two gel phantoms with different stiffness and used to measure liver stiffness in five volunteers.

2497		Comparison Of Manual And Automatic Liver MR Elastography Processing For Shear Stiffness Estimation In Children And Young Adults
		Deep B. Gandhi¹, Adebayo B. Braimah¹, Jonathan Dudley¹, Jean A. Tkach¹, Amol Pednekar¹, Andrew T. Trout¹, Alexander G. Miethke², Jeremiah A. Heilman³, Bogdan Dzyubak⁴, David S. Lake⁴, and Jonathan R. Dillman¹
		¹Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ²Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ³Resoundant Inc., Rochester, MN, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
		Autoimmune liver diseases lead to fibrosis and is manifested as excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix and collagen that ultimately causes increase in liver stiffness. MR Elastography (MRE) has proven to be an important tool to clinically diagnose liver fibrosis. In this study we performed MRE at 1.5T on 65 subjects with autoimmune liver disease. The data was then manually processed by 2 independent readers and an automated algorithm. Near-perfect correlation and excellent agreement were observed between Reader1 and Reader2 against the automated algorithm (r=0.987 and r=0.981, respectively). Readers had excellent inter-reader agreement(ICC=0.988) and the automated algorithm also demonstrated perfect reproducibility.

2498		Comparison Of GraSE Versus FSE T2 Mapping In The Liver And Correlation With Histologic Fibrosis Stage In Pediatric Autoimmune Liver Disease
		Deep B. Gandhi¹, Jonathan Dudley¹, Ruchi Singh², Jean A. Tkach¹, Divya Sharma³, Amy Taylor², Alexander G. Miethke², and Jonathan R. Dillman¹
		¹Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ²Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States, ³Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
		Autoimmune liver diseases can lead to hepatic fibrosis which, when progressive, can lead to liver failure ultimately requiring transplantation. In this study 31 patients with autoimmune liver diseases underwent conventional and GraSE T2 mapping at 1.5T as well as liver biopsy with histologic fibrosis staging. Significant positive correlations between GraSE and conventional liver T2 measurements were observed for the weighted mean of all slices (r=0.80; p<0.0001) and for individual slices from all subjects (r=0.72; p<0.0001). Conventional T2 measurements were higher, on average, than GraSE T2 measurements. There was no significant correlation observed between liver T2 measurements and histologic fibrosis stage.

2499		Comparison of T1rho and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging in Evaluation of Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Rats
		Jian Lyu^1,2, Guixiang Yang^3,4, Yingjie Mei⁵, Li Guo^1,2,6, Yihao Guo^1,2, Kaixuan Zhao¹, Xinyuan Zhang^1,2, Yikai Xu^3,4, and Yanqiu Feng^1,2
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ³Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ⁵Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China, ⁶Department of MRI, The First People’s Hospital of Foshan (Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan, China
		T1rho represents the spin-lattice relaxation time constant in the rotating frame, which sever as a biomarker for liver function associated with alteration in the macromolecular content of tissues. Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) was developed to measure non-Gaussian diffusion, which have increasingly been used to characterize microstructural heterogeneity in vivo. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a dynamic process with complex histopathological changes in liver. Our study attempts to investigate the relationship between T1rho and DKI parameters in the light of pathological examinations to help us better understand the contribution of the possible factors to changes in T1rho.

2500		Staging liver fibrosis on multi-parametric MRI in a rabbit model: elastography, susceptibility-weighted imaging and T1ρ imaging
		Hai-Feng Liu¹, Li-Qiu Zou², Qing Wang¹, Yu-Feng Li¹, Ya-Nan Du¹, and Wei Xing¹
		¹Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, changzhou, China, ²Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, shenzhen, China
		In this prospective experimental study, we evaluated the independent value and diagnostic efficacy of multi-parametric MRI using quantitative measurements of the liver stiffness (LS) on MRE, liver-to-muscle signal intensity ratio (SIR) on SWI, and T1ρ value for staging LF in a rabbit model.

2501		Evaluation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis on the basis of T1 mapping and the impact of inflammation, age and liver volume as confounding factors
		Hanns-Christian Breit¹, David Winkel², and Tobias Heye²
		¹Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, ²University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
		Aim of our study was to evaluate confounding factors for the assessment of liver fibrosis. A total of 200 patients were retrospectively included (67 patients with fibrosis or cirrhosis, 40 patients with acute elevation of laboratory parameters, 93 healthy patients). T1 values were significantly lower in healthy patients without known fibrotic changes than in patients with acute liver disease or known fibrosis or cirrhosis. Therefor T1 mapping seems to be a capable predictor for the detection of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

2502		Whole-liver apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis
		Zheng You^1,2, Lei Jun-qiang², and Xu Yong-sheng²
		¹First Clinical Medical College of LanZhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, ²Radiology, First Hospital of LanZhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
		This study aimed to determine whether whole-liver apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram parameters can contribute to hepatic fibrosis staging. We evaluated quantitative histogram parameters between different pathological fibrosis stages. And the diagnostic performance of ADC histogram parameters in discriminating stage 1 or greater (≥F1), stage 2 or greater (≥F2), and stage 3 or greater (≥F3) liver fibrosis were compared. The results showed that many histogram parameters (kurtosis, skewness, entropy, mode, 75^th and 90^thpercentiles) had statistical significance among the pathologic liver fibrosis stages (P<0.05), and kurtosis yielded the highest area under the curve (0.801).

2503		Comparison of the degree of R1rho dispersion in liver between healthy volunteers and patients with liver disease
		Minori Onoda¹, Yu Ueda², Satoshi Kobayashi^1,3,4, Tosiaki Miyati³, Naoki Ohno³, Yudai Shogan¹, Tadanori Takata¹, Yukihiro Matsuura¹, and Toshifumi Gabata⁴
		¹Department of Radiological Technology, Kanazawa University hospital, Kanazawa, Japan, ²Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ³Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan, ⁴Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
		In this study, we compared the degree of R1rho dispersion in liver of healthy volunteers and patients with liver disease to better understand the behavior of T1rho in liver. T1rho in normal liver tissue was correlated with the perfusion-independent diffusion coefficient (D) calculated by IVIM analysis, whereas in patients with liver disease, there was no correlation between T1rho and D. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the R1rho dispersion values in liver between volunteers and patients.

2504		Free-Breathing, Confounder-Corrected T1 Mapping in the Liver with 3D Radial Inversion Recovery MRI
		Yavuz Muslu^1,2, Steven Kecskemeti^2,3, Diego Hernando^1,2,4, and Scott B. Reeder^1,2,4,5,6
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁶Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Quantitative T₁ mapping in the liver is an emerging biomarker of hepatic fibrosis and characterization of liver function. Existing T₁ mapping methods in abdomen are generally sensitive to tissue fat and B1 inhomogeneities , both of which confound estimates of T₁. Further, Cartesian methods may suffer from motion related ghosting artifacts. In this work, we propose to combine 3D-radial inversion recovery with chemical shift encoded imaging to jointly estimate T₁ of water, T₁ of fat, proton density fat fraction (PDFF), and B₀ and B₁ inhomogeneities. The feasibility and performance of the proposed method are evaluated with simulations, and phantom experiments.

2505		Assessment of fibrosis grades in chronic liver disease using liver heterogeneity and nodularity quantification program
		Tae-Hoon Kim¹, Ji Eon Kim¹, Jong-Hyun Ryu¹, SeungJin Kim², Min-Gi Pak², Chang-Won Jeong¹, and Kwon-Ha Yoon^1,3
		¹Medical Convergence Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea, Republic of, ²Medical Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea, Republic of, ³Radiology, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea, Republic of
		Liver fibrosis is a hallmark of chronic liver disease (CLD) characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. To diagnose and grade the liver fibrosis, liver biopsy is the reference standard, however the method has some limitations, including potential pain, sampling variability, and low patient acceptance. Therefore, there have been efforts to develop noninvasive imaging techniques and quantification softwares for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of liver fibrosis. This study developed a MRI-suitable quantification program for assessing heterogeneity and nodularity in the liver and compared the difference between fibrosis grades in CLD.

2506		Histogram Analysis of T1 relaxation time in the rotating frame and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient for Diagnosis of Liver Fibrosis
		Jing Li¹, Xinming Li¹, Xianyue Quan¹, Genwen Hu², Yingjie Mei³, Da Shi¹, Shisi Li⁴, Zhendong Qi¹, and Xiao Zhang⁵
		¹Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China, ³Phlips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China, ⁴The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ⁵Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
		To explore the potential of histogram analysis to evaluate the liver fibrosis stages, histogram of T1rho and ADC were acquired from liver fibrosis model built in seventy-five rats by injecting 50% carbon tetrachloride and olive oil. In this study, we found that the parameters of histogram analysis showed strong correlations with liver fibrosis stages, as well as inflammatory activity，while T1rho is regarded to be better than ADC.

Pancreas

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2507		DCE-MRI with a free-breathing compressed sensing VIBE for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: correlation with ECV fraction
		Yoshihiko Fukukura¹, Yuichi Kumagae¹, Hiroaki Nagano¹, Koji Takumi¹, Hiroshi Imai², Marcel Dominik Nickel³, and Takashi Yoshiura¹
		¹Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan, ²Siemens Healthcare K.K., Tokyo, Japan, ³Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
		This study focused on the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) with compressed sensing T1-weighted volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (csVIBE) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and correlation with extracellular volume fraction (ECV). Our results indicated that DCE-MRI obtained with csVIBE is feasible for the assessment of PDACs and the ECV fraction can be used in place of DCE-MRI parameters for predicting treatment response or survival in patients with PDAC.

2508		Acute pancreatic fat change in probiotics and intermittent fasting trial
		Jun Lu¹, Dech Dokpuang¹, Rinki Murphy², Lindsay Plank², John Zhiyong Yang¹, Reza Nemati³, and Kevin Haokun He⁴
		¹School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand, ²School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, ³Canterbury Health Laboratories, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand, ⁴Saint Kentigern College, Auckland, New Zealand
		Pancreatic fat has been reported to be closely related to type 2 diabetes risk, hence is the subject of our investigation in a clinical trial. Pancreatic fat changes before and after a 12-week intermittent fasting programme with or without daily probiotic were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two-point Dixon protocol was used to scan patients and manual image-processing method was used to quantify the fat. A significant reduction in pancreatic fat was observed after intermittent fasting, while addition of probiotic did not increase pancreatic fat reduction.

2509		Visualization of pancreas and reproducibility of metrics with diffusion kurtosis imaging in rats at 11.7T MRI
		Tingting Zhang¹, Yimei Lu¹, He Wang², and Dengbin Wang¹
		¹Radiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ²Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
		This study aimed to visualize the pancreas of rats with uncontrast MRI and validate the contour of pancreas by infusing gadolinium solution into the biliopancreatic duct for post-mortem imaging at 11.7 T MRI. Also, the reproducibility of metrics with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) were evaluated in the pancreas of rats. We found that MRI at 11.7T could facilitate preclinical experiments in rodent pancreas and DKI appeared to be a useful noninvasive imaging tool to research pancreatic diseases with satisfactory reproducibility.

2510		Quantitative study on DWI, T1 mapping, T2 mapping, APT, IVIM and 3D mDIXON-quant of pancreas in fatty liver patients
		Yuhui Liu^1,2, Ailian Liu³, Queenie Chan⁴, Qinhe Zhang³, and Wan Dong³
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Dalian, China, ²Dalian medical university, Dalian, China, ³Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ⁴Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		At present study, ADC, T1, T2, APT, sADC, D，D, f, FF and R2 of pancreas in patients with fatty liver and control subjects were measured. This study viewed that there was a significant difference in sADC between two groups (P=0.01). This may illustrate that fatty liver has an impact on the function of pancreas.

2511		MRI Relaxometry: Pancreatic R2* Values in Relation to Hepatic and Splenic R2* with Respect to Transfusion Frequency
		Arthur Peter Wunderlich^1,2, Stephan Kannengießer³, Lena Kneller¹, Berthold Kiefer³, Holger Cario⁴, Meinrad Beer¹, and Stefan Andreas Schmidt¹
		¹Dept. for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany, ²Section for Experimental Radiology, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany, ³Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴Dept. for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
		To study pancreatic iron accumulation in liver overloaded patients in relation to hepatic and splenic iron content, 90 patients were investigated at 1.5 T MRI with a prototype breath hold volumetric 3D GRE sequence with in-line R2* calculation. Mean R2* values were determined in liver, spleen and pancreas by manually drawn ROIs. Pancreatic R2* values were related to hepatic and splenic R2* by multiple linear regression, yielding significant correlation in two subgroups: a) frequently transfused patients, and b) regular transfused patients. Correlation, and therefore, ability to predict pancreatic R2, improved by including splenic R2 compared to solely hepatic R2*.

2512		Effect of Compressed SENSE on 3D mDixon Sequences for Liver Imaging : A Comparative Study with 3D Vane Sequences
		Qiang Wei¹, Ailian Liu¹, Dongna Yi¹, Queenie Chan², Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Lihua Chen¹, Yu Zhang¹, and Jiazheng Wang²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The challenging problem of MR living examination is how to obtain images with diagnostic image quality in a shorter scan time. The purpose of this study is to explore the value of 3D mDixon sequence using compressed SENSE (CS) technology in liver examination. Compared with free-breathing mDixon with 3D Vane sequence, breath-hold (BH) 3D mDixon SENSE factor 2 and BH 3D mDixon CS factor 2 sequence can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio of the image and the image quality, and significantly shorten the scanning time.

2513		PANCREATIC IRON IN PATIENTS WITH HEMOCHROMATOSIS: NOT AS RARE AS CARDIAC IRON
		Jin Yamamura¹, Peter Nielsen², Sarah Keller³, Regine Grosse⁴, Björn Schönnagel¹, and Roland Fischer^2,5
		¹Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, ²Biochemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, ³Diagnsotic and Interventional Radiology, Universitätsmedizin Charité, Berlin, Germany, ⁴Hemato-Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, ⁵Diagnostic Radiology, UCSF-Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, United States
		HFE-associated hereditary Hemochromatosis (HFE-HH) is the most frequent monogenic genetic disorder in the Caucasian population. The excessive iron storage in organs are common, affecting the liver mostly (> 90 %) resulting in a potentially severe liver damage (fibrosis, cirrhosis). In recent years, hepatic and cardiac iron deposition has been studied in detail. Due to its involvement in the development of diabetes - a frequent co-morbidity in iron overload diseases - pancreatic iron should become a field of interest. This study aims to determine the pancreatic iron and fat content in patients with HFE-HH.

2514		Quantification of pancreatic volume and clinical correlations in patients with hemoglobinopathies
		Antonella Meloni¹, Massimiliano Missere², Gennaro Restaino², Laura Pistoia¹, Vincenzo Positano¹, Emanuele Grassedonio³, Nicolò Schicchi⁴, Giuseppe Peritore⁵, Francesco Massei⁶, Nicola Dello Iacono⁷, Angelica Barone⁸, and Alessia Pepe¹
		¹MRI Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy, ²Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura "Giovanni Paolo II", Campobasso, Italy, ³Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy, ⁴Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti "Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi", Ancona, Italy, ⁵"ARNAS" Civico, Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy, ⁶Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana – Stabilimento S.Chiara, Pisa, Italy, ⁷Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCSOspedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, ⁸Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
		In patients with hemoglobinopathies fat infiltration is a common finding and pancreatic volume is significantly lower than in normal subjects but it is not associated to age or gender. Pancreatic iron overload is present in the 74% of the patients and it is associated with reduced pancreatic volume. Patients with diabetes have a lower pancreatic volume.

2515		Quantitative assessment of the pancreas in healthy subjects using DWI, IVIM, and 3D mDixon-quant: correlation with age, gender and BMI
		Qinhe Zhang¹, Wan Dong¹, Jiazheng Wang², Yishi Wang², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		This study measured the quantitative imaging metrics of the pancreas using DWI, IVIM, and 3D mdixon-quant sequences in healthy subjects and correlated these quantitative metrics with age, gender and BMI. This study showed that there were noticeable differences in sADC, f between genders (p<0.05). It shows that pancreatic cells of male are closely arranged, cell gap is reduced, and water diffusion is limited and pancreatic perfusion reduce，which may be because pancreatic fat content of male overweigh that of female(5.16% vs.3.68%).

2516		Explore the relationship between liver and pancreatic fat contents through 3D mDIXON Quant
		Yaru You¹, Qinhe Zhang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², and Liangjie Lin²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		In recent years, population of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) have shown a trend of increasing. Besides, studies have reported that NAFLD was associated with pancreatic fat infiltration. 3D mDixon Quant has been widely used for evaluation of fat fraction in various organs/tissues. In the present study, the 3D mDixon Quant sequence was employed to assess the relationship between liver and pancreatic fat contents. Results suggested that there was a significant positive correlation between liver and pancreatic fat contents (r=0.624, P<0.05), which may be helpful for clinical diagnoses.

2517		Quantification of pancreatic fat content: A Comparison of freehand regions of interest placement and threshold-based segmentation
		Yaru You¹, Qinhe Zhang¹, Ailian Liu¹, and Jiazheng Wang²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The diagnosis pancreatic fat infiltration is commonly performed with consideration of histopathology in combination with CT /MRI images. This study evaluated the performance of two fat content measurement methods using 3D mDIXON Quant images, based on interest-based hand-drawn area (ROI) placement and threshold-based segmentation. Results by the two methods show good agreement, indicating that both of the two methods can be reliable for evaluation of the pancreas fat content. While, the method based threshold segmentation is recommended in this study, since it can provide a full evaluation of fat contents across the pancreas and can be more convenient in implementation.

2518		Predicting the resectability and pathological grading of pancreatic cancer by intra voxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging
		Qi liu¹, Jing Gang Zhang¹, Jie Chen¹, Wei Xing¹, and Jilei Zhang²
		¹Changzhou First People's Hospital, Changzhou, China, ²Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		The resectability and pathological grade of pancreatic cancer are important for prognosis of patients. We try to predict the pathological grade and the resectability of pancreatic cancer by quantitative IVIM-DWI. Comparing the IVIM parameters of resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer, poorly differentiated and highly-moderately differentiated pancreatic cancer, we found that poorly differentiated pancreatic cancer had lower f value than highly-moderately differentiated pancreatic cancer, and resectable pancreatic cancer had higher d, f values than unresectable pancreatic cancer. The quantitative IVIM parameters can predict the resectability and pathological stage of pancreatic cancer, which can be helpful for assessment of resectability.

2519		Why you shouldn’t report pancreas MRI-PDFF ‘for free’ from a liver scan
		Alexandre Triay Bagur¹, Ged Ridgway², Michael Brady², and Daniel Bulte¹
		¹Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ²Perspectum Diagnostics, Oxford, United Kingdom
		The proximal locations of the liver and pancreas in the abdomen make it tempting to report the PDFF of both in a single scan. However, published methods for liver fat measurement need revision before they accurately measure pancreatic fat. UK Biobank scans were used to quantify the quality of fits of a method developed previously for liver PDFF when applied to the pancreas. Pancreas fits were an order of magnitude lower than fits in the liver or the spleen. This could be due to a suboptimal acquisition or because the liver fat model does not approximate well to the pancreas.

2520		Effect of different Compressed-SENSE acceleration factors on pancreas volume using 3D mDIXON Quant
		Jie Yang¹, Qinhe Zhang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², and Zhongping Zhang²
		¹The first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The pancreatic volume can reflect the function of the pancreas to a certain extent. The 3D mDixon Quant can be used to assess the volume of the tissue structure, but some patients cannot tolerate the long-term breath test. This study was designed to ensure pancreas volume using different CS acceleration factors on the premise of ensuring image quality. The results show that CS-SENSE 6 guarantees image quality and reduces scan time.

Female Pelvis, Placenta & Fetal

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2521		Clinical value of N-acetyl mucinous compounds and lipid peaks in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian mucinous tumors by MR spectroscopy
		Mayumi Takeuchi¹, Kenji Matsuzaki², and Masafumi Harada¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan, ²Department of Radiological Technology, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-city, Japan
		MR spectroscopy of pathologically proven 26 ovarian mucinous tumors (9 benign and 17 malignant) was retrospectively evaluated. N-acetyl mucinous compounds (NAMC) peak at 2 ppm was observed in all 26 lesions. Lipid peak was observed in 1 of 9 benign tumors (11%) and 12 of 17 malignant tumors (71%). The presence of lipid peak for the diagnosis of malignancy had a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 89%, PPV of 92%, and NPV of 62%. We conclude that the bimodal peaks of NAMC and necrosis-associated lipid are suggestive of malignant mucinous tumors.

2522		MRI findings of uterine adenomatoid tumors including diffusion-weighted imaging with pathologic correlation
		Mayumi Takeuchi¹, Kenji Matsuzaki², and Masafumi Harada¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan, ²Department of Radiological Technology, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki-city, Japan
		Uterine adenomatoid tumor (AT) is a rare benign neoplasm of mesothelial origin. MRI findings of surgically proven 10 ATs were retrospectively evaluated. Most ATs (9/10) appeared as a heterogeneous intensity mass on T2WI with admixture of well-defined myoma-like low intensity area reflecting the areas of smooth muscle hypertrophy, and ill-defined high intensity areas reflecting the areas of abundant tubules. AT may contain high intensity areas on DWI, occasionally appearing as ring-like high intensity area (3/9), with relatively high ADC (6/9) due to T2 shine-through effect. Intra-tumoral hemorrhage was observed on SWAN (1/6) but not on T1WI (0/10).

2523		Compressed Sensing with and without Deep Learning Reconstruction: Comparison of the Utility for Women’s Pelvic MRI with Parallel Imaging
		Takahiro Ueda¹, Yoshiharu Ohno¹, Kaori Yamamoto², Akiyoshi Iwase³, Takashi Fukuba³, Yuki Obama¹, Kazuhiro Murayama⁴, and Hiroshi Toyama¹
		¹Radiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan, ²Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan, ³Radiology, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan, ⁴Joint Research Laboratory of Advanced Medical Imaging, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
		There have been no major reports for assessing the utility of compressed sensing (CS) and deep learning reconstruction (DLR) on women’s pelvic MRI as compared with routinely applied parallel imaging (PI). We hypothesized that CS with DLR was able to improve image quality and shorten examination time on women’s pelvic MRI, when compared with PI. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the utility of CS and DLR with PI at women’s pelvic MRI examination in patients with different women’s pelvic diseases.

2524		Can T2 mapping be used to differentiate endometrial cancer from benign lesion?
		han xu¹, jie zhang², ximing wang³, qingwei liu³, and xiang feng⁴
		¹radiology, shandong provincial hospital, JINAN, China, ²shandong provincial hospital, JINAN, China, ³shandong provincial hospital, jinan, China, ⁴MR Scientific Marketing,Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, beijing, China
		This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of T2 mapping in differentiating endometrial cancer (ECA) from benign endometrial lesions (BEL), as well as to evaluate the histopathological stages, grades and types of ECA.We measured the mean T2 values of 51 endometrial cancer,12 benign endometrial lesions and 23 normal endometrium of volunteers.We found the mean T2 values were signifcantly different among ECA, BEL and normal volunteers, and could be used to distinguish different types of ECA, but could not distinguish different stages or grades of ECA.

2525		Application value of DKI combined with APT in differentiating pathological grades of squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
		Yaxin Niu¹, Shifeng Tian¹, Wan Dong¹, Xing Meng¹, Lihua Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Ailian Liu¹, and Queenie Chan²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Da Lian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China, Bei jing, China
		We aimed to explore the value of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging combined with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in differentiating pathological grades of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of cervix. The result showed that the highest diagnostic efficacy (AUC: 0.971) was acquired using APTw combined with mean kurtosis (MK).

2526		Quantitative analysis with T2 mapping in the differentiation between uterine submucous myoma and endometrial polyps
		Liuhong Zhu¹, Puyeh Wu², and Jianjun Zhou¹
		¹Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, China, ²MR Research China, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
		It is challenging to differentiate between uterine submucous myoma and endometrial polyps, due to a high similarity of their manifestations in conventional MRI. Meanwhile, T2 mapping is an objective and stable technique which has been applied to diagnosis of many diseases. Here we evaluate the value of quantitative measurements derived from T2 mapping and DWI in differentiating between uterine submucous myoma and polyps. We found a descending order of T2 values from healthy endometrium, endometrial polyp to submucous myoma group. We concluded that T2 mapping can be used as a quantitative tool in the differentiation between submucous myoma and polyps.

2527		The value of ESWAN in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial polyp
		Xing Meng¹, Ailian Liu ¹, Shifeng Tian¹, Ye Ju¹, and Qingwei Song¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
		Enhanced T2^* weighted angiography (ESWAN) has been applied in the diagnosis of female pelvic tumor, but no study on the differentiation of endometrial cancer and related benign lesions by ESWAN has been found. We investigated the value of ESWAN multiple quantitative parameters in the identification of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial polyps.

2528		Application of amide proton transfer weighted imaging in differential diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma and benign endometrial lesions
		Ye Ju¹, Xing Meng¹, Shifeng Tian¹, Liangjie Lin², Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Yishi Wang², Yaxin Niu¹, Wan Dong¹, and Ailian Liu¹
		¹First affiliated hospital of dalian medical university, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		APT imaging has been preliminarily explored for diagnoses of cervical diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential of APTw-MRI in differential diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma and benign endometrial lesions.

2529		Use of amide proton transfer-weighted imaging to distinguish ovarian cysts due to endometriosis from cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
		Ye Li¹, Yaxin Niu¹, Xuedong Wang¹, Lihua Chen¹, Yanling Wu², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The intensity of the APT signal depends on the pH and protein content within the tissue. The later the bleeding stage is, the lower the APT value is. The ectopic endometrium repeatedly bleeds in the ovary. The blood components deposited in the cyst fluid decomposition, so the APT value of the cyst fluid is reduced. The metabolic level of tumor tissue is increased, and more protein is synthesized. Therefore, the protein content of ovarian cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma fluid is higher, so the APT value is increased.

2530		Fetal brain age estimation and anomaly detection using attention-based deep ensembles with uncertainty
		Wen Shi^1,2, Guohui Yan³, Yamin Li^2,4, Haotian Li¹, Tintin Liu¹, Yi Zhang¹, Yu Zou³, and Dan Wu¹
		¹Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, ²Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China, ³Department of Radiology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, ⁴School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
		Accurate estimation of the brain age is important for the evaluation of brain development, especially in the fetal stage when little diagnostic tools are available. This study designed attention-based deep ensembles to estimate brain age in the normal developing fetus, based on axial T2-weighted in-utero MRI images from routine clinical scans. Mean absolute error of 0.803 week was achieved, and the attention maps highlighted the regions of interest associated with the estimation. Predictive uncertainty was simultaneously quantified, and together with the proposed prediction confidence, we were able to detect several types of anomalies, including small head circumference, malformations, and ventriculomegaly.

2531		Development of fetal MRI in a tertiary referral center: how it impacts prenatal diagnosis and alters clinical outcome
		Jonan Chun Yin Lee¹, Renata Kiri Mak¹, and Janice Wong Li Yu¹
		¹Radiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
		Fetal MRI is a useful investigation to visualize congenital anomalies and allow for appropriate counselling and timely intervention. Since early 2017, our hospital has begun to perform fetal MRI from obstetric referrals. 18 pregnant patients underwent fetal MRI for suspected fetal anomalies. The neurological system was the most common region of concern during fetal MRI (67%). When compared to antenatal ultrasonography, fetal MRI provided significant additional and/or change in diagnostic information in 44% of patients , and results in change in postnatal outcome and/or facilitation of postnatal management in 44% of patients, including termination of pregnancy and prompt surgical intervention.

2532		Placental Perfusion Imaging on Zika-Infected Rhesus Macaques using Velocity-Selective ASL MRI
		Ruiming Chen¹, Sydney Nguyen^2,3,4, Kai D. Ludwig¹, Daniel Seiter¹, Megan E. Murphy^2,3,4, Kathleen M. Anthony^2,3,4, Terry K. Morgan⁵, Ante Zhu^6,7, Dahan Kim¹, Sean B. Fain^1,6,7, Oliver Wieben^1,6, Thaddeus G. Golos^2,3,4, and Kevin M. Johnson^1,6
		¹Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States, ⁶Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁷Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Effective non-invasive assessment of placental health, particularly in early pregnancy, is of clinical interest but currently lacking. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI can safely provide local functional assessment of placental perfusion, however, placental perfusion imaging is challenging and current approaches have shortcomings. Here we investigate a multi-slice velocity-selective (VS ASL) sequence with volumetric placental perfusion assessment and report on local and global perfusion across multiple gestational stages for zika-infected rhesus macaques and healthy controls.

2533		Quantification of diffusion and perfusion of the placenta using whole-placenta volumetric IVIM analysis
		Tao Lu¹
		¹Sichuan academy of medical Medical Sciences ＆ Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
		Placental morphological and physiological characteristics are related to health of the newborn and the adult. IVIM offers a quantitative and objective technique to measure maternal placental function without use of the contrast agent. In our study, Whole-placenta volumetric IVIM analysis is used to evaluate the parameters from IVIM of the entire placenta and avoids the subjectivity of ROI placement to ensure calculation accuracy and repeatability.

2534		Diagnostic accuracy of bladder invasion in cervical cancer: Comparison of T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and contrast-enhanced MR imaging.
		Yen-Ling Huang^1,2, Yu-Ting Huang^1,3, Kueian Chen^1,2,4, and Gigin Lin^1,2,4
		¹Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ²Imaging Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ³Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan, ⁴Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
		Cervical cancer with bladder invasion is rare and carries a poor prognosis. MR imaging is useful in the detection of bladder mucosal involvement from cervical cancer, with reported high negative predictive value, and therefore can serve to justify the necessities of invasive cystoscopy. Diffusion-weighted imaging is superior to T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced MR study in accurately diagnosing bladder invasion.

Liver: Iron & Bile

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2535		Free-Breathing QSM and R2* Mapping of Hepatic Iron Overload Using a 3D Multi-Echo Cones Trajectory
		Youngwook Kee¹, Christopher M. Sandino², Joseph Y. Cheng¹, Timothy Colgan³, Diego Hernando³, Ann Shimakawa⁴, and Shreyas S. Vasanawala¹
		¹Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ³Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴GE Healthcare, Redwood City, CA, United States
		In this study, free-breathing QSM and R2* mapping of liver iron overload was enabled using a 3D multi-echo cones trajectory. The proposed method was compared with a chemical-shift-encoded MRI technique that requires breath-holding. QSM and R2* exhibit similar image quality in axial, sagittal, and coronal views as well as good agreement in ROI-based quantitative value based on Bland-Altman and linear correlation plots. The imaging time for free-breathing liver iron quantification takes ~4 min, which can be further accelerated by increasing readout duration or using compressed sensing.

2536		Histological Validation of Multipeak Fat-Corrected Complex R2* Mapping for Quantification of Liver Iron
		Collin J Buelo^1,2, Jing Zhou³, Ante Zhu^2,4, Kritisha Rajlawot⁵, Bingjun He⁵, Diego Hernando^1,2, Jin Wang⁵, and Scott B. Reeder^1,2,4,6,7
		¹Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Pathology, The third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Radiology, The third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, ⁶Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁷Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Histological grading of iron deposition in the liver has been shown to correlate with conventional magnitude-based R2* mapping methods. However, magnitude-based R2* mapping methods are known to exhibit bias in the presence of fat and when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. Multipeak fat-corrected complex R2* mapping enables accurate R2* measurements by correcting for fat-related bias and the bias due to low SNR, but has not been compared to histological iron grading. In this work, multipeak fat-corrected R2* mapping is validated by comparing with histological iron grading as the reference standard.

2537		Evaluation of severe hepatic iron overload using a high-performance 0.55T MRI system
		Adrienne E Campbell-Washburn¹, Christine Mancini¹, Anna Conrey¹, Lanelle Edwards¹, Hui Xue¹, Peter Kellman¹, W. Patricia Bandettini¹, and Swee Lay Thein¹
		¹National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
		Iron overload in the liver can be assessed with MRI by measurements of T2* and R2. In this study, we assessed the dynamic range of hepatic T2 values using a high-performance 0.55T, compared to 1.5T, in patients with iron overload. Patients with iron overload had increased dynamic range of T2* values at 0.55T (T2* = 11.8 ± 9.4ms) compared with 1.5T (T2* = 5.7 ± 6.0ms), and the measurements were closely correlated between 0.55T and 1.5T (r = 0.96). The improved field homogeneity at 0.55T may provide value for stratification and monitoring of patients with severe iron overload by T2*.

2538		Effect of noise on R2 based iron quantitation: Numerical simulation and phantom verification
		Zili David Chu^1,2 and Raja Muthupillai³
		¹Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, MISSOURI CITY, TX, United States, ²Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States, ³Radiology, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
		T2/T2* based relaxometry is increasingly used to non-invasively quantify tissue iron content in lieu of biopsy. However, studies have shown that the observed linear relationship between R2 (1/T2) and tissue iron concentrations does not hold true above an iron concentration threshold (dubbed as the ‘saturation threshold’) [1,2]. Our numerical simulations and phantom experiments show that the choice of interval between the echo times used to sample T2 decay, and noise levels play a crucial role in determining the saturation threshold, and that the linear relationship between iron concentration and R2 can be extended by judiciously varying echo spacing.

2539		Feasibility of Free Breathing Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of the Liver: Comparison with a Breath-Hold Acquisition
		Ramin Jafari^1,2, Yan Wen^1,2, Pascal Spincemaille², Thanh D. Nguyen², Martin R. Prince², Xianfu Luo³, Daniel Margolis², and Yi Wang^1,2
		¹Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States, ²Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ³Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
		Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) enables accurate non-invasive monitoring of liver iron to guide iron-chelation therapy. Feasibility of a breath-hold sequence has been demonstrated in healthy subjects and in patients. In this work we investigate feasibility of a free-breathing navigator sequence in healthy volunteers to generate QSM maps and compare its correlation with the breath-hold sequence.

2540		Breath-hold MRCP using Accelerated 3D-Spiral Turbo Spin-Echo Imaging
		John P. Mugler¹, Elisabeth Weiland², Thomas Benkert², Craig H. Meyer¹, Josef Pfeuffer², and Berthold Kiefer²
		¹University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States, ²Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
		Current free-breathing, respiratory-triggered, heavily T2-weighted 3D fast/turbo spin-echo acquisitions work well in many patients for MRCP, but non-diagnostic results are obtained in some patients, particularly those with irregular breathing patterns during the several-minute acquisition. Thus, there has been renewed interest in 3D MRCP techniques that can be completed within a single breath-hold period as an alternative for patients in whom free-breathing techniques are inadequate. This work demonstrates that breath-hold 3D MRCP based on a 3D stack-of-spirals turbo spin-echo acquisition, which uses in-plane acceleration to achieve a reasonable breath-hold time, can provide good image quality for evaluation of major ductal structures.

2541		Relative contribution of SWI, compared to conventional MRI, in the detection of common bile-duct (CBD) calculi
		Vishal Singh¹, Jaladhar Neelavalli², Suhail P Parvaze², Mamta Gupta¹, A K Seth¹, and Rakesh Kumar Gupta¹
		¹Radiology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, India, ²Clinical Science, Philips Innovation Campus, Philips India Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
		Confident detection of small common bile duct stones is clinically challenging. Ultrasound (US) has highly variable sensitivity and the sensitivity of MRCP, while better than that of US, reduces significantly for stones<5mm. In this work, we have evaluated the relative contribution of SWI in the detection of CBD stones, relying on their susceptibility property.

2542		Is Liver Function Affected by Resective Surgery? – Hepatocyte Uptake and Efflux to Bile in Liver Cancer Determined Using Gadoxetate Enhanced MRI
		Christian Simonsson^1,2, Markus Karlsson^1,3, Bengt Norén¹, Gunnar Cedersund², Per Sandström⁴, Anna Lindhoff Larsson⁴, Nils Dahlström^1,3, and Peter Lundberg^1,3
		¹Departments of Radiation Physics, Radiology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, ²Department of Medical Engineering, Linköping University,, Linköping Univeristy, Linköping, Sweden, ³Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping Univeristy, Linköping, Sweden, ⁴Department of Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicin, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
		Just after surgery there is a period were the remnant tissue needs to match the requirement of normal liver function while recovering. This could lead to fatal consequences after too extensive surgical procedures, or due to insufficient liver function. In contrast, it might also be the case that the surgical procedure is too conservative because the predicted liver function is underestimated. This would not have been the case if it was possible to use more precise measures of liver function. We investigated the capabilities of gadoxetate enhanced MRI for determining liver function pre- and post-surgery using two separate approaches.

2543		Improved visualization of common bile duct stone with compressed sensing MRCP
		Mengke Wang¹, Yan Bai¹, Wei Wei¹, Jing An², Yuyu Wang², Muhammed Labeeb², Xianchang Zhang³, and Meiyun Wang¹
		¹Department of Medical Imaging, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital & Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, ²Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd., Shenzhen, China, ³MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., Beijing, China
		Patients with common bile duct (CBD) stone disease suffer from the relatively long scan time of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Compressed sensing (CS) is a technique that can accelerate the speed of MRI and has been applied to MRCP. This study investigated the utility of CS-MRCP in diagnosing CBD stone disease in comparison with conventional MRCP on the 1.5T scanner. The results showed that CS-MRCP could provide comparable image quality with conventional MRCP for the diagnosis of CBD stone disease but with a substantially shorter acquisition time (1:35 vs. 4:08 mins).

2544		Clinical feasibility of compressed SENSE accelerated MRCP with Vital Eye in pancreaticobiliary disorders: a preliminary study.
		Ming He¹, Xiaoqi Wang², Jiazheng Wang², Zhengyu Jin¹, and Huadan Xue¹
		¹Department of radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The purposes of this study were to prospectively evaluate the clinical feasibility of a MRCP protocol using both Vital Eye and compressed SENSE(CS-VE-MRCP) and to compare its performance with original navigator-triggered (NT) CS-NT-MRCP and NT-MRCP. The results show that the imaging quality and diagnostic performance of CS-VE-MRCP was comparable to that of NT-MRCP and slightly superior than that of CS-NT-MRCP. Besides, the scan time of CS-VE-MRCP was significantly decreased compared to that of NT-MRCP. The combination of compressed SENSE and Vital Eye in MRCP was feasible, suggesting the potential of imaging time reduction without pampering the diagnostic capability.

2545		Pancreaticobiliary System Evaluation via BH-MRCP using SPACE: A Comparison with Conventional NT-MRCP at 3 Tesla
		Qiuxia Luo¹, Xiaoyong Zhang², Qianwei Xie¹, Guijin Li³, Bingjun He¹, and Jin Wang¹
		¹The Third Affiliated Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, ²MR Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Shenzhen, China, ³Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Guangzhou, China
		Conventional three-dimensional navigator-triggered magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (NT-MRCP) is widely used in clinics for the evaluation of the anatomy and abnormalities of the pancreaticobiliary system. However, the method has limitations because of its extensive time to acquire images. This study explored the efficiency and the clinical utility of 3D breath-hold MRCP (BH-MRCP) as an alternative to conventional NT-MRCP at 3 Tesla. Based on these, methods used on a sample population of 25 patients, the results showed that the BH-MRCP technique can be a viable alternative to enhance the clinical workflow of pancreatobiliary MRI.

2546		Better Background suppression with GRASE-MRCP using MSDE
		Mamoru Takahashi¹, Yasuo Takehara², Takuya Matsumoto³, Yoshikazu Nagura³, Tomoyasu Amano³, Norihiro Tooyama¹, Katsutoshi Ichijo¹, Yasutomo Katsumata⁴, and Satoshi Goshima⁵
		¹Radiology, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan, ²Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, ³Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan, ⁴Philips Electronics Japan, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, ⁵Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
		MRCP accelerated with GRASE (GRASE-MRCP) allowed single breath-holding 3D MRCP and better depiction of the cystic duct because of short TE. On the other side, background signal such as blood vessels sometimes remained. Incorporating MSDE into GRASE-MRCP made it possible to suppress the background signals without extending the image time and reducing the image quality.

2547		Comparison of breath-hold and respiratory-triggered 3D-SPACE MRCP sequences in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis
		Xin Li¹, Yue Qin¹, Yifan Qian¹, Juan Tian¹, Shaoyu Wang², Yinhu Zhu¹, Liyao Liu¹, Yanqiang Qiao¹, and Boyuan Jiang¹
		¹XI’AN DAXING HOSPITAL, ShaanXi, Xi’an, China, ²Siemens Healthcare Ltd, ShaanXi, Xi’an, China
		Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is an effective imaging modality for the evaluation of anatomy and abnormalities of biliary and pancreatic system. The main drawback of conventional navigator-triggered (NT) MRCP is the long acquisition time resulting in a greater variability in the depth of respiration, which may create image blurring and motion artifacts. In this study, we performed MRCP scanning using a single breath hold (BH) 3D SPACE and NT SPACE protocols to evaluated the image quality and acquisition time in patients with choledocholithiasis.

2548		MR cholangiopancreatography in a single breath-hold: comparative effectiveness between 3D GRASE and 2D thick-slab SSFSE
		Cheng-Ping Chien^1,2, Feng-Mao Chiu³, and Hsiao-Wen Chung¹
		¹Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ²Taipei Beitou Health Management Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ³Philips Healthcare, Taipei, Taiwan
		3D MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) based on gradient- and spin-echo (GRASE) and 2D thick-slab MRCP using fast spin-echo (FSE), both acquired within single breath-hold, were compared using a 4-point score at 3T on 95 healthy subjects (age range = 25-75) in eight different segments of hepatic and pancreatic ducts. 3D GRASE outperformed 2D thick-slab FSE in the common bile duct and common hepatic duct, but compared inferiorly in right anterior hepatic duct (p < 0.001), with insignificant difference (p > 0.05) for the other five ducts. It is concluded that 2D thick-slab FSE MRCP complements 3D GRASE MRCP if performed additionally.

2549		Explore performance of 3D MRCP with different compressed-sensing acceleration factors
		Renwang Pu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Liangjie Lin², Jingjun Wu¹, Qingwei Song¹, Nan Zhang¹, and Ailian Liu¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China, beijing, China
		The present study aims to explore feasibility of three-dimensional(3D)breath-hold(BH)magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) through acceleration of the combination of compressed sensing and sensitivity encoding(CS-SENSE),and choose an optimal acceleration factor. 3D-MRCP scans on healthy volunteers were carried out with different acceleration factors (conventional SENSE factor of 4, and CS-SENSE factors of18, 24, and 32).The CS-SENSE acceleration factor of 24 was recommended because of the favorable image quality and reasonable scan duration (15s).

Diabetes, Nutrition & Metabolism

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2550		Hemodynamics Comparison Between Type2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Healthy Controls Using 4D Flow MRI
		Jiachen Ji¹, Di Wu², Yunduo Li¹, Shenghong Ju², and Rui Li¹
		¹Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Zhong Da Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
		Type2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease with high morbidity. 4D Flow MRI is an advanced technique which could provide visualization and quantification of blood flow. In the study, we identified the reproducibility of the processing and measuring procedure of abdominal 4D Flow data and discovered the significant hemodynamic differences in the affected vessels between T2DM patients and controls using 4D Flow MRI. The differences indicated the systematic hemodynamic changes caused by the disease and hinted 4D Flow MRI could offer more help in the evaluation and better understanding of the disease.

2551		Investigation of Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue in Hyperthyroid Patients using Simultaneous PET-MR Imaging
		Sanjay K Verma¹, Lijuan Sun², Suresh Anand Sadananthan³, Navin Michael³, Hui Jen Goh², Govindharajulu Priya², Melvin Khee-Shing Leow^2,4, and S Sendhil Velan¹
		¹Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore, ²Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore, ³Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore, ⁴Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
		BAT dissipates heat energy during adaptive thermogenesis regulated by several complex neuronal mechanisms including thyroid hormones. Twelve hyperthyroid subjects, treated with an anti-thyroid drug intervention were investigated using simultaneous PET-MR imaging. A significant increase in body weight and decrease in resting metabolic rate after treatment were observed. MR fat fraction significantly increased after treatment, whereas there is no significant change in PET-SUV. MR is more sensitive to the thyroid hormone induced changes, and can be utilized to study the BAT activity.

2552		Evaluating a Community-Based Diet and Lifestyle Intervention For Improved Metabolic Health in India: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)
		Stephen Bawden^1,2, K Manoj³, Elizabeth Simpson¹, K Leena⁴, Moira Taylor¹, Sally Hibbert⁵, Amrita Vijay¹, Laura Miller¹, Jane Grove¹, Ana Valdes¹, Penny Gowland², Thrivikrama Shenoy⁴, and Guruprasad P Aithal¹
		¹NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Metro Scan and Laboratory, Trivandrum, India, ⁴Population Health and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India, ⁵Centre for Research in the Behavioural Sciences, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		The Indian population provides important cohorts for research into metabolic disorders due to the greater prevalence of NAFLD and diabetes, and the relatively low complexity of dietary intake. In this study 71 male participants with NAFLD were recruited from a cohort in India and randomized into two groups - a 16 week low glycaemic index dietary intervention arm and a control arm. 1H MRS was used to assess liver fat fractions, alongside other metabolic markers. Results show a trend towards reduced fat fractions in the diet arm only.

2553		Using 1H MRS to Investigate Hepatic Fat Fractions and Lipid Composition in NAFLD Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
		Stephen Bawden^1,2, Scott Willis³, Aron Sherry³, Penny Gowland², James King³, and Guruprasad P Aithal¹
		¹NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
		1H MRS offers unique insights into hepatic lipid composition. In this study, NAFLD patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes were scanned and hepatic lipid composition indices measured. Diabetic patients then underwent a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness of 6 weeks moderate exercise vs control. Lipid composition indices were similar to previous studies in obesity, and show no differences in diabetic v non-diabetic groups. The intervention also shows no change in hepatic fat fraction or lipid composition.

2554		Accumulation of saturated IMCL is associated with insulin resistance in both males and females
		Laura Watson¹, Katie Carr¹, Claire Adams², Jieniean Worsley¹, Krishna K Chatterjee^1,2, Leanne Hodson³, Chris Boesch⁴, Graham J Kemp⁵, David B Savage², and Alison Sleigh^1,2,6
		¹National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ³Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Clinical Research and Radiology, AMSM, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland, ⁵Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, and MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, ⁶Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
		In females the accumulation of saturated IMCL is more strongly associated with whole-body insulin resistance than IMCL concentration alone. Using a recently-validated ¹H MRS approach we studied both the IMCL composition and concentration independent of composition in 30 control males, 41 age- and BMI-matched female controls and 16 female insulin resistant lipodystrophic subjects. We demonstrate that in both males and females markers reflecting the accumulation of saturated IMCL are more strongly associated with whole-body insulin sensitivity than IMCL concentration alone.

2555		Natural abundance 13C MRS based glycogen detection in Pompe disease: Test/retest characterization in a Gaa KO mouse model
		Deanne Lister¹, Prodromos Parasoglou², Andrew Baik², Katherine Cygnar², Aris Economides², Brendan Cook¹, Sven Macholl¹, and Patrick McConville¹
		¹Molecular Imaging Center, Invicro, A Konica Minolta Company, La Jolla, CA, United States, ²Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, United States
		Pompe disease is a debilitating condition that results in abnormally high tissue glycogen concentrations and is the subject of significant therapeutic focus by the pharma industry, including promising gene therapies. Non-invasive biomarkers that are specific and sensitive are sought after to address major gaps in early phase clinical trials. We characterized 13C MRS measurements of muscle glycogen concentration as potential biomarkers in Pompe disease, including test/re-test measurements and correlation with tissue biochemical measurements. Strong specificity and reasonable reproducibility was found, suggesting potential for 13C MRS to be used in Pompe disease patients.

2556		Assessment of cardiac and liver metabolite changes in diabetic and DIAPH1 knockout mice using 1H-MRS and chemical-shift encoded MRI
		Rajiv G Menon¹, Dimitri Martel¹, Nosirudeen Quadri², Charlotte Detremmerie², Laura Frye², Ann Marie Schmidt², Ravichandran Ramasamy², and Ravinder R Regatte¹
		¹Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States, ²Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
		Diabetes Mellitus causes systemic changes in a number of metabolites in multiple organs. Previous studies have shown that RAGE and its cytoplasmic domain partner Diaph1 are key mediators of metabolic and functional changes in diabetic mice. The goal of this study was to use ¹H-MRS and CSE-MRI to investigate the metabolite and water-fat fraction changes in the liver and heart in wild type (WT), WT-diabetic (WT-DM) mice, and DIAPH1 knockout diabetic (DIAPH1 KO-DM) mice. The metabolite levels and water-fat distribution in the three cohorts suggest that DIAPH1 KO-DM mice, despite being diabetic, experience a protective effect owing to DIAPH1 deletion.

2557		Metabolic imaging of brown adipose tissue with intense exercise intervention
		Venkatesh Gopalan¹, Kavita Kaur¹, Jadegoud Yaligar¹, Sanjay Kumar Verma¹, Rengaraj Anantharaj¹, Le Thi Thu Giang¹, and S Sendhil Velan¹
		¹Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore BioImaging Consortium,ASTAR Research Entities, Singapore, Singapore*
		There is a large interest in development of non-invasive methods for activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) due to its potential to combat obesity. Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to combat obesity by increasing EE. In this study we have investigated exercise induced BAT activation, heat and RER in sedentary and exercise groups. Our results show that exercise activates the brown fat with reduction in fat fraction, increased heat and RER. UCP1 expression shows that reduction in “white” like adipocytes in exercise group.

2558		Estimation of the triglyceride fatty acid composition in human adipose tissue using multi-TE and SHORTIE STEAM: in vitro validation using GC-MS
		Stefan Ruschke¹, Dominik Weidlich¹, Julius Honecker ², Claudine Seeliger², Josef Ecker³, Olga Prokopchuk⁴, Hans Hauner², and Dimitrios C Karampinos¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, ²Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany, ³ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Research Group Lipid Metabolism, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany, ⁴Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
		There is a growing interest in utilizing single-voxel $$$^1$$$H MR spectroscopy (MRS) for probing the triglyceride fatty acid composition by means of the number of double bounds (ndb) and number of methylene interrupted double bounds (nmidb) per triglyceride as well as the mean fatty acid carbon chain length (CL). The present study investigates the in vitro measurement agreement of fatty acid composition parameters between single-voxel multi-TE and short-TR multi-TI multi-TE (SHORTIE) STEAM spectroscopy and the gold standard gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples.

2559		Studying the effect of ambient temperatures on heat production of activated BAT in rats using magnetic resonance thermometry
		Chuanli Cheng¹, Qian Wan¹, Yangzi Qiao¹, Min Pan², Changjun Tie¹, Hairong Zheng¹, Xin Liu¹, and Chao Zou¹
		¹Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ²Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
		Cold exposure is the commonly used method in evaluating the brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. In this study, the heat production capacity of BAT in rats housed at different ambient temperatures were evaluated using magnetic resonance thermometry after injecting norepinephrine (NE). The results show that the rats housed at lower ambient temperature (15°C) for 2 weeks have surprisingly lower temperature rise after NE injection, implying that long-term cold exposed rats have lower heat production capacity after drug activation.

2560		MR Elastography and PDFF as Imaging Biomarkers for Diabetic Kidney Disease: Correlating MR Measurements with Histopathology
		Anshuman Panda¹, Justin Yu¹, Michael Schwartz¹, Helen Looker², Robert Nelson², Kelly Smith¹, Aidan McGirr¹, Sophia Fasani¹, Sukhdeep Singh¹, Kristina Flicek¹, and Alvin Silva¹
		¹Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States, ²National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
		The purpose of this pilot study is to determine technical feasibility and correlate MR Elastography (MRE) and Proton Density Fat Fraction (PDFF) with gold standard assessments of glomerular function and histopathology markers.

2561		Assessments of Blood Flow Curve Characteristics of Type2 Diabetes Using 4D Flow MRI
		Di Wu¹, Jiachen Ji², Shenghong Ju¹, and Rui Li²
		¹Department of Radiology, Zhong Da Hospital,Southeast Univ., Nanjing, China, ²Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomedical Imaging Research,Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China
		The aim of this study is to identify the abdominal blood flow curve characteristics of patients with type2 diabetes using advanced 4D Flow MRI, compared with the healthy subjects. Left and right renal arteries as well as splenic artery were visualized and quantified by dedicated software. The characteristics of flow curves showed significant differences in the skewness and time to peak, which may indicate the variation in renal progression rates and become promising non-invasive biomarkers of the T2DM function assessment.

Female Pelvis & Maternal-Fetal Imaging

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2562		Quantitative identification of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial polyp by T2 mapping
		Shifeng Tian^1,2, Ailian Liu², Jiazheng Wang³, and Liangjie Lin³
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ³Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		T2 mapping is a novel MRI sequence that enables quantitative assessment of various diseases. However, its potential for diagnosis of endometrium diseases has not been explored,andit may also help differential diagnosisof endometrial carcinoma and endometrial polyp.In this study, the T2mapping was used for quantitative analyses of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial polyp. Results shown that endometrial carcinoma was associated with significant higher T2 values than endometrial polyp, therefore, it is feasible to use T2 mapping for discrimination of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial polyp.

2563		The combination use of APT and R2* enhances the differentiation of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial benign lesions
		Xing Meng¹, Ailian Liu ¹, Shifeng Tian¹, Zhiwei Shen², Yaxin Niu¹, Wan Dong¹, Zhongping Zhang², and Yishi Wang²
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Amide proton transfer (APT) and mDixon - Quant techniques have been applied in clinical work, but few studies have been conducted in female pelvic system. We discussed the value of APT combined with R2^* in differentiating endometrial cancer from benign endometrial lesions. The AUC, sensitivity and specificity of APT combined R2^* were 0.925, 88% and 100%, respectively.

2564		APT combined with IVIM in differential diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma and endometrial benign lesions
		Xing Meng¹, Ailian Liu ¹, Shifeng Tian¹, Zhiwei Shen², Tianjing Zhang², Yishi Wang², Yaxin Niu¹, and Wan Dong¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Amide proton transfer (APT) combined with intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) has been preliminarily applied in the diagnosis and differentiation of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, but has not been in the identification of endometrial lesions. We discussed the value of APT combined with IVIM in differentiating endometrial carcinoma from endometrial benign lesions. The AUC, sensitivity and specificity of APT combined IVIM were 0.979, 87.5% and 100%, respectively.

2565		Comparison of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of fetal corpus callosum abnormalities
		Cong Sun¹, Yufan Chen¹, Jinxia Zhu², and Guangbin Wang¹
		¹Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China, ²MR Collaboration, Healthcare Siemens Ltd., Beijing, China, Beijing, China
		We compared ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of fetal corpus callosum (CC) dysplasia in 375 fetuses at our Institute. The results showed that MRI was significantly better than ultrasound in being able to diagnose normal and abnormal fetal CC. Also, fetal MRI can be helpful in assessing associated abnormalities and enhancing prognostic consultations.

2566		Shape and Volume Analysis of the Fetal Brain Pre and Post Fetal Spina Bifida Surgery
		Nada Mufti^1,2,3, Michael Ebner^2,3, Lucas Fidon², Dimitra Flouri^2,3, Riine Heinsalu², Tom Vercauteren^2,4, Sebastien Ourselin², Luc De Catte⁴, Jan Deprest^1,4, Anna L David^1,4, Philippe Demaerel⁵, Andrew Melbourne^2,3, and Michael Aertsen⁵
		¹Institute for Women's Health and Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom, ²School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences (BMEIS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ³Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, ⁵Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
		Thorough assessment of the fetal central nervous system is required to select the most suitable candidates for fetal spina bifida surgery, and for post-operative monitoring to predict outcome. Children with myelomeningocele exhibit difficulties in cognitive performance, and motor skills¹. This is related to the Chari II malformation and ventriculomegaly^2,3. Our aim is to determine if MRI technology can quantify volume, surface area, and shape of cerebral structures before and after fetal spina bifida surgery. We explore if these parameters can be used as potential biomarkers for efficacy of fetal surgery by correlating with herniation level.

2567		Imaging the Fetal Spine using MRI: A Preliminary Exploration on Scanning Strategy
		Xianyun Cai¹, Guangbin Wang², and Jinxia Zhu³
		¹radiology, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, jinan, China, ²Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, jinan, China, ³MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., beijing, China
		This study explored the scanning strategy of fetal spine imaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on 315 volunteer pregnant subjects. Whole-spine MRI was performed on fetuses using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI) and True Fast Imaging with Steady-state Precession (TrueFISP) sequences. Images from both methods were acquired, and the diagnostic efficacy was compared. The SWI showed superior performance in visualizing osseous spinal anomalies, while TrueFISP better presented spinal canal contents lesions. Additionally, the MRI was preferred for the diagnosis of fetal spinal diseases to US. These mixed results suggest that a combination of both techniques is appropriate for fetal spine imaging.

2568		First in vivo demonstration of venous return in the human placenta
		George Hutchinson¹, Neele Dellschaft¹, Simon Shah², Nia Jones³, Lopa Leach⁴, and Penny Gowland¹
		¹SPMIC, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Kings College London, London, United Kingdom, ³Queens Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁴School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Little is known about maternal venous return from the placenta, despite the fact this good venous drainage is critical for adequate flow into, and percolation through the placenta. In this abstract we aim to identify and characterise venous return by identifying regions of blood flowing across the placental wall, and we find similar velocities of blood flow entering and leaving the placenta.

2569		Relationship between Placenta T2* and Gestational Age at 3.0 T
		Feifei Qu¹, Edgar Hernandez-Andrade², Julio Marin-Concha³, Swati Mody⁴, Pavan Jella¹, Roberto Romero^3,5,6, and E. Mark Haacke^1,7,8
		¹Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States, ²Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States, ³Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Detroit, MI, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology, Children Hospital of Michgan, Detroit, MI, United States, ⁵Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, ⁶Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States, ⁷Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, ⁸The MRI Institute for Biomedical Research, Bingham Farms, MI, United States
		Healthy growth and function of the placenta are important to support normal fetal development throughout the second and third trimester. T₂* values affected by the tissue oxygenation could be a valuable tool to detect the placenta function. In this work, we collected T₂* map for both health pregnancy and the pregnancy complicated by IUGR at different GA at 3.0 T and also investigated the relationship between them.

2570		Quantification of T2* relaxation times of human liver in the midtrimester fetus at 1.5T
		Matthias R Muehler¹, Ante Zhu^1,2, Oliver Wieben^1,2,3, Diego Hernando^1,2,3,4, Dinesh Shah⁵, and Scott B. Reeder^1,2,3,6,7
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁶Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁷Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		In preeclampsia, the erythropoetin level in the fetus has been reported to be moderately elevated and the number of erythroid cells in the fetal liver reduced. Assessment of fetal liver health and function over gestation, including hepatic hematopoiesis, is of great interest. T₂^* relaxometry is an emerging quantitative biomarker of liver iron content. In this study, we assessed fetal liver T₂^* in the midtrimester pregnancy. A fetal liver T₂^* of 22ms and 25ms at 14 and 20 weeks of gestation, respectively, was observed at 1.5T. T₂^* values are significantly correlated with gestational age but not with obesity or mothers’ age.

2571		Upright pelvimetry using MRI for the prediction of birth associated cephalo-pelvic disproportion following induction of labour.
		Hannah Grace Williams¹, Andrew Cooper¹, Lesley Hodgen², Catriona Hussain², Nia Jones³, and Penny Gowland¹
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Queens Medical Centre, NUH NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Dystocia, difficult birth due to either a big baby, small maternal pelvis, or malposition of the presenting part is an important obstetric problem and a major cause of emergency caesarean section and birth injury. The risk of caesarean section is 30% for first time mothers who have had their labour induced. We have developed an MRI protocol to assess fetal size and maternal pelvic measurements in supine and upright positions to determine whether they can be used as a predictor of a woman's risk of emergency C-section after the induction of labour.

2572		Longitudinal Study of T2*-based BOLD Placental MRI in Obese Pregnant Human Subjects
		Ante Zhu^1,2, Jitka Starekova², Tom Batan³, Kevin Johnson^2,4, Scott B. Reeder^1,2,4,5,6, Oliver Wieben^1,2,4, Dinesh Shah⁷, and Diego Hernando^1,2,4,8
		¹Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁵Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁶Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁷Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁸Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, complications related to reduced uteroplacental blood flow and placental vascularity malformation. T₂^* measurements of blood oxygen level-dependent effects have promise for assessing placental function. Here, we measured placental T₂^* in non-obese and obese pregnant women at 14 and 20 weeks of gestation. Our study showed that the range of placental T₂^* is similar between the two populations at both gestation ages. Trends of decreased and increased placental T₂^with gestation were observed in different subjects, suggesting longitudinal changes in placental T₂^ may vary among subjects.

2573		MR Assessment of Blood Flow Rate in Umbilical Vein and Its Correlation with Ultrasound
		Pei-Hsin Wu¹, Michael C. Langham¹, Ana E. Rodríguez-Soto¹, Eileen Hwuang², Felix W. Wehrli¹, and Nadav Schwartz³
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ²Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Maternal Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
		Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PEC) have been associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Umbilical vein (UV) blood flow reflects the efficiency of fetoplacental circulation. The hypothesis that UV blood flow rate (BFR) is lower in abnormal pregnancies (e.g. IUGR, PEC) was investigated. The results show 1) a high correlation in UV BFR between MR and ultrasound confirms the utility of PC-MRI, and 2) a lower MR-based UV BFR, found in the adverse composite birth outcome group as compared to normal subjects, suggests that UV flow may be a significant clinical indicator of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

2574		Single-shot T2-weighted Fetal MRI with variable flip angles, full k-space sampling, and nonlinear inversion: towards improved SAR and sharpness
		Yamin Arefeen¹, Borjan Gagoski^2,3, Esra Turk^2,3, Ellen Grant^2,3, Jacob White¹, Kawin Setsompop^3,4,5, and Elfar Adalsteinsson^1,5,6
		¹Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, ²Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ³Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, United States, ⁵Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, ⁶Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, MA, United States
		Fetal MRI utilizes Half-Fourier-acquisition-single-shot-turbo-spin-echo (HASTE) for rapid T2-weighted imaging to mitigate motion. However, T2-decay and partial fourier induce blurring, while refocusing trains extend total acquisition time due to specific absorption rate (SAR) constraints. Variable flip angles (VFA) with full Fourier acquisitions have been shown to improve image quality, maintain contrast, and accelerate acquisition through SAR reduction. We combine nonlinear reconstruction, VFA, and full Fourier undersampling to improve sharpness and reduce SAR while maintaining similar contrast to HASTE. Simulation and phantom experiments illustrate improved sharpness. Preliminary, in-vivo fetal results demonstrate improved sharpness and SAR with slight tradeoffs in contrast and SNR.

2575		Comparative analysis of the value of APT and different diffusion models in evaluating the histological features of cervical squamous carcinoma
		Mengyan Hou¹, Dongming Han¹, and Kaiyu Wang²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital，Xinxiang Medical, Xinxiang, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China
		This study aims to compare the performances of APT, DWI, and DKI in estimating histological grading of cervical squamous carcinoma. We find that the parameter MTRasym of APT and the parameter MK and MD of DKI are helpful for the differentiation diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Compared with DWI and DKI, APT is more effective in identifying the histological grades of cervical squamous carcinoma, and the combination of APT and DWI parameters can greatly improve diagnostic effect.

Gastrointestinal & Abdominal

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2576		Quantitative evaluation of ileal crohn’s disease with intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI)
		Peiwen Sun¹, Junheng Li¹, Meiying Zeng¹, Shuai Wang¹, Diru Zhu¹, Jilei Zhang², and Binghui Zhao*¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ²Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder that can occur in any section of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly affecting the small intestine, especially the ileum. Colonoscopy used as the gold standard for assessing disease activity, but its invasiveness limits the use. We aimed to assess inflammatory activity of CD patients by using Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI), and found IVIM-DWI may serve as a promising method for noninvasive detecting and monitoring the activity of CD.

2577		MRE for the detection of inflammatory diseases of the juvenile Crohn’s disease: quantifying the inflammatory activity.
		zheng xian ying¹ and Zhang Zhong shuai²
		¹First affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, fuzhou, China, ²MR , Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		This study aimed to demonstrate that Magnetic resonance enterography global score (MEGS) shows equally values in pediatric crohn's patients and had comparable diagnostic efficacy comparing with other MRE scores. 52 juvenile Crohn patients were included, and MEGS, SES-CD and eAIS of the terminal ileum were calculated. The results show that for both endoscopically defined and histologically defined active inflammation and ulcerative lesions MEGS have high diagnostic accuracy, are consisting with other studies. The results provided in the current study suggest that MR may be considered as an alternative to endoscopy.

2578		Correlation between MR DCE quantitative parameters and E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer
		Liangliang Yan¹ and Jinrong Qu¹
		¹Radiology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
		Multiple MR quantitative parameters are associated with E-cadherin expression, and Ktrans 75% is the optimal parameter to evaluate the invasion of gastric cancer. In addition, our study also determine the specific boundary range of Ktrans 75%, Ktrans mean, and Ve mean to predict whether E-cadherin expression has decreased or absented, which provides a new method to early evaluate gastric cancer invasion.

2579		MRI Changes in Visceral Fat in Crohn’s Disease
		Iyad Naim^1,2, Gordon Moran², Penny Gowland^1,2, Caroline Hoad^1,2, E Simpson ^2,3, and Jordan McGing²
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease which effects 150k people in the UK alone. Visceral fat hypertrophy is a characteristic radiological finding in CD.To date radiologists just describe it but are not able to provide more objective data regarding visceral fat volume. In this retrospective study we used 2-point mDixon fat Images along with image processing techniques to study visceral fat properties in CD patients compared with healthy volunteers. The data demonstrated a tendency of CD patients to have a higher ratio of visceral fat and more volume of intestines fully surrounded by fat compared with healthy volunteers.

2580		Hyoscine butylbromide for bowel movement reduction in mouse abdominal MRI
		Carlos Bilreiro¹, Francisca F. Fernandes¹, Rui V. Simões¹, Celso Matos¹, and Noam Shemesh¹
		¹Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
		Bowel movement is a source of motion artifacts in mouse abdominal MRI. This work aimed to evaluate fasting and hyoscine butilbromide (Buscopan^®) for its reduction. Thirteen mice were imaged in a 9.4T MRI scanner with a FLASH sequence for 90 minutes (~19s temporal resolution): 6 were injected with a Buscopan^® bolus, 4 with a bolus and constant infusion, and 3 were food deprived. A single bolus of Buscopan^® was effective for bowel movement reduction in mice, for up to 1h, whereas other methods were not effective. These data favor the use of Buscopan^® for abdominal MRI in the mouse.

2581		Application of intravoxel incoherent motion in preoperative assessment of clinicopathological features of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		TAO SONG¹
		¹radiology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
		Preoperative assessment of intravoxel incoherent motion in clinicopathologic features of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. the uploaded file includes objective,method,results,conclusion,references, acknowledgements and figure.

2582		Imaging of the intestinal lymphatics following oral consumption of lipids using MRI.
		Hannah Grace Williams¹, Adelaide Jewell², Caroline Hoad^1,3, Luca Marciani^3,4, Snow Stolnik-Trenkic², Pavel Gershkovich², and Penny Gowland¹
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospital and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁴Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		It has been shown previously that lipophilic (lipid soluble) drugs administered in lipid-based formulations (or using lipophilic prodrugs) can be delivered in very high concentrations to the intestinal lymphatics. In order for the intestinal lymphatic targeting to be clinically relevant, the response of intestinal lymph following oral administration of lipids needs to be investigated in humans. This is the first study we are aware of using MRI to study changes in lymph nodes following the consumption of a fatty meal. With optimisation this method could provide a novel marker of which nodes could be target for treatment using lipophilic drugs.

2583		Diffusion Weighted whole body Imaging with Background body signal suppression with three b value for tumorlike lesion detection in abdomen
		bingbing gao¹, yanwei miao¹, ailian liu¹, jiazheng wang², zhiwei shen², jianqing sun², qingwei song¹, and nan zhang¹
		¹first Affiliated hospital of Dalian medical university, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China, Beijing, China
		The purpose of this study was to evaluate image quality of diffusion weighted whole body Imaging with background body signal suppression (DWIBS) sequence using different b values (b=0,800 and b=0,800,1500) for predicting tumor or tumorlike lesions in abdomen. The results showed index ADC image with b=0,800 depicted more lesions than b=0,1500, including false positive lesions. The ADC value of b=0,800, 1500 is less than that of b=0, 800, indicating tumor’s precise ADC value is lower than we thought before.

2584		Levator hiatus width measurement and its correlation with pelvic floor dysfunction
		Anugayathri Jawahar¹, Perla Subbaiah ², and Vipul R Sheth ¹
		¹Body MRI, Stanford University, PALO ALTO, CA, United States, ²Mathematics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
		Pelvic floor dysfunction affects about half of women over 50 years of age, causing significant morbidity. MR defecography compliments the clinical examination in the evaluation of pelvic floor dysfunction. We investigated if the measurement of levator hiatus width is a useful and reliable supplement or alternative measurement in predicting pelvic floor dysfunction. We retrospectively reviewed MR defecography examinations and recalculated the levator hiatus width and the anorectal angle with 2 blinded readers. We found that the levator hiatus width had a statistically significant correlation with pelvic organ prolapse and can add to the confidence in reporting H-line and M-line abnormalities.

2585		Multi-parameter assessment of Perianal Crohn’s disease using quantitative MRI: A Multi-centre study.
		Ali Alyami^1,2,3, Caroline Hoad ^2,4, Ross Little⁵, Konstantinos Argyriou⁴, Uday Bannur⁶, Khalid Latief⁶, Christopher Clarke⁶, Phillip Lung⁷, Michael Berks⁵, Susan Cheung⁵, James PB O'Connor^5,8, Geoff JM Parker^9,10, Penny Gowland², and Gordon W. Moran^1,4
		¹Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, ⁴NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁵Quantitative Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ⁶Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Radiology, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ⁷St Mark's Hospital and London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Radiology, London, United Kingdom, ⁸Radiotherapy Related Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ⁹Bioxydyn Limited, Manchester, United Kingdom, ¹⁰Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
		Perianal Crohn’s disease (pCD) is a potential complication of CD patients. Disease monitoring is imprecise due to unreliable clinical scores and subjective radiological reporting. Quantitative MRI sequences, e.g. diffusion-weighted image (DWI), dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE), magnetization transfer (MT) and T2 relaxometry offer opportunities to improve diagnostic capability. This study aimed to attain pilot data regarding the diagnostic utility of these sequences before and after 12 weeks of biological treatment in active pCD. Significant negative correlation was found between MTR and T2, MTR and DCE parameter k^trans and MTR with apparent diffusion coefficient, reflecting competing disease effects of inflammation and fibrosis.

2586		Relaxometry and magnetisation transfer to quantify the small bowel wall in healthy volunteers
		Ali Saleh Alyami^1,2,3, Hannah Grace Williams², Konstantinos Argyriou⁴, Penny Gowland^2,4, Gordon W. Moran^1,4, and Caroline Hoad ^2,4
		¹Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ³Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, ⁴NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
		Quantitative MRI datasets based on relaxometry and Magnetisation Transfer (MT) sequences could be used as potential biomarkers of disease activity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The aim of the study was to measure the repeatability of T2, T1 and MT small bowel measurements following bowel preparation and administration of an anti-spasmodic agent. Inter-observer variations in these measurements were also assessed. The quantitative MRI methods examined showed excellent repeatability for T2 and good repeatability for T1 parameters for both repeatability between visits and reproducibility of results between observers from data of a small group of healthy subjects.

2587		The application value of ZOOMit DWI in the diagnosis of surgical plan for patients with gastric sinus cancer with obstructive symptoms
		Yubo Liu¹, Ximing Wang¹, Xianshun Yuan¹, Haiyan Jing², Xiankui Cheng², Liang Shang³, Jinglei Liu³, Mengxiao Liu⁴, and Xiang Feng⁵
		¹Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China, ²Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China, ³Department of gastrointestinal surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China, ⁴MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, shanghai, China, ⁵MR Scientific Marketing, Diagnostic Imaging, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China
		For gastric antrum cancer with obstructive symptoms, CT has been a common method for preoperative diagnosis. But because it shows poor tumor boundaries, it does not give clear guidance on treatment options. ZOOMit DWI has higher image quality and smaller deformations make tumor boundaries better, so it can provide better preoperative guidance.

2588		Serial Imaging of Splenomegaly in the Sleeping Sickness Infected Mouse
		Samantha Paterson¹, William Holmes¹, Linda Carberry¹, and Jean Rodgers¹
		¹University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
		Splenomegaly is a symptom of the African parasitic disease, sleeping sickness. This study is the first research to demonstrate splenomegaly non-invasively in a murine model of sleeping sickness. This researched showed an increase in the size of the spleen of over 20 times the healthy volume during the late stage of the disease whilst also demonstrating a change in the rate of increase during different stages of the disease. Overall, new information about splenomegaly in sleeping sickness has been demonstrated for the first time.

2589		Quantitative sodium imaging of the abdomen
		Arnold Julian Vinoj Benjamin¹, Mary A McClean¹, Joshua D Kaggie¹, Lucian Beer¹, Frank Riemer², Rolf F Schulte³, Titus Lanz⁴, Martin J Graves⁵, and Ferdia A Gallagher¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, ³GE Global Research, Munich, Germany, ⁴RAPID Biomedical GmbH, Rimpar, Germany, ⁵Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
		In this study, we report sodium T2* values and total sodium concentration (TSC) values in healthy volunteers in the abdomen using a large field-of-view (FOV) birdcage sodium body coil that provides a uniform excitation over the whole abdomen. We explore whether sodium will be more specific to the BOLD effect, as sodium is a major component of blood and oxygenation of this blood will affect the sodium T2* values directly.

2590		MRI Application for Autologous Fat Transplantation Assessment
		Xueyin Liao¹, Yu Chen², Xiaoqi Wang³, Mingyong Yang¹, and Huadan Xue²
		¹Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical Collage, Beijing, China, ²Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, ³Philips HealthCare, Beijing, China
		We have investigated the clinical feasibility of applying MRI to predict the fat survival rate of autologous fat transplantation on faces 7 days after surgery. High resolution T1W and T2W fat-only images, T2 mapping, IVIM diffusion, and spectroscopy methods were implemented. The morphological images provided extradentary value in visualizing transplanted fat in vivo, the biomarker T2 mapping identified edema, IVIM measured perfusion and localized rebuilding vascularization, and MRS quantified lactate content for predicting post-op fat survival rate. The non-contrast MRI technologies proved values in imaging for autologous fat transplantation surgery.

2591		Detection of Active Brown Adipose Tissue Using Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM)
		Cuiling Zhu¹, Yihao Guo², Wenbin Si², Yingjie Mei³, Qiaoling Zhong¹, Lijie Zhong¹, Yanqiu Feng², and Xiaodong Zhang¹
		¹Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ³Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China
		Activated and inactivated brown adipose tissue showed some differences in function, protein expression and intracellular components, which remained non-invasive MRI testing possible. Despite its strong relevance with iron contents, QSM detect BAT in large lipid depots remains a major challenge. This work proposes a method that use values of QSM and (fat fraction) FF to quantitatively distinguish the two groups in brown adipose tissue depot in vivo, histological validation is then performed. Preliminary results are broadly in line with expectation.

Machine Learning & Radiomics in Body MRI

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2592		Prediction of contrast-enhanced liver MRI with CycleGAN
		Yajing Zhang¹ and Hanlin Fu¹
		¹Philips Healthcare, Suzhou, China
		Contrast-enhanced MR scans have been commonly used in the diagnosis of liver lesions. However, it has limited use to the patients allergic to the contrast agent. Recently, there are increasing concerns about the safety of the use of Gadolinium-based contrast agents. In this study, we employed a cycle generative adversarial network strategy to test the feasibility of predicting the contrast enhancement images in liver MRI.

2593		Deep Learning for Liver Segmentation and Quantification of Obese Patients
		Philipp Madörin¹, Xeni Deligianni^1,2, Francesco Santini^1,2, Simon Andermatt², Philippe Claude Cattin², Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach^3,4, Bettina Karin Wölnerhanssen^3,4, Oliver Bieri^1,2, and Orso Pusterla^1,2,5
		¹Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland, ²Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, ³St. Clara Research Ltd, St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, ⁴University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, ⁵Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
		Obesity is one of the greatest health risks and strongly related to fatty liver disease. Magnetic resonance imaging enables non-invasive measurement of fat-water distribution in tissue. To provide an automated evaluation of the liver volume and fat percentage, we trained a Multi-Dimensional Gated Recurrent Units network to segment multi-contrast data. The neural network was trained with a limited number of data comprising 52, 20, 10 datasets and was evaluated for liver volume and fat percentage quantification.

2594		Automatic Bone Segmentation on Whole body Diffusion-Weighted MRI using Deep Learning
		Asha K Kumaraswamy^1,2, Punith B Venkategowda¹, Chandrashekar M. Patil², and Robert Grimm³
		¹Siemens Healthcare Private Limited, Bengaluru, India, ²Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, India, ³MR Application Predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
		Whole body diffusion-weighted MR imaging is a promising technique for the evaluation of bone metastases e.g. in prostate and breast cancer. Segmenting and quantifying tumor burden and treatment response based on DWI and corresponding ADC has been proposed previously. However, treatment effects may influence the actual segmentation and signal intensities. Here, a more reproducible approach would be preferred for segmenting and analyzing consistent regions of interest also in follow-up examinations. We present a deep learning method for automatic bone segmentation, based on T1-weighted imaging or DWI. Feasibility of the new approach is shown, resulting in significantly reduction in computation time.

2595		Unsupervised assessment of abdominal adipose tissue from whole body Dixon MRI
		Ying Xia¹, Pierrick Bourgeat¹, Samantha Burnham¹, and Jurgen Fripp¹
		¹The Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Brisbane, Australia
		Quantitative assessment of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is important in studies of obesity and metabolic abnormalities. The study developed and evaluated an unsupervised method for abdominal adipose tissue quantification in a large sample from the general population. The results revealed strong correlations with reference measures using dual energy X-ray and MR based methods with human intervention. We also demonstrate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and adipose tissue compartments. As expected, BMI did not fully reflect fat accumulation in VAT. With increasing BMI, males were more likely to have higher VAT accumulation than females.

2596		Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping from Deep-Learning Based Reconstruction of Undersampled Gradient-Recalled Echo Data
		Ramin Jafari^1,2, Pascal Spincemaille², Thanh D. Nguyen², Junghun Cho^1,2, Martin R. Prince², and Yi Wang^1,2
		¹Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States, ²Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
		A single breath-hold 3D GRE acquisition with tens of seconds is used to acquire data for water/fat separation and QSM generation in liver. However, in elderly and paediatric patients long breath-holds are not feasible. Compressed sensing along with Deep Learning is an alternative to shorten the scan time and perform reconstruction on undersampled data. In this work we compare how undersampling GRE data at different rates and use of Deep Learning for reconstruction will affect the water/fat separation and QSM results.

2597		CT-based Synthetic pelvic T1-weighted MR image generation using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN)
		Reza Kalantar¹, Jessica M Winfield^1,2, Christina Messiou^1,3, Dow-Mu Koh^1,3, and Matthew D Blackledge¹
		¹Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom, ²The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom, ³Department of Radiology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
		The MR-Linac exploits excellent soft-tissue contrast of MRI images with the option of daily re-planning for irradiation of pelvic tumours. However, this requires significant clinician interaction as contours need manual redefining for each radiotherapy fraction. Recently, machine learning-based segmentation approaches are being developed to automate this process. One major limitation of this approach is the lack of available fully-annotated MRI data for training. In this study, a deep learning model was developed and trained on CT/MR registered images of 21 patient datasets, generating synthetic T₁-weighted MR images from input CT data, which could be useful towards disease segmentation on MRI.

2598		Deep learning based multi-organ detection: a step closer to liver T1 map quality assurance
		Charles E Hill^1,2, Ferenc Emil Mozes², Liam AJ Young², Luca Biasiolli², Matthew D Robson³, and Vicente Grau¹
		¹Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ²Oxford Centre for Magnetic Resonance Research (OCMR), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ³Perspectum Diagnostics LTD., Oxford, United Kingdom
		Quantitative Liver T₁ mapping techniques are becoming more prevalent in the clinic, for the diagnosis and prognosis of various liver diseases. However, time pressure and technique complexity can often lead to incorrect acquisition due to sub-optimal slice location. We implement a faster Region Proposal CNN for the detection of multiple organs in the body, and report back the findings promptly via a local user interface, to inform the radiographers if they need to re-acquire. We show that this network has a high localisation accuracy and high speed, such that it will be applicable in the clinical environment.

2599		Characterization of NAFLD disease evolution with multiparametric MRI/MRE and multi-state Hidden Markov Model
		Jingbiao Chen^1,2, Yunyi Kang³, Feng Ju³, Jiahui Li¹, Jie Chen¹, Xin Lu¹, Richard L Ehman¹, Vijay H Shah², and Meng Yin¹
		¹Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, ²Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States, ³School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
		Non-invasively diagnosing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and predicting disease prognosis in individual patients are two main unmet clinical needs. There are very few longitudinal studies that evaluate imaging, biochemical, and histopathological variables that predict disease progression of NAFLD. This study established a multi-state Hidden Markov model (HMM) of NAFLD evolution in an animal model with three imaging biomarkers: MRI derived proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and MR elastography (MRE) assessed liver stiffness (LS) and loss modulus (LM). Results have shown that a 3-state HMM can well characterize the natural history of NAFLD, and predict disease progression or regression.

2600		Accelerated Whole-body Imaging with Uniform Fat-Suppression and Deep-Learning Reconstruction
		Alan B McMillan¹, Lloyd Estowski², Ty A Cashen², R. Marc Lebel³, Xinzeng Wang⁴, Ersin Bayram⁴, and Ali Pirasteh¹
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States, ³Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Calgary, AB, Canada, ⁴Global MR Applications & Workflow, GE Healthcare, Houston, TX, United States
		We present a single-shot fast-spin-echo pulse-sequence (SSFSE) with short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) and deep-learning (DL) image reconstruction that provides whole-body images in less than 3 minutes, achieving uniform fat suppression, detailed delineation of the anatomy, and favorable signal-to-noise (SNR). This was achieved through the reduction of echo-train-length by increasing the acceleration to a factor of 4x, hence substantially improving image quality through blurring reduction in the phase encoding direction, and ameliorating the subsequent SNR reductions by utilization of a DL reconstruction algorithm. This whole-body MRI technique can be used in the setting of various pathologies for both pediatrics and adults.

2601		Deep convolution neural network exploration for super resolution of abdominal 3D mDixon scans
		Johannes M Peeters¹ and Marcel Breeuwer^1,2
		¹MR Clinical Science, Philips, Best, Netherlands, ²Biomedical Engineering – Medical Image Analysis, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
		Breath holding is often applied for abdominal imaging to avoid motion artifacts. However, breath holding limits the acquisition time and thus the resolution of the images. We propose to use 3D super resolution deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to enhance the sharpness of 3D mDixon MRI. We found that sharpness increases with increasing number of network layers, but levels off already at 6 layers.

2602		Retrospective Motion Artifact Reduction with CNN (MARC) combined with model-based artifact simulation for T2WI of the liver
		Motohide Kawamura¹, Daiki Tamada¹, Tetsuya Wakayama², Hiroshi Onishi¹, and Utaroh Motosugi¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan, ²MR Collaboration and Development, GE Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan
		Motion artifact is a problem in abdominal imaging. Respiratory-triggering techniques are commonly used to suppress the motion artifact. However, it is not always perfect in clinical practice. Deep learning-based motion correction is an attractive solution. However, it requires pairs of images with and without motion artifacts, which is difficult in body MRI. Here, we propose a deep learning-based method to remove motion artifact using a simulation of artifacts based on a simple model for respiratory gating failure. Preliminary results showed that the proposed method can remove motion artifacts in respiratory-triggered FSE-T2WI of the liver, which were corrupted by irregular breathing.

2603		Deep learning based image reconstruction for T2-weighted rectal cancer imaging
		Ken-Pin Hwang¹, Xinzeng Wang², Randy D Ernst³, Sarah M Palmquist³, Marc Lebel², Gaiane M Rauch³, George J Chang⁴, Craig Messick⁴, Melissa W Taggart⁵, Ersin Bayram², Jingfei Ma¹, and Harmeet Kaur³
		¹Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ²MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States, ³Department of Radiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ⁴Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States, ⁵Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
		Proper evaluation of rectal cancer with MR imaging requires high resolution imaging of the rectal wall. The image quality demands are difficult to achieve due to the increasing risk of peristaltic motion with longer scan times. In this work, we apply a novel deep learning based reconstruction (DL recon) method to an accelerated sequence using reduced averages and increased acceleration. Radiologist scores indicate that the combined method provides superior SNR and definition with less motion degradation when compared to the routine sequence with conventional reconstruction. Thus improved motion robustness can be gained from applying DL Recon to an accelerated sequence.

2604		The feasibility of model-free machine learning with variable features of MRI images on the prostate cancer application
		Feng-Mao Chiu^1,2, Ting Chun Lin¹, Queenie Chan³, Cheng-Chun Li⁴, Jen-I Hwang⁴, and You Yin Chen¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ²Health system, Philips, Taipei, Taiwan, ³Healthcare, Philips, Hong Kong, China, ⁴Department of Medical Imaging, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
		Several advanced post-processing methods were used to assess prostate cancer, including diffusion model of IVIM, T2 mapping with multi-echo turbo spin echo , and permeability analysis with Tofts model. We found that it is not easy to overcome the fitting error, and it is not reasonable to directly integrate IVIM, T2 mapping and permeability together as well. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the prostate cancer screening with model-free machine leaning , and to test different combinations of input data, including multiple b-value diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), multi-echo T2w TSE, and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images.

2605		Correlation between CT based Radiomics Features and Mesenteric Vein Resection Margin in Patients with the Pancreatic Head Cancer
		Yun Bian¹, Chao Ma¹, Xu Fang¹, Jin Li¹, Kai Cao¹, Li Wang¹, Jin Gang², Jianping Lu¹, and Xiangxue Wang³
		¹Radiology, Changhai hospital, Shanghai, China, ²Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai hospital, Shanghai, China, ³Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
		A striking number of patients are diagnosed with resectable pancreatic cancer (PC) or borderline resectable PC by computed tomography (CT) but end up with positive (R1) resection at surgery according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria. If the pathological resection margin can be accurately and noninvasively predicted prior to surgery, an appropriate treatment plan can be developed and patients with PC can avoid futile surgery. Hence, we sought to accurately identify the relationship between the arterial radiomics score (rad-score) and pathologic superior mesenteric vein (SMV) resection margin in patients with pancreatic head cancer and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the rad-score in differentiating between negative (R0) and R1 resection.

Emerging & Advanced MRI Techniques in Body MRI

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2606		Compressed Sensing and Parallel Imaging on 3D Uterus Imaging
		Yaxin Niu¹, Ailian Liu¹, Shifeng Tian¹, Lihua Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Jiazheng Wang², and Zhiwei Shen²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Da Lian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China, Beijing, China
		Acquisition time is one of the main limiting factors in MRI. Compressed sensing is an emerging technology proven to effectively shorten scan time in several clinical scenarios. Here we propose to apply a combination of compressed sensing and sensitivity encoding in 3D uterus imaging that yields 1x1x2 mm³ resolution and uncompromised image quality with 5-fold acquisition acceleration.

2607		Effect of Continuous table movement (CTM) on fat saturation quality in T2 weighted imaging
		Hina Arif¹, Stephane Chartier ², Tanmay Tiwari³, Bobby Kalb², and Manoj Saranathan²
		¹Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States, ²University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States, ³University of Arziona, TUCSON, AZ, United States
		Uniform fat suppression is critical for optimal MR assessment of lesions in the abdomen and pelvis. Recent advances using SPAIR sequencing have improved fat suppression and increased the signal-to-noise ratio versus older techniques. However, fat suppression still remains challenging in anatomical regions away from the magnetic isocenter due to field inhomogeneity. Here we demonstrate that continuous table movement (CTM) is superior to fixed table (FT) technology for SPAIR-mediated fat suppression across the entire image stack. As field inhomogeneity away from isocenter is a common challenge, CTM may provide a solution to many frequently encountered problems.

2608		Motion-Robust, Reduced-Distortion Diffusion MRI of the Liver with Optimized Motion Compensated Waveforms and Multi-shot EPI
		Yuxin Zhang^1,2, Matthias Muhler¹, Ruiqi Geng^1,2, Arnaud Guidon³, and Diego Hernando^1,2
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare, Boston, MA, United States
		Conventional liver diffusion MRI acquisitions suffer from several challenges including low spatial resolution, B0-induced distortions, and elastic motion-induced signal voids. In this work, motion-robust and distortion-corrected liver diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was enabled by combining optimized motion compensated diffusion waveforms with multi-shot EPI acquisitions. Quantitative validation of distortions and ADC measurements was performed in healthy volunteer to assess the robustness and reproducibility of the combined techniques, as well as the synergistic effect of motion-robust gradient waveform and multi-shot EPI acquisitions. Preliminary patient example demonstrated the feasibility in patients with metastatic liver lesions.

2609		Quantitative magnetic resonance relaxometry for identifying lymphatic insufficiency in patients with secondary lymphedema
		Paula Donahue¹, Rachelle Crescenzi², Chelsea Lee³, Niral J Patel³, Maria Garza², Kalen Petersen², and Manus Joseph Donahue²
		¹Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States, ²Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States, ³Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
		MRI methods capable of evaluating tissue changes in response to lymphatic dysfunction have not been incorporated into lymphedema diagnosis and management owing to limited clinical evaluation of these technologies. We performed quantitative relaxometry in the skin and deep tissue of patients with lymphedema and matched controls, in sequence with standard biophysical bedside measures used for lymphedema assessment. In both deep tissue and skin, T2 was elevated in patients relative to control volunteers, consistent with edema, and relaxometry values were more discriminatory for category (i.e., control versus lymphedema) compared to common bedside tools of arm volume asymmetry and tissue dielectric constant.

2610		Integration of novel respiratory navigation techniques into routine abdominal MR examinations
		Melany Atkins¹ and Ersin Bayram²
		¹Fairfax Radiological Consultants, Arlington, VA, United States, ²General Electric, Houston, TX, United States
		Breath-held acquisitions have long been a staple of body MRI to cope with respiratory motion. While this strategy works for many patients, it is challenging for some. Change in breath-hold capacity from one patient to the next requires frequent parameter tweaking, thus operator skillset becomes a key factor in image quality and consistency. Recent advances in novel motion robust acquisition methods and improved hardware such as Air coils have opened the possibility to perform complete free breathing exams. In this study, we report the feasibility results of free breathing integration into our routine abdominal MRI practice.

2611		Body Diffusion MR Imaging with Compressed SENSE Based on Single-Shot EPI at 3T and 1.5T: Technical Feasibility and Initial Clinical Experience
		Paul Sprenger^1,2, Kosuke Morita³, Takeshi Nakaura⁴, Masami Yoneyama⁵, Shuo Zhang^2,6, Maike Bode², Christiane K. Kuhl², and Nils A. Kraemer²
		¹Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, ²Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, ³Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan, ⁴Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, ⁵Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ⁶Philips GmbH DACH, Hamburg, Germany
		Compressed sensing technologies have recently become commercially available that serve the purpose to shorten the image acquisition time for morphological imaging. Here we explore the reconstruction algorithm that allows the combination of wavelet transformation of compressed sensing with coil information of sensitivity encoding (SENSE) in body diffusion MRI based on 2D single-shot EPI and uniform undersampling, and report our results in both healthy volunteers and patients on both 3T and 1.5T, in comparison to the conventional SENSE parallel imaging technique.

2612		Variability from complexity: assessing IVIM acquisition schemes through parameter estimation uncertainty
		Sean C Epstein¹, Timothy J. P. Bray², Margaret A. Hall-Craggs², and Hui Zhang¹
		¹Department of Computer Science & Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
		This work uses the quantification of parameter-estimation uncertainty to assess the clinical suitability of IVIM acquisition schemes. We apply this analysis to two bone marrow classification tasks. We simulate IVIM data and show that fitting a simplified, biased, diffusion model (ADC), can, under certain clinically relevant conditions, outperform ground-truth IVIM fitting. We further show that, within the same disease, the opposite can also be true: IVIM outperforms ADC. Such results can play an important role in guiding clinical DWI practice and we show that they can be predicted by explicitly quantifying the uncertainty in parameter estimation.

2613		Comparison and correlation study between DKI and IVIM in assessing liver parenchyma
		Guifang Lin¹, Lili Wang¹, Zhongshuai Zhang², Bin Sun¹, Weiwen lin¹, Ruolan Lin¹, Jingming Chen¹, Jiangao Xie¹, Yuanfeng Liu¹, Qing Duan¹, and Yunjing Xue¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China, ²SIEMENS Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		The aim of this study was to assess the liver parenchyma by evaluating the regional variability, the measurement stability and the correlations of parameters calculated from IVIM and DKI models using different ROIs. The results demonstrated that S8, S5/8, S5 and S3 delegating different level of liver tissue can be chosen as the representative area in assessing the IVIM-DKI imaging of the liver. ADC, MD, MK and D with lower deviation were suitable for the quantitative evaluation of liver tissue and can be used to reflect different sides of the microstructure of the hepatic parenchyma.

2614		Whole body MRI evaluation for adult patients with hereditary cancer syndromes
		Vishnupriya Kuchana¹, Nobuhiro Fujita¹, Elina Shrestha¹, Amro Saad Aldine¹, Khalid Balawi¹, and Jinha M Park¹
		¹Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
		Patients diagnosed with hereditary cancer syndromes (HCS) mutations are at increased risk of developing tumors. We are trying to evaluate the utility and cost-effectiveness of WB MRI for screening and monitoring adult HCS patients for new lesions (malignant or pre malignant). We retrospectively collected the data from the HCS patients who had whole-body MRI scans and are aged 18 -72 years old. Overall sensitivity and specificity of WB MRI is 100% and 87.5% and mean per patient cost responsibility per scan is $358.83 which proves WB MRI can be an effective tool for screening and surveillance of HCS patients.

2615		Optimizing diffusion-weighted imaging of thyroid gland using dedicated surface coil
		Yunfei Wang¹, Chaofan Zhu¹, Dehong Luo¹, Long Qian², Yayuan Geng³, Wenming Deng¹, and Zhou Liu¹
		¹Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospi, Shenzhen, China, ²MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China, ³Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
		It is challenging to perform diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on thyroid gland with high quality due to susceptibility artifacts caused by complex structure compositions, and physiological motion artifacts and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using conventional head and neck joint coil. We used a histogram-based approach to evaluate the images of the small field-of-view (FOV) DWI (Focus, GE) and DWI with short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR) fat suppression using a state-of-the-art surface-coil specifically designed for thyroid gland. We found significantly different level and considerably inhomogeneity in signal intensity between right and left lobe of thyroid gland and between two DWIs.

2616		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of the Liver with Stretched-Exponential Model
		Takeshi Yoshikawa¹, Yoshiharu Ohno², Masao Yui³, Yoshimori Kassai³, Tatsuya Ohkubo³, Shinichiro Seki⁴, Katsusuke Kyotani⁵, and Yuji Kishida⁶
		¹Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan, ²Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan, ³Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan, ⁴Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tamba, Japan, ⁵Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan, ⁶Konan Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
		Stretched-exponential model enables diffusion analysis considering diffusion varieties in each voxel on abdominal DWI. Our study showed stretched-exponential model has a potential to increase diagnostic performance of liver DWI. Alpha has a potential to be used for malignant lesion differentiation.

2617		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging with Stretched-Exponential Model for Pancreatic Tumors
		Takeshi Yoshikawa¹, Yoshiharu Ohno², Masao Yui³, Yoshimori Kassai³, Tatsuya Ohkubo³, Shinichiro Seki⁴, Katsusuke Kyotani⁵, and Yuji Kishida⁶
		¹Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan, ²Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan, ³Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan, ⁴Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tamba, Japan, ⁵Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan, ⁶Konan Medical Center, Kobe, Japan
		Stretched-exponential model enables diffusion analysis considering diffusion varieties in each voxel on abdominal DWI. Our study showed stretched-exponential model has a potential to increase diagnostic performance of pancreatic DWI. Alpha has a potential to be used for malignant lesion differentiation.

2618		The Value of Oral Paramagnetic Contrast Agent in Eliminating Gastrointestinal Interference with DWIBS
		Nan Zhang¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Liangjie Lin², Ailian Liu¹, and Haonan Zhang¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The present study aims to explore the effect of oral paramagnetic contrast agent on image quality of Diffusion weighted Whole body Imaging with Background body signal Suppression(DWIBS).This study confirmed that the oral paramagnetic contrast agent could eliminate gastrointestinal interference without affecting the diagnostic efficacy of DWIBS images.

2619		Retrospective respiratory and cardiac gating in abdominal diffusion-weighted imaging
		Sean McTavish¹, Christoph Zoellner¹, Johannes M. Peeters², Omar Kamal¹, Rickmer F. Braren¹, and Dimitrios C. Karampinos¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, ²Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands
		Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) remains a valuable tool in abdominal lesion detection. However, respiratory and cardiac motion remain major effects confounding the robustness of abdominal DWI. Respiratory triggering and prospective gating techniques are typically employed to reduce the effect of respiratory motion on abdominal DWI. However, these techniques can become either inefficient or result in artifacts in patients with irregular breathing patterns. In addition, cardiac triggering further reduces the SNR efficiency of a respiratory triggered acquisition. The purpose of the present work is to develop an algorithm for combined retrospective gating of abdominal DWI based on recorded respiratory and cardiac signals.

2620		Texture analysis based on T2-weigted images show high differentiation between IVDs with and without annular fissuring
		Stefanie Eriksson¹, Hanna Hebelka^2,3, Leif Torén^2,3, Christian Waldenberg², Helena Brisby², and Kerstin Lagerstrand^1,4
		¹Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, ²Institute of Clinical Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden, ³Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, ⁴Institute of Clinical Scences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
		Texture analysis provides quantitative image analysis based on mathematically calculated features. A high number of features calculated with texture analysis showed to be significantly different between the intervertebral discs with and without annular fissuring that had been classified from CT discograms. When the features based on T2-weighted images were used for classification by "Random Forest" a very high accuracy in differentiating between discs with and without annular fissuring was achieved.

Pancreas & Hepatobiliary

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2621		Flow quantification with navigator-gated 4D flow MRI in portal hypertension
		Octavia Bane^1,2, Daniel Stocker^1,2, Paul Kennedy^1,2, Stefanie Hectors^1,2,3, Susanne Schnell⁴, Scott Friedman⁵, Thomas Schiano⁵, Isabel M Fiel⁶, Swan Thung⁶, Aaron Fischman², Michael Markl^4,7, and Bachir Taouli^1,2
		¹BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ²Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ³Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ⁵Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ⁶Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ⁷Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, IL, United States
		The purpose of our prospective study was to correlate the hepatic vasculature hemodynamic parameters measured with navigator-gated 4D flow MRI with the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) in patients with chronic liver disease and suspicion of portal hypertension (PH). Peak velocity in the celiac trunk (CT) was moderately correlated with HVPG, and was significantly elevated in patients with PH. CT flow was significantly elevated in patients with clinically significant PH (CSPH), while portal vein peak velocity was significantly reduced in patients with cirrhosis. Our results suggest that 4D flow MRI may be sensitive to hemodynamic changes in patients with PH.

2622		An Inline Implementation of Free Breathing 2D Radial MRE with Radial Self Gating
		Bradley Bolster, Jr.¹, Stephan Kannengiesser², and Vibhas Deshpande³
		¹Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ²Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ³Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Austin, TX, United States
		This study demonstrates in inline implementation of a radial free breathing MRE sequence with integrating radial self gating. Measured stiffness values are consistent across self-gating threshold values and results are in good agreement with standard breath-hold MRE techniques.

2623		Post-treatment recovery of perfusion-related diffusion in the fatty liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an IVIM-DWI study
		Wei Wei¹, Yan Bai¹, Xianchang Zhang², Robert Grimm³, and Meiyun Wang¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, ²MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Beijing, China, ³MR Application Predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
		This study aimed to investigate the utility of intra-voxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging (IVIM-DWI) for monitoring the liver function change during type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. The results showed that liver fat fractions were significantly decreased and perfusion-related diffusion (D) was significantly increased, but pure molecular diffusion (D) values showed no significant change in T2DM patients after treatment for three months. Our findings indicated that improvement of hepatic parenchymal perfusion may occur earlier than water molecule diffusion during T2DM treatment. D may be a more sensitive biomarker than D to characterize the liver function change during T2DM treatment.

2624		The relativity (R2*) between ultra-short echo time MRI and mDIXON-Quant sequence in liver cirrhosis
		Nan Wang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Mingli Gao¹, Lihua Chen¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², and Yishi Wang²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The detection and quantification of iron depositon in cirrhotic liver are important for the diagnosis and treatment. The MR-UTE sequence has advantages in quantifying severe liver iron overload, and partially solve the problem that severe iron overload cannot be accurately quantified. mDIXON-Quant sequence could quantify liver R2* value.

2625		Feasibility of 4D-Flow MRI of the Liver using Pencil Beam Navigator for Respiratory Gating and Compressed Sensing
		Markus Karlsson¹, Jens Tellman¹, Fredrik Testud², Ning Jin³, Nils Dahlström¹, and Peter Lundberg¹
		¹Department of Medical and Health Sciences, and Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, ²Siemens Healthcare AB, Malmö, Sweden, ³Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Cleveland, OH, United States
		Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging of the liver can be used to characterize the blood flow in the portal vein. This could be a useful tool to evaluate portal hypertension. However, four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging typically requires a long acquisition time, which limits clinical usefulness. We therefore investigated if compressed sensing can be used to shorten the acquisition time. We found that the acquisition time could be reduced to 8-10 minutes, without impacting the flow measurements.

2626		The effect of Compressed SENSE acceleration factor on 3D mDIXON sequence for liver imaging
		Shiyu Wang¹, Jiazheng Wang², Qingwei Song¹, Zhongping Zhang³, Bingbing Gao¹, Lihua Chen¹, and Ailian Liu⁴
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Dalian, China, ³Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China, ⁴The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dlian, China
		Image acquisition of an mDixon sequence typically requires a breath hold to minimize respiratory motion artifact. Minimization the acquisition time of mDixon could be very useful in clinical daily routine. The purpose of the study is to explore the effect of the acceleration factor on the image quality of 3D mDIXON sequence for liver imaging using Compressed SENSE . And CS acceleration factor 4 can reduce the scanning time to 10s on the premise of ensuring the image quality, which is the best scheme for clinical 3D mDixon scanning of liver.

2627		Quantitative assessment of the pancreas in subjects using DWI, IVIM, and 3D mDxion-quant: correlation with BMI, SAT, VAT and TAT
		Qinhe Zhang¹, Wan Dong¹, Yishi Wang², Jiazheng Wang², and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		This study measured the quantitative imaging metrics of the pancreas and correlated ADC, sADC, D，D, f, FF and R2 of pancreas with BMI, TAT, SAT and VAT. This study viewed that there was significant relationship between R2* and VAT, TAT (r=0.495, 0.533, respectively). And, ADC was related to SAT (r=0.460). These may illustrate the impact of different fat distribution on the function of pancreas.

2628		T2 mapping quantitative imaging to evaluate pancreatic changes caused by benign and malignant low biliary tract obstruction
		Xuedong Wang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Ke Jiang², and Anliang Chen¹
		¹The first affiliated hospital of dalian medical university, DaLian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, China, Beijing, China
		T2 mapping is an effective sequence of MRI that enables quantitative assessment of diseases. However, currently there are few trials to confirm its feasibility in distinguishing pancreatic changes due to benign and malignant low biliary obstruction. In this experiment, we used T2 mapping to quantify these changes, and found that T2 mapping is feasible for evaluating the changes of pancreatic parenchyma due to benign and malignant low biliary obstruction. And the value of T2 mapping in malignant group is higher than that in benign group.

2629		Quantitative Assessment of Liver Function by using Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI: Hepatocyte Fraction
		Xueqin ZHANG¹, Jian LU¹, Jifeng JIANG¹, and Weibo CHEN²
		¹the Third People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, China
		The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of hepatocyte fraction on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI for the quantitative evaluation of liver function. 69 patients with cirrhosis and 22 healthy volunteers with normal liver function who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI were collected in this study. T1 mapping images were obtained by using the Look-Locker sequences before and 20 minutes after Gd-EOB-DTPA administration, hepatocyte fraction (HeF) and K_Hep were measured. Our study showed that hepatocyte fraction (HeF and K_Hep vlaues) based on Gd-EOB-DTPA- enhanced T1 mapping MRI is an efficient diagnostic tool for the quantitative evaluation of liver function.

2630		A preliminary study on the value of amide proton transfer-weighted imaging in differentiating primary from secondary malignant liver tumors
		Tao Lin¹, Ailian Liu ¹, Jiazheng Wang ², Nan Wang¹, Lihua Chen ¹, Dahua Cui¹, Ying Zhao ¹, Qingwei Song ¹, Renwang Pu ¹, Bingbing Gao¹, and Yanling Wu²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Our work aimed to explore the value of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging in diagnosing primary and secondary malignant liver tumors. The result manifested that the novel imaging tool had a valuable utility in differentiating primary from secondary malignant liver tumors (AUC: 0.879; sensitivity: 76.9%; specificity: 100%).

2631		The value of texture analysis based on multiple high b-values DWI for evaluation of tumor heterogeneity in HCC patients
		Ying Zhao¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Zhongping Zhang², Nan Wang¹, Lihua Chen¹, Dahua Cui¹, Tao Lin¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Bingbing Gao¹, and Ailian Liu¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Previous studies have reported preliminary but promising results that high b‐value DWI has a remarkably high sensitivity in neuro or genitourinary malignancies. However, the value of high b-value DWI in liver remains controversial. In the current study, multiple high b-values DWI - based texture analysis was applied to evaluate tumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The results demonstrated that ultra-high b-value (b = 2000 and 3000 s/mm²) DWI images could offer more information in tumor heterogeneity evaluation compared to the conventional b-value (b = 800 s/mm²) DWI images based on texture analysis in HCC patients.

2632		Evaluation of Portal System Flow in Response to a Meal Challenge with 4D-Flow MRI
		Lihua Chen¹, Ailian Liu², Jiazheng Wang³, Yishi Wang³, Yaxin Niu², and Qingwei Song²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, DaLian, China, ²The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ³Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The quantitative flow measurements at 4D - flow MRI in the portal system and flow change in response to a meal challenge. Significant increased blood flow velocity and volume were observed in PV and SMV and significantly decreased blood flow was observed in SV after a meal.

2633		Assessing Liver Changes after 30% and 70% Partial Hepatectomy Using T1 and T2 mapping
		Qing Li¹, Shuangshuang Xie¹, Caixin Qiu¹, Jinxia Zhu², Chengwen Liu², and Wen Shen¹
		¹Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, ²MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare, Ltd, Beijing, China
		T1 and T2 mapping of rats with 30% and 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) were compared, and trends were similar with some differences, indicating liver changes after PH in the 70% PH group was more active. The results suggested that T1 and T2 mapping are potential to assess liver regeneration after PH.

2634		T2* Relaxation Time as an Imaging Biomarker for Monitoring Liver Arterial Blood Supply After Partial Hepatectomy
		shuangshuang xie¹, caixin qiu¹, yajie sun¹, qing li¹, jinxia zhu², and wen shen¹
		¹Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China, ²MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The value of effective T2 (T2) relaxation time in monitoring changes in liver arterial blood supply after partial hepatectomy was investigated using a rat model. Ten rats received a 30% hepatectomy, and the other ten received a 70% hepatectomy. Before and after the surgery, all animals underwent T2 mapping at multiple time points. Liver T2* relaxation times were measured and compared between different groups at each time point. The results indicated that T2* relaxation time can be used to monitor changes in liver arterial blood supply after partial hepatectomy.

Genitourinary Imaging Innovation, Quality Control & Post-Processing

Abdominopelvic MRI - Benign

Body

2635		Consensus-based technical recommendations for clinical translation of renal MRI
		Fabio Nery¹, Iosif Mendichovszky², Pim Pullens³, Ilona Dekkers⁴, Octavia Bane⁵, Andreas Pohlmann⁶, Anneloes de Boer⁷, Alexandra Ljimani⁸, Aghogho Odudu⁹, Charlotte Buchanan¹⁰, Kanishka Sharma¹¹, Christoffer Laustsen¹², Anita Harteveld⁷, Xavier Golay¹³, Ivan Pedrosa¹⁴, David Alsop¹⁵, Sean Fain¹⁶, Anna Caroli¹⁷, Pottumarthi Prasad¹⁸, Susan Francis¹⁰, Eric Sigmund¹⁹, Maria Fernández‐Seara²⁰, and Steven Sourbron²¹
		¹Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK, London, United Kingdom, ²Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ³Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent Institute for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, ⁴Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, ⁵Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ⁶Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany, ⁷Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, ⁸Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Dusseldorf, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany, ⁹Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, ¹⁰Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ¹¹Imaging Biomarkers Group, Department of Biomedical, Imaging Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ¹²Department of Clinical Medicine, MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, ¹³Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom, ¹⁴Department of Radiology, Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States, ¹⁵Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ¹⁶Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States, ¹⁷Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy, ¹⁸Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced MR Research, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, United States, ¹⁹Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States, ²⁰Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ²¹Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
		The field of renal MRI has undergone significant developments over the last decade. However, the lack of standardisation of acquisition and analysis methods remains an important barrier to clinical translation. We present a consensus project initiated through the Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action PARENCHIMA whereby a group of renal MRI experts employed a Delphi-based approach to develop technical recommendations for renal T₁ and T₂ mapping, arterial spin labelling, diffusion-weighted imaging and blood oxygenation level-dependent MRI. These will promote standardisation of renal MRI protocols and thus facilitate clinical translation and comparison of data across sites.

2636		Travelling kidneys: Multicentre multivendor variability of renal BOLD and T1 mapping – preliminary results
		Charlotte E Buchanan¹, Fabio Nery², Andrew Priest³, Eleanor F Cox¹, Joao Sousa⁴, Michael Nation⁵, Iosif Mendichovszky³, Steven Sourbron⁶, David Thomas^2,7, and Susan T Francis¹
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, University College London, London, United Kingdom, ³Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ⁴Imaging Biomarkers Group, Department of Biomedical Imaging Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ⁵Kidney Research UK, Peterborough, United Kingdom, ⁶Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, ⁷Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
		We have performed an intra-individual, inter-vendor comparison of renal T₁ and BOLD T₂* measures using predominantly product sequences. Renal T₂* is sensitive to dephasing due to background magnetic field gradients, the degree of which differs across the MR vendors. A strong B₀ L-R gradient, especially prominent for one vendor, leads to an asymmetry in T₂* values between kidneys. B₁ maps vary across subjects with no vendor-specific bias. Renal cortex T₁ values computed using a 2-parameter fit were shown to systematically vary across vendors; a 3-parameter fit reduced this bias but differences remain. This highlights areas of future development for standardisation.

2637		The reproducibility of DWI and BOLD in Early Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury in Animal Models
		Hanjing Kong¹, Weizheng Gao¹, Fei Gao¹, Chengyan Wang², Xiaodong Zhang¹, Min Yang¹, Xiaoying Wang³, and Jue Zhang¹
		¹Peking University, Beijing, China, ²Fudan University, Shanghai, China, ³Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
		Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) has clinical importance. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) showed its priority in diagnosis of AKI in the early phase. However, the reproducibility of these methods remains unknown. In this study, we present repeated measurements of the DWI and BOLD renal MR imaging and further compared the quantitative results in terms of reproducibility.

2638		A reproducibility study on the changes of R2’ in quantitative evaluation of acute renal injury
		Weizheng Gao¹, Hanjing Kong¹, Chengyan Wang², Xiaodong Zhang¹, Min Yang¹, Xiaoying Wang^3,4, and Jue Zhang¹
		¹Peking University, Beijing, China, ²Fudan University, Shanghai, China, ³Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁴Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
		Recent studies have demonstrated that a novel MRI imaging sequence termed psMASE, together with hemodynamic response imaging, is able to effectively distinguish different severities of acute renal injury. In this study, we performed repeated scanning to verify the repeatability of the psMASE strategy.

2639		Improved Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Rat Kidney Using Interleaved Multishot EPI with 2D Navigators
		Qiang Liu¹, Zhongbiao Xu², Xinyuan Zhang¹, Zhifeng Chen¹, Rongli Zhang³, Yaohui Wang⁴, Kaixuan Zhao¹, Ed X. Wu^5,6, and Yanqiu Feng¹
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China, ³School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, ⁵Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, ⁶Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
		This work aimed to improve rat kidney diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) by using interleaved multishot echo planar imaging (EPI) with 2D navigators. The data of shots were combined to reconstruct the final images by using the IRIS processing pipeline. The in vivo rat imaging results show that the multishot EPI approach obtained renal diffusion-weighted images with higher resolution and less geometric distortion, compared single-shot EPI. The DWI of rat kidney can be significantly improved by 2D navigated multishot EPI.

2640		Second-order Motion Compensated Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Analysis of the Kidney
		Yuki Koshino¹, Naoki Ohno², Tosiaki Miyati², Tetsuo Ogino³, Yu Ueda³, Naoki Hori¹, Yukihiro Matsuura¹, Toshifumi Gabata⁴, and Satoshi Kobayashi^1,2,4
		¹Radiology Division, Kanazawa University Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan, ²Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan, ³Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ⁴Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
		To investigate the potential benefit of second-order motion compensated (2^nd-MC) diffusion encoding scheme on intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis of the kidney, we compared the IVIM diffusion parameters and repeatability between the 2^nd-MC and conventional diffusion gradients. Our results showed that the 2^nd-MC diffusion gradients show better fitting accuracy and repeatability of IVIM diffusion parameters of the kidney compared with the conventional diffusion gradients. Therefore, the 2^nd-MC diffusion encoding scheme could enable us to reduce the bulk motion effect mainly caused by cardiac and respiratory motion during diffusion sensitization.

2641		Reliability of Water-Lipid Separation in the Kidney Measured by Accelerated In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging at 3 T
		Ahmad Alhulail^1,2, Mahsa Servati^1,3, Nathan Ooms^1,3, Oguz Akin⁴, Alp Dincer^5,6, M. Albert Thomas⁷, Ulrike Dydak^1,3, and Uzay E Emir^1,8
		¹School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, ²Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia, ³Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States, ⁵Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey, ⁶Center for Neuroradiological Applications and Research, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey, ⁷Department of Radiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁸Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
		MRS could be useful for characterization of the renal cell carcinoma by detecting lipid content. However, single-voxel MRS cannot show the distribution of lipids for heterogeneous tumors. We propose a fast MRSI sequence to map the distribution of lipid metabolites within a clinically acceptable time frame at 3T. The proposed MRSI technique provided high-quality data with reproducible quantitative outputs. The coefficient of variance for the quantified fat fraction was less than 1%.

2642		Fat suppression efficiency in kidney diffusion imaging with different techniques
		Jingjun Wu¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhongping Zhang², Dahua Cui¹, Lihua Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, and Bingbing Gao¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The reverse gradient technique showed equal fat suppression efficiency and higher SNR and CNR when compared to the RF inversion method in liver DWI, while the measured ADC values were consistent among the two. Chemical shift artifacts remain problematic in abdominal diffusion imaging due to the challenges in B0 field shimming, and the adoption of the optimal fat suppression technique for different application scenarios is important to balance between fat suppression, SNR, and ADC accuracy.

2643		Feasibility of highly accelerated high resolution two-dimensional T2-weighted MRIusing compressed sensing and parallel imaging in healthy kidney
		Jingjun Wu¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Xiaofang Xu², Dahua Cui¹, Lihua Chen¹, Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, and Bingbing Gao¹
		¹Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		When compared to SENSE 2, a clinical routine kidney T2WI protocol and hence the golden standard in this study, CS-SENSE with a 75% higher acceleration factor achieved comparable image quality, both qualitatively and quantitatively, while approximately halved the imaging time. CS-SENSE with acceleration factor 3.5 has the potential to replace the 2 fold SENSE acceleration as a clinical routine to increase patient comfort and throughput, which is especially beneficial for ultra-high resolution acquisitions which normally demands extended imaging time.

2644		Application of the Free-Breathing 3D Turbo Gradient Spin Echo pCASL Sequence to Assess Renal Perfusion in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
		Xiao-dong Zheng¹, Shi-hong Li¹, Guang-wu Lin¹, Cai-xia Fu², and Bernd Kühn³
		¹Department of Radiology, Hua Dong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, ²MR Application Development, Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd., Shenzhen, China, ³MR Application Predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
		In this study, we aimed to compare the renal blood flow (RBF) values obtained with the 3D Turbo Gradient Spin Echo (TGSE) pCASL sequence with glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) measured using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for nuclide nephro-dynamic imaging to assess renal perfusion in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Our study demonstrated that the RBF values were well correlated with GFR, indicating that the 3D-TGSE pCASL sequence could be used as an alternative - method for the prediction of early diabetic nephropathy.

2645		Explore the performance of compressed-SENSE accelerated 3D mDIXON on kidney of healthy subjects
		Lijuan Sun¹, Qingwei Song¹, Meiyu Sun¹, Dianxiu Ning¹, Nan Zhang¹, Nan Wang¹, Jiazheng Wang², and Liangjie Lin²
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		The compressed sensing (CS) technique, which implements k-space sparses ampling and iterative reconstruction algorithm, has now been widely used in acceleration of MR examinations of various anatomies and anatomical contrasts. This study aims to explore the performance of 3D water-fact imaging accelerated using a combination of compressed-sensing and sensitivity encoding on kidney of healthy subjects. Several acceleration factors of the proposed technique were compared against the traditional sensitivity-encoding technique and an acceleration factor of 2 was recommended for a balance between imaging time and image quality.

2646		3D amide proton transfer MR imaging of kidney: a feasibility study
		Nan Wang¹, Ailian Liu¹, Jiazheng Wang², Zhiwei Shen², Qingwei Song¹, Renwang Pu¹, Bingbing Gao¹, and Lihua Chen¹
		¹The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		MRI imaging is a radiographic imaging technology widely used in human body. The application of MRI at the molecular level had became a hot research topic in the near future. 3D amide proton transfer weighted(APTw) MR imaging is a new contrast-agent-free MRI technique that addresses the need for a more confident diagnosis in oncology^[1,2]. The APTw was widely used in the nervous system. Recently, The APTw was gradually applied to the abdomen^[3,4]. At present, there is no related research reported on renal APT imaging.

2647		Retrospective affine motion correction of arterial spin labeling kidney perfusion measurements
		Steffen Ringgaard¹ and Anne Dorte Blankholm²
		¹MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, ²Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
		When doing arterial spin labeling perfusion measurements in the kidneys, respiratory motion is an important issue. We compared different methods for doing retrospective motion correction of single-shot ASL images. We evaluated the temporal signal variation in the cortex after correction by translation, translation+rotation and affine transformation and found that the variation was lowest when using full affine correction. Besides, we also compared different similarity measures as used during the motion correction.

2648		Kidney segmentation using dual neural network and one-shot deep learning
		Junyu Guo¹ and Ivan Pedrosa¹
		¹Radiology, UT southwestern medical center, Dallas, TX, United States
		Image segmentation is important for quantitative analysis in many medical applications. Although deep learning methods generate segmentation with high accuracy, the model has to be trained for different organs and image modalities. These training processes are very time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the requirements of drawing masks manually. In this project, we present a dual neural network method trained using one set of 3D MRI data from a single subject. We demonstrate the feasibility of using a single 3D dataset to train a dual neural network for kidney segmentation, which greatly reduce the burden of drawing masks for large datasets.

2649		Segmentation and 3D Anatomical Renderings of Pelvic MRI Allow Quantitative Analysis of Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy
		Lucille E Anzia¹, Cody J Johnson¹, Diego Hernando¹, Wade A Bushman², Shane A Wells¹, and Alejandro Roldán-Alzate³
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Urology, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Previous anatomic studies of the lower urinary tract predominantly utilize ultrasound and computed tomography. We present a novel method for measuring bladder wall volume (BWV), bladder wall thickness (BWT) and prostate volume (PV) using 30 (14 male) patients aged 30-39. Through MRI segmentation of the bladder and prostate in Mimics software, 3D models were quantified for BWV and PV. 3-matic was used to measure BWT. There were no significant differences in BWV or BWT between males and females (p=0.52,0.25). Mean PV was 28.7cm³(16.7-47.8cm³). Non-significant variations in BWT were observed regionally. Future directions will use this methodology across age groups.