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Digital Poster - Cardiovascular Weekend and Oral

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Cardiovascular Digital Poster

Myocardial Tissue Characterization and Perfusion

2045 - 2104

Cardiovascular Applications

2105 - 2191

Cardiovascular Techniques

2192 - 2280

Myocardial Tissue Characterization 1

Myocardial Tissue Characterization and Perfusion

Cardiovascular

2045		3D Whole-heart Motion Compensated Grey-blood Late Gadolinium Enhancement Imaging
		Giorgia Milotta¹, Camila Munoz¹, Karl Kunze¹, Radhouene Neji¹, Stefano Figliozzi¹, PierGiorgio Masci¹, Claudia Prieto¹, and Rene Botnar¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
		Grey-blood phase-sensitive inversion-recovery (PSIR) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging has shown promising and robust results for the assessment of myocardium viability. Conventionally 2D grey-blood LGE images are acquired under several breath-holds in different image orientations to depict scar extension. However, these approaches achieve limited spatial resolution and coverage and can be challenging in un-collaborative patients. In this work, we have proposed a free-breathing 3D whole-heart LGE sequence with water/fat Dixon encoding and blood nulling which provides grey-blood PSIR images with isotropic resolution for scar visualization and complementary 3D fat images for pericardial and myocardial adipose tissue detection in ~6min.

2046		Model-based reconstruction for simultaneous multi-slice myocardial T1 mapping using single-shot inversion-recovery radial FLASH
		Xiaoqing Wang^1,2, Sebastian Rosenzweig^1,2, and Martin Uecker^1,2
		¹Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology of the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, ²DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
		Fast multi-slice myocardial T1 mapping is of great interest in clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. This work extends a simultaneous-multi-slice (SMS) model-based reconstruction method for 3-slice myocardial T1 mapping using single-shot Inversion-recovery radial FLASH. Initial results on experimental phantom and one healthy volunteer have demonstrated simultaneous 3-slice myocardial T1 mapping (1.6 x 1.6 x 8 mm³ ) might be feasible within a single inversion recovery of 4 s. More clinical validations of the proposed method will be explored in future studies.

2047		AI-driven Multi-Feature based Blood Hematocrit Prediction for Myocardial Extracellular Volume Quantification
		Young-Jung Yang¹, Pan Ki Kim¹, Jinho Park¹, Yoo Jin Hong¹, Chul Hwan Park², and Byoung Wook Choi¹
		¹Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ²Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
		Blood hematocrit is needed for myocardial ECV. To determine the hematocrit, blood sampling is the standard way, but it is invasive and time-consuming. To avoid the inconvenience of blood sampling, synthetic derivation of hematocrit was suggested in recent studies. In here, we derived the Hct using three prediction methods with multi-features of patient. Investigated methods include the linear regression and AI apporaches. We hypothesized that AI driven multi-feature based synthetic Hct would be more precise than the linear regression. The results of synthetic methods were compared with the laboratory Hct (Lab-Hct) and conventional ECV (Conv-ECV) as the reference.

2048		Magnetization Transfer Contribution to Balanced SSFP Image Contrast in Chronic Myocardial Infarction
		Xinheng Zhang^1,2, Hsin-Jung Yang², Richard Tang², and Rohan Dharmakumar^2,3
		¹Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		Magnetization Transfer (MT) effect in balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) has been demonstrated in acute myocardial infarction (MI). However, whether MT effect influences image contrast in bSSFP acquisitions of chronic MI has not been investigated. We studied this using a collagen phantom and large animal models with chronic MI. We found the bSSFP MT ratio to be more than 2-fold higher in the chronic MI zone compared to uninfarcted myocardium. Our findings support the notion that a strong MT contrast in bSSFP acquisitions, likely from collagen deposition within chronic MI, is available for discriminating chronic MI territories without contrast agents.

2049		Influence of hydration status on myocardial T1 and T2 relaxation time measurements: an intraindividual study in healthy volunteers
		Julian A. Luetkens¹, Marilia Voigt¹, Anton Faron¹, Alexander Isaak¹, Darius Dabir¹, Alois M. Sprinkart¹, Daniel Kuetting¹, Ulrike Attenberger¹, and Daniel Thomas¹
		¹Radiology, Universityhospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
		Myocardial T1 and T2 mapping allow for non-invasive quantification of myocardial tissue alterations. Several confounders can influence correct relaxation time assessment. However, the effect of physiological changes in myocardial water content has not been investigated yet. In an intraindividual cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, we investigated 12 healthy volunteers at baseline, after 10-12 hours of fasting and after rehydration. Especially after dehydration, T1 and T2 relaxation times were reduced compared to baseline indicating a detectable effect of the hydration status on relaxation time assessment. Hydration status should therefore be recognized as a possible confounder of T1 and T2 mapping.

2050		Sensitivity of Cardiac Diffusion Encoding Waveforms to Myocardial Extracellular Volume: A simulation study
		Kevin Moulin¹, Magalie Viallon², Nyasha Maforo^3,4, Valentina Mazzoli¹, Pierre Croisille², and Daniel Ennis^1,5,6
		¹Department of Radiological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, INSA, CNRS UMR 5520, INSERM U1206, CREATIS, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France, ³Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁴Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁵Division of Radiology, Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ⁶Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
		In vivo cardiac DWI is sensitive to cardiac bulk motion and requires second-order motion compensated gradient designs. Even for a fixed b-value, motion and non-motion compensated diffusion encoding gradient waveforms have different lobe durations, number of encoding lobes, and diffusion encoding times (Δ). It remains unclear if these gradient waveforms have the same sensitivity to intra- and extra-cellular diffusion and to ECV changes. The objective of this work was to analyze the sensitivity of various gradient waveforms (fixed b-value) to a change in ECV by simulating molecular displacements in a two-compartment model.

2051		Right ventriclar myocardial strain in chronic total occlusion patients by cardiac magnetic resonance tissue tracking: a polit study
		Xin Li ¹, Zhiyong Li¹, Qingwei Song¹, and Ailian Liu¹
		¹First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
		We try to valuate right ventricular myocardial strain in CTO patients using cardiac magnetic resonance tissue tracking. In this study we found that in CTO patients, even though the structural and functional parameters of right ventricle were normal, the strain condition had already compensated. Besides,compared with LGE area, strain is more correlated with LVEF.

2052		Optimizing Myocardium T2* Mapping using a Novel Multi-Dimension Integration (MDI) Method
		Wenbo Sun¹, Lan Lan¹, Junpu Hu², Yanqun Teng², Yongquan Ye³, Jingyuan Lyu³, Jian Xu³, Haibo Xu¹, and XiaoChun Zhang¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, ²United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³UIH America Inc., Houston, TX, United States
		Traditional myocardium T2* mapping based on curve fitting methods generally suffers from artifacts, suboptimal SNR and poor reproducibility. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of a novel multi-dimension integration (MDI) method on myocardium T2* mapping. Five patients with known myocardial infarction were recruited. The MDI method was compared with curve fitting methods based on exponential and linear models. Results showed our MDI method had higher image quality and diagnose sensitivity, as well as much faster computation speed than curve fitting methods. MDI has the potential to provide accurate and reliable measurements for myocardial iron content.

2053		Motion-Sensitive (MoSe) CINE imaging: utility for improving robustness of myocardial quantitative mapping
		Isao Shiina¹, Michinobu Nagao², Masami Yoneyama³, Yasuhiro Goto¹, Kazuo Kodaira¹, Yutaka Hamatani¹, Mamoru Takeyama¹, Isao Tanaka¹, and Shuji Sakai²
		¹Department of Radiological Services, Women's Medical University Hospital, tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Diagnostic imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Women's Medical University Hospital, tokyo, Japan, ³Philips Japan, tokyo, Japan
		Motion-Sensitive (MoSe) CINE imaging, based on T2FFE (also known as PSIF) sequence, could clearly visualize the motion-insensitive cardiac timing due to its motion sensitivity and it point out when is the best timing to trigger for both systole and diastole to prevent signal loss and/or motion artifacts effectively. Confirming the MoSe CINE imaging in addition to conventional bSSFP CINE imaging could be useful to determine accurate trigger delay (TD) setting which leads to increase the robustness of image quality in quantitative myocardial mapping and other imaging such as T2-weighted imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging.

2054		Fast T1rho mapping in mice using an optimized Bloch simulation based radial sampling pattern
		Maximilian Gram^1,2, Daniel Gensler^1,3, Patrick Winter^1,2, Michael Seethaler^2,3, Peter Nordbeck^1,3, and Peter Jakob²
		¹Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, ²Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, ³Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
		Myocardial T_1ρ-mapping in small animal studies is still a challenging procedure. Commonly, T_1ρ-mapping requires long measurement times or only provides insufficient image quality due to a low signal-to-noise-ratio. Using a novel approach based on an optimized radial sampling pattern and high flip angles, we were able to overcome both restrictions. By a special sorting of golden angles based on Bloch simulations the image quality of the method could be significantly increased, and a high quantification accuracy could be realized. Thus, the new approach is a reliable method for fast T_1ρ-mapping in future studies on small animals.

2055		Reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on 12 clinical scanners: Towards validation of cardiac DTI sequences.
		Irvin Teh¹, William Romero², Erica Dall'Armellina¹, Daniel Ennis³, Pedro F. Ferreira⁴, Prateek Kalra⁵, Arunark Kolipaka⁵, Sebastian Kozerke⁶, David Lohr⁷, Kevin Moulin⁸, Christopher Nguyen⁹, Sonia Nielles-Vallespin⁴, Beau Pontre¹⁰, Laura M. Schreiber⁷, Andrew Scott⁴, David Sosnovik⁹, Christian T. Stoeck⁶, Cyril Tous¹¹, Elizabeth Tunnicliffe¹², Vicky Wang¹³, Andreas M. Weng¹⁴, Alistair Young¹⁵, Pierre Croisille², Magalie Viallon², and Jürgen E. Schneider¹
		¹Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ²Université de Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, INSA, CNRS UMR 5520, INSERM U1206, CREATIS, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France, ³Department of Radiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ⁴Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, ⁵Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States, ⁶Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, ⁷Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany, ⁸Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ⁹Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ¹⁰Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, ¹¹Department of Radiology, Radiation-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, ¹²University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ¹³San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States, ¹⁴Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, ¹⁵Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
		Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is increasingly used for non-invasive in vivo characterisation of cardiac microstructure. To help reconcile the variation in DTI metrics in the literature, we investigated the inter- and intra-site variation of DTI across twelve clinical scanners. Data were acquired at two time points, with a standardised isotropic phantom, acquisition, and post-processing pipeline. In water at 0°C, the coefficient of variation of mean diffusivity (MD) across sites was 1.9 ± 1.4% (mean ± SD), while the mean difference across two scans was (-0.010 ± 0.098) × 10^-3mm²/s (mean ± 1.96SD), indicating low bias and good reproducibility.

2056		Fast Myocardial T1 Mapping in Mice at 11.7 T using DESPOT and continuous tiny golden Angle Acquisitions
		Tobias Speidel¹, Hao Li¹, Micha Bischoff¹, Patrick Metze², and Volker Rasche²
		¹Core-Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, ²Experimental Cardiovascular MRI, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
		In magnetic resonance imaging, T1 mapping is a valuable tool for investigating structural alterations of the heart due to cardiomyopathy. This work presents a fast T1 mapping method based on DESPOT in combination with continuous radial tiny golden angle acquisitions. The suggested method was tested at 11.7 T and compared to DESPOT based on respiratory and cardiac gated FLASH data. Average values of both measurements are in good accordance to one another as well as to recent literature findings. The presented method is capable of acquiring qualitative and quantitative 2D T1 maps of the myocardium in under 25 s.

2057		Impact of calibration-based coil combination on myocardial fibrosis assessment with a 3D Delayed Myocardial Enhancement sequence prototype
		Gaspar Delso¹, Paz Garre², Francisco Alarcón², Daniel Lorenzatti², Julián Vega², Teresa M. Caralt², Adelina Doltra², José T. Ortiz-Pérez², Rosario J. Perea², Susanna Prat², Lluís Mont², Marta Sitges², and Martin Janich³
		¹ASL MR, GE Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain, ²Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, ³GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany
		We present the results of a comparative study of the impact of clinically available MR coil combination methods on the diagnostic value of 3D Delayed Myocardial Enhancement data, with a focus on arrhythmogenic tissue analysis.

Myocardial Tissue Characterization 2

Myocardial Tissue Characterization and Perfusion

Cardiovascular

2058		Fast single-breathhold 2D multi-slice myocardial T1 mapping (FAST1) at 3T for time-efficient full left ventricular coverage
		Li Huang¹, Radhouene Neji^1,2, Muhummad Sohaib Nazir¹, Amedeo Chiribiri¹, Reza Razavi¹, and Sébastien Roujol¹
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom
		Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) as a commonly used myocardial T1 mapping approach shows high precision and reproducibility. Its limited capability in multi-slice acquisition per breathhold prolongs examination time in cases of desired full left ventricular coverage. The previously proposed fast single-breathhold 2D multi-slice myocardial T1 mapping (FAST1) technique can achieve time-efficient full left ventricular coverage at 1.5T. In this work, this capability of FAST1 at 3T is optimized and characterized. Compared to MOLLI, FAST1 can yield 4-fold increase of spatial coverage, limited penalty of T1 spatial variability, no significant difference of T1 repeatability and linearly correlated T1 values.

2059		Improved Image Quality for 3D LGE Scar Imaging in Patients with Fast and Variable Heart Rate: a Simulation Study.
		Jack Allen^1,2, Peter Gatehouse^1,2, Rick Wage¹, David Firmin^1,2, and Jennifer Keegan^1,2
		¹Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom, ²National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
		3D LGE is used to assess scar in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, the fast and variable heart rate in these patients results in poor image quality. An existing dynamic-TI method varies inversion time on a beat-by-beat basis (according to the previous cardiac cycle length) to improve myocardial nulling, but blood signal variations are incompletely corrected and cause ghosting. We have developed an improved technique which bases the beat-by-beat TI on the history of RR intervals (rather than the previous one) and reduces blood signal variations while maintaining myocardial nulling. Simulations with patient RR interval distributions show significantly improved results.

2060		3D left atrial LGE MRI at 1.5 Tesla: calibration of fibrosis cut point and initial evaluation in patients with and without atrial fibrillation
		Suvai Gunasekaran¹, Mohammed S.M. Elbaz¹, Daniel Lee¹, Michael Markl¹, Rod Passman¹, and Daniel Kim¹
		¹Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
		Given the thin nature of the left atrial (LA) wall and the need to perform respiratory gating, the clinical translation of LA late gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) MRI has proven challenging, particularly at 1.5 Tesla. To address this, a recent study described development of a self-navigated, free-breathing 3D LA LGE pulse sequence using stack-of-stars k-space sampling and XD-GRASP reconstruction. Here, we aim to derive the cut point for LA fibrosis for this 3D LA LGE technique, by using image intensity ratio (LA wall/blood signal) of healthy volunteers, and evaluate LA fibrosis in patients with and without atrial fibrillation.

2061		Rapid free-breathing 3D isotropic whole-heart diastolic and systolic myocardial T2mapping
		Masami Yoneyama¹, Michinobu Nagao², Yasuhiro Goto³, Shuo Zhang⁴, Isao Shiina³, Kazuo Kodaira³, Yutaka Hamatani³, and Marc Van Cauteren⁵
		¹Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan, ³Department of Radiological Services,, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan, ⁴Philips Healthcare, Hamburg, Germany, ⁵Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands
		Current myocardial T2-mapping based on either segmented or single-shot readout obtains one 2D slice per breath hold. To overcome the limitations in spatial coverage and breath hold dependence, we report free-breathing 3D isotropic whole-heart T2 mapping using a T2-prepared segmented gradient echo sequence with interleaved scan, which enables quantitative mapping at multiple cardiac phases such as late diastole and systole. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach with comparison to the conventional techniques in healthy volunteer examination.

2062		Late gadolinium enhancement imaging at low field using through-time spiral GRAPPA
		Dominique Franson¹, Rajiv Ramasawmy², Nicole Seiberlich^1,3, and Adrienne Campbell-Washburn²
		¹Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States, ²National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, ³University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
		A free-breathing late gadolinium enhancement scan may be beneficial for patients who have difficulty with breath-holds. However, the fast data acquisition needed may be difficult to achieve at low field strengths. Here, an undersampled spiral (R=3) acquisition with a through-time spiral GRAPPA reconstruction is used to achieve high spatial (1.25 x 1.25 mm²) and temporal (139 ms acquisition window) resolution for LGE imaging at 0.55T. The resulting images have qualitatively good contrast-to-noise between lesions and healthy myocardium, with acceptable SNR and without motion blurring.

2063		Quantitative assessment of the effect of alcohol on myocardial tissues with T1 rho and T1 mapping
		Xiaomeng Wu¹, Shuai Liu², Zhangxuan Hu², Tan Gong¹, Xue Lin³, Hua Guo², Weitian Chen⁴, Fei Shang¹, and Xihai Zhao²
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, ²Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ³Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁴Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
		Quantitative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) imaging has been widely used in detection of myocardial diseases. In this study, T1 rho and T1 mapping MR imaging were performed in subjects with and without alcohol consumption to assess the impact of drinking on the heart. The results suggested that compared with healthy controls, heavy alcohol consumption may lead to detectable changes in myocardial tissues, while moderate alcohol consumption showed no significant difference. In addition, T1 mapping was more sensitive to detect myocardial changes caused by alcohol than T1 rho.

2064		Dynamic changes of tissue characteristics by T1 and T2 mapping in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy
		Yaodan Liang¹, Yuanwei Xu², Weihao Li², Jing An³, and Yucheng Chen²
		¹Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China, ³Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Shenzhen, China
		This study aimed to demonstrate the dynamic changes of tissue characteristics in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) examination was performed using a 3.0T MR scanner, consisted of a MOLLI sequence for T1 mapping, and a T2 prep with bSSFP for T2 mapping. Ten PPCM patients with repeated CMR and 20 healthy age-matched females were analyzed. After a median 15.3-month follow-up, five patients had a recovered left ventricular ejection fraction. PPCM patients showed significantly higher native T1, extracellular volume, and T2 than normal controls. Furthermore, native T1 decreases significantly in the follow-up CMR of PPCM patients.

2065		The repeatability in the assessment of hyperemic myocardium native T1 using a MRI-compatible ergometer pedal exerciser.
		Bo He¹, Jie Zheng², and Fabao Gao¹
		¹Radiology, Medical Imaging，West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu， Sichuan, China, ²Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington, WA, United States
		10 healthy volunteers underwent rest and stress Free-breathing myocardial native T1 mapping CMR scanning twice in a 3.0T MR scanner in midventricular short-axis position using a custom-made MRI-compatible ergometer pedal exerciser. It was demonstrated that T1 reactivity (ΔT1 values) had a moderate reliability and an excellent repeatability. The assessment of native myocardial T1 value using the pedal exerciser CMR stress/rest T1 mapping holds promise for myocardium ischemia detection without injecting gadolinium contrast agents and pharmacologic agents, also shows an excellent repeatability to demonstrates for the first time that normal myocardium has distinctive ranges of T1 reactivity to exercise stress.

2066		Correlation between changes in cardiac iron and hepatic iron in pediatric patients with thalassemia major
		Antonella Meloni¹, Maddalena Casale^2,3, Aldo Filosa², Laura Pistoia¹, Vincenzo Positano¹, Emanuele Grassedonio⁴, Elda Chiara Resta⁵, Gennaro Restaino⁶, Riccardo Righi⁷, Lorella Pitrolo⁸, Antonella Quarta⁹, and Alessia Pepe¹
		¹MRI Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy, ²Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale "A. Cardarelli", Napoli, Italy, ³Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy, ⁴Policlinico "Paolo Giaccone", Palermo, Italy, ⁵Ospedale “SS. Annunziata”, Taranto, Italy, ⁶Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura "Giovanni Paolo II", Campobasso, Italy, ⁷Ospedale del Delta, Lagosanto (FE), Italy, ⁸Ospedale "V. Cervello", Palermo, Italy, ⁹Ospedale "A. Perrino", Brindisi, Italy
		In pediatric thalassemia major patients who performed a baseline and a follow-up MRI study at 18±3 months the percentage changes in global heart T2* values per month were not influenced by initial hepatic iron levels and were not correlated to final hepatic iron. Moreover, the correlation between % changes in global heart T2* and MRI liver iron concentration values did not reach the statistical significance So, our data seem not supporting the hypothesis for which it is necessary to clean the liver before removing iron from the heart.

2067		Accelerated and non-rigid motion-corrected 3D T2 mapping in a 3T PET-MR system
		Alina Psenicny¹, Camila Munoz¹, Aurélien Bustin¹, Karl P Kunze², Radhouene Neji^1,2, Pier-Giorgio Masci¹, René M Botnar¹, and Claudia Prieto¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom
		Simultaneous ¹⁸F-FDG PET-MR imaging has shown promise for improved diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory cardiac diseases, such as cardiac sarcoidosis. However, respiratory motion and mis-registration between free-breathing 3D PET and conventional 2D breath-held MR images remain a challenge that has hindered clinical adoption of this technique. Here we introduce a 3x-accelerated free-breathing motion-corrected 3D whole-heart T₂-mapping prototype sequence, which provides characterisation of myocardial inflammation while additionally providing non-rigid respiratory deformation fields to correct simultaneously acquired PET data. Results from phantom, healthy subjects and patients show that the method produces good-quality high-resolution 3D T₂ maps from an efficient scan of ~10 minutes.

2068		Respiratory motion-registered isotropic 3D whole-heart T2 mapping in patients with suspected inflammatory myocardial injury
		Karolina Dorniak¹, Lorenzo Di Sopra², Agniezka Sabisz³, Anna Glinska³, Christopher W Roy², Kamil Gorczewski⁴, Davide Piccini^2,5, Jérôme Yerly^2,6, Jadwiga Fijałkowska³, Edyta Szurowska³, Matthias Stuber^2,6, and Ruud B van Heeswijk²
		¹Department of Noninvasive Cardiac Diagnostics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland, ²Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland, ³2nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland, ⁴Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany, ⁵Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁶Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
		T₂ mapping can be used to effectively detect myocardial edema and inflammation. However, the focal nature of myocardial inflammation may render 2D approaches suboptimal and make whole-heart isotropic 3D mapping desirable. Unfortunately, at 1.5T, self-navigated 3D radial bSSFP results in too noisy images for adequate T₂ mapping. In this study, we therefore used a respiratory motion-resolved reconstruction together with image registration to improve the 3D T₂ mapping precision and accuracy at 1.5T in patients with inflammatory myocardial injury. The resulting myocardial T₂ values matched those of the routine 2D T₂ maps, with no discernible bias and slightly lower precision.

2069		Multiphase CINE T2*-mapping of the mouse heart at 9.4 tesla
		Sandra Lehmann^1,2, Min-Chi Ku^1,3, Joao dos Santos Periquito¹, Han Haopeng¹, Andreas Pohlmann¹, and Thoralf Niendorf^1,3,4
		¹Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany, ²Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, ³DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany, ⁴Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charite Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
		Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most frequent inherited monogenic heart disease and could lead to heart failure or even sudden cardiac death. Effective relaxation time T₂* is related to different physiological parameters. Dynamic CINE mapping of T₂* covering the entire cardiac cycle facilitates distinction of healthy and pathologic myocardial tissue. Here we propose, implement, evaluate and apply an effective approach of retrospective cardiac gating that affords for the first time CINE T₂*-mapping in mice at 9.4T and provides the technological basis for translational research into a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

2070		Evaluation of factors contributing to the correction of the effect of heartrate variation on MOLLI using BlochSolver
		Yuta Endo¹, Rei Ikegawa¹, Kuninori Kobayashi¹, Makoto Amanuma¹, and Shigehide Kuhara¹
		¹Kyorin University Faculty of Heaith Science, Mitaka, Japan
		Fast cardiac T1 mapping including MOLLI with ECG-gating leads to poorer T1 measurement accuracy, since the recovery time of the longitudinal magnetization changes with heart rate variation. Ikekawa et al. proposed correction methods for the changes in the inversion recovery time at each sampling point and in that of longitudinal magnetization on the heartrate variation; however, the specific factor that predominantly improves T1 measurement remains unclear. Here, we investigated the dominant effect of the proposed correction method in the effect of heartrate variation on T1 measurement using BlochSolver.

2071		Cardiac Remodeling After Military Endurance Training: A Preliminary Study of Cardiac MRI Cine
		Hongqin Liang¹, Liqiang Zhu², Bing Ji¹, Qing Li³, Xiaoyue Zhou⁴, and Jian Wang¹
		¹Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China, ²The Central Theater Command Air Force Hospital of PLA, Datong, China, ³Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China, ⁴Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Shanghai, China
		Long-term military training leads to the remodeling of the heart and may cause exercise-induced myocardial injury (EIMI). The mechanism of heart remodeling is studied by using cardiac cine MRI to estimate left ventricular cardiac function and global stress. This study found that prolonged and intensive training lasting 4 years leads to cardiac morphological adaptations. Contrary to conventional thinking, left ventricular function changes happens earlier than the mechanical direction.

2072		High Resolution Imaging of the Ex-Vivo Porcine Heart at 7T Using a Dedicated Custom Built 8TX/16RX Array: Quality Assessment
		David Lohr¹, Maxim Terekhov¹, Ibrahim A. Elabyad¹, Franziska Veit², and Laura Maria Schreiber¹
		¹Chair of Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, ²Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
		MRI measurements of ex-vivo hearts at ultrahigh field strengths (≥7T) can provide high resolution, high fidelity ground truth data that complement clinical cardiac MRI. In this study we demonstrate ex-vivo sample preparation steps and capabilities of a custom built, multiple element transceiver array dedicated to high resolution imaging of ex-vivo hearts. Measurements included whole heart data for T₂^* maps, a high resolution 3D FLASH, as well as high resolution DTI. We found that receive sensitivity of the dedicated coil was superior to a commercial head coil and that SNR was similar, even without the application of B₁-shim.

2073		Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping Enables Endogenous Contrast Between Normal and Infarcted Myocardium.
		Anna V Naumova¹, Lauren E Neidig^2,3,4, Hiroshi Tsuchida^2,3, Kenta Nakamura⁵, Charles E Murry^2,3, and Vasily L Yarnykh¹
		¹Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ²Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ³Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁴Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁵Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
		This pilot study shows the feasibility of fast MPF mapping in cardiac applications in the clinical magnetic field using a large-animal model. The results demonstrate that MPF maps present the effective source of the quantitative soft tissue endogenous contrast in sub-acute myocardial infarction and can be obtained with high spatial and temporal resolution.

Myocardial Tissue Characterization 3

Myocardial Tissue Characterization and Perfusion

Cardiovascular

2074		Correcting for T2* related blurring in spiral MR: A novel method compensating for spatial variations in T2*
		Malte Roehl^1,2, Peter Gatehouse^1,2, Pedro Ferreira^1,2, Sonia Nielles-Vallespin^1,2, Sonya Babu-Narayan^1,2, Margarita Gorodezky^1,2, Hui Xue³, Peter Kellman³, Dudley Pennell^1,2, David Firmin^1,2, and Andrew Scott^1,2
		¹Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom, ³NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
		In regions of short T2decay during long spiral k-space covering readouts can cause significant image blurring. In this work we introduce a novel correction for spatially varying T2 including a stimulated echo-based spiral T2* mapping sequence and compare it to an existing correction for constant T2*. Using both computational simulations and in-vivo spiral cardiac diffusion tensor data we show that the spatially varying correction improves the sharpness compared to the constant correction.

2075		Right ventricular T1-mapping in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and healthy controls at 3T
		Seraina A. Dual^1,2, Nyasha G. Maforo^3,4, Patrick Magrath^1,5, Doff B. McElHinney⁶, Ashley Prosper⁵, Holden H. Wu^4,5, Nancy Halnon⁷, Shiraz Maskatia^6,8, Pierangelo Renella^3,5, and Daniel B. Ennis^1,8,9
		¹Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ²Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ³Physics and Biology in Medicine Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁴Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁵Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁶Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ⁷Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁸Maternal & Child Health Research Insitute, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ⁹Cardiovascular Insitute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
		Early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) allows for timely therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the association between native T1 in the right ventricle (RV) and cardiac involvement as marked by decreased left ventricular (LV) or RV ejection fraction (EF). Healthy boys (N=10) and boys with DMD (N=16) underwent 3T cardiac MR using motion-corrected gradient-MOLLI T1-mapping, a clinically routine protocol. RV-T1 did not correlate with LVEF or RVEF. Longer native LV-T1 was associated with lower LVEF. Based on this data, native RV-T1 does not provide insight to cardiac involvement in DMD.

2076		Arrhythmia Insensitive Rapid versus Modified Look Locker Inversion Recovery T1 mapping in mitral valve prolapse patients
		Ernest Cheung¹, Hui-Chen Han¹, Emma Hornsey¹, Leonid Churilov^2,3, Kyung Pyo Hong⁴, Han Lim^1,2, Julie Smith¹, Daniel Kim⁴, and Ruth Lim^1,2
		¹Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia, ²The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, ³The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, ⁴Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
		We compare two cardiac T1 mapping techniques, arrhythmia insensitive rapid (AIR) which is a saturation recovery technique acquired in a short breath-hold and robust to arrhythmia, and Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI), in 55 patients with mitral valve prolapse. There was excellent inter-reader agreement in T1 values and extracellular volume (ECV) between techniques. However, higher T1 values were observed in AIR compared to MOLLI and vice versa for ECV, consistent with previous studies reporting significantly different T1 and ECV values between inversion recovery and saturation recovery techniques. These differences are important to consider when applying T1 mapping to clinical practice.

2077		Improvement of distortion-free cardiac diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) using motion-compensated single-shot turbo spin-echo (MoCo-TSE) DWI
		Yasuhiro Goto¹, Michinobu Nagao², Masami Yoneyama³, Isao Shiina¹, Kazuo Kodaira¹, Yutaka Hamatani¹, Mamoru Takeyama¹, Isao Tanaka¹, and Shuji Sakai²
		¹Department of Radiological Services, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Diagnostic imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ³Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		We compared the image quality of the motion-compensated (MoCo) and conventional (non-MoCo) cardiac TSE-DWI by visual evaluation and homogeneity evaluation. MC-TSE-DWI achieved superior image quality compared with non-MoCo-TSE-DWI in all b-values and all segments. MoCo-TSE-DWI improves the image quality and may increase the diagnostic potential.

2078		Dark-blood Prepared T2* Cardiac MRI Based Assessment of Intramyocardial Hemorrhage in Patients with Reperfusion Acute MI at 1.5T
		Xingmin Guan^1,2, Yinyin Chen^1,3,4, Hsin-Jung Yang¹, and Rohan Dharmakumar¹
		¹Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, ⁴Medical Imaging, Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
		Double inversion recovery preparation is often used in T2* cardiac MRI to acquire dark-blood images. We investigated the impact of dark-blood preparation on imaging of intramyocardial hemorrhage in patients with acute MI at 1.5T. SNR and CNR were compared between dark-blood and bright-blood T2* weighted images. Hemorrhage size, T2* were evaluated and compared between methods. Inter-observer reliability were reported as intraclass correlation coefficients. Our findings here support the notion that when choosing between bright-blood and dark-blood T2* cardiac MRI for the determination of intramyocardial hemorrhage in patients at 1.5T, bright-blood T2* cardiac MRI is likely the preferred approach.

2079		Extra-cellular volume (ECV) mapping using fast single-breathhold 2D multi-slice myocardial T1 mapping (FAST1) at 1.5T
		Li Huang¹, Radhouene Neji^1,2, Filippo Bosio¹, Amedeo Chiribiri¹, Reza Razavi¹, and Sébastien Roujol¹
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom
		Extra-cellular volume (ECV) mapping using combined native and post-contrast myocardial T1 maps shows promise in assessing cardiomyopathies. However, its feasibility for full left ventricular (LV) coverage is limited using conventional myocardial T1 mapping techniques such as modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) with single-slice acquisition per breathhold. The previously proposed fast single-breathhold 2D multi-slice myocardial T1 mapping (FAST1) technique can provide time-efficient full LV coverage. In this work, its capability for ECV mapping with full LV coverage at 1.5T is evaluated. Compared to MOLLI, FAST1 yields 4-fold increased spatial coverage, limited penalty of ECV spatial variability and highly correlated ECV values.

2080		Identifying early stages of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rat model using 7.0 tesla cardiac magnetic resonanc
		Shiyu Wang¹ and Fabao Gao¹
		¹Department of Radiology, West China Hospital / West China School of Medicine, Chengdu, China
		the aim of this study is to identify early stages of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in rat model using 7.0 tesla cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) combining creatine kinase isoenzymes (CKMB).Comparison of Ejection fraction (EF), Global radial (GRS), circumferential (GCS) and longitudinal strain (GLS) parameters of LV and CKMB between experimental groups and controls at 4,6, 8, 10 weeks.CKMB can detect DOX-induced cardiotoxicity at the earliest time. Decreased GLS during treatment identifies impaired LV mechanic as an early marker of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, in the absence of EF. CKMB and CMR-TT are an effective method to evaluate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity at early stage.

2081		3D cardiac T1 and T2 mapping in a single breath-hold via compressed SENSE at 3T
		Tiago Ferreira da Silva^1,2, Paula Montesinos¹, Carlos Galan-Arriola², Robert Austin Benn², Borja Ibañez^2,3, and Javier Sánchez-González¹
		¹Philips Healthcare Iberia, Madrid, Spain, ²Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, ³Department of Cardiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
		We propose a new 3D simultaneous T1 and T2 mapping technique to acquire accurate co-registered 3D T1 and T2 maps of the entire left ventricle in a single breath-hold. The technique combines T2-prep and saturation pulses with compressed SENSE. The proposed sequence successfully acquired co-registered 3D T1 and T2 maps in a single breath-hold of 17 s (HR=60 bpm). Phantom estimated T1 and T2 values were in agreement with gold-standard values obtained from IR-SE and GraSE, respectively. Accuracy and precision results were similar to previously published values for saturation recovery at 3T.

2082		Tissue Characterization by Mapping and Strain Cardiac MR for Detection and Monitoring of Myocardial Injury in Fulminant Myocarditis
		Haojie Li¹, Hui Zhu¹, Zhaoxia Yang¹, and Liming Xia¹
		¹Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
		Fulminant myocarditis is a rare form of acute severe myocarditis and accurate detection and monitoring of the inflammatory myocardial edema is essential for clinical decision-making. We therefore evaluated the ability of multiparametric CMR to detect and monitor the inflammation myocardial alterations and to differentiate acute and convalescent stage of fulminant myocarditis.

2083		T1 mapping in chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease using two Modified Look-Locker schemes
		Maria Teodora Antuaneta Wetscherek¹, Christian Lücke², Philipp Lurz³, and Matthias Gutberlet²
		¹Radiology Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Leipzig – Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, ³Department of Cardiology, University Leipzig – Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
		.The purpose of our study was to evaluate T1-mapping for the comparison of chronic myocarditis, nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and hypertensive heart disease using two MOLLI schemes in a clinical setting. We prospectively enrolled 81 patients investigated for suspected myocarditis that underwent a cardiac magnetic resonance protocol including consecutively acquired 3(3)3(3)5MOLLI and 5(3)3 MOLLI T1-mapping. We performed an overall and segmental analysis on a single mid ventricular short-axis slice. The results from the two MOLLI schemes are very similar. A segmental evaluation of 5(3)3MOLLI data could enable refining diagnosis in clinical practice, particularly when DCM is within the differential diagnoses.

2084		A novel generalized modeling of modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) signal to allow a shorter breath-hold and accurate T1 mapping
		Seonghwan Yee¹ and Seonghwan Yee²
		¹CU Anschutz medical, Aurora, CO, United States, ²Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
		A novel generalized modeling method is presented here for the MOLLI signal. When compared with the conventional 3-parameter exponential modeling, this new modeling demonstrates the better accuracy, particularly with the larger T1 values in the case of using enhanced acquisition timing scheme (e.g. 4s(1s)3s(1s)2s). The fact that this novel modeling method does not require full recovery of longitudinal magnetization in successive inversion pulses strongly suggests the possibility of further reducing the total MOLLI scan time to the level a few seconds less than 10 s, which would be much beneficial for those patients who have difficulty in holding the breath.

2085		Detection of myocardial change in primary aldosteronism and essential hypertension with T1 mapping
		Tao Wu¹, Yan Ren², Wei Cheng¹, Wei Wang², Fangli Zhou², Xiaoyue Zhou³, Yucheng Chen⁴, and Jiayu Sun¹
		¹Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China, ²Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China, ³MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthineers Ltd, Shanghai, China, ⁴Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
		Primary aldosteronism (PA) increases cardiovascular morbidity. In order to elucidate the early features of heart damage of PA, we used the cardiac MRI and T1 mapping technique to evaluate and compare cardiac function and myocardium changes in PA and essential hypertension (EH) patients. Our results found that the PA patients had higher native T1 than the EH group, while other functional parameters had no significant differences between two groups. The change of myocardium was earlier in PA patients than in EH patients, suggesting that it is mainly due to myocardial fibrosis induced by inappropriate secretion of aldosterone.

2086		Evaluation of Inhomogeneous Magnetization Transfer ihMT at 9.4T for the visualization of the Purkinje Network in the heart
		Kylian Haliot^1,2,3, Andreea Hertanu⁴, Olivier Girard⁴, Lucas Soustelle⁴, Guillaume Duhamel⁴, Julie Magat^1,2,3, and Bruno Quesson^1,2,3
		¹IHU Liryc, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac, France, ²U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, ³INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France, ⁴Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
		The Purkinje network (PN) of the heart plays a major role in cardiac electrical diseases such as in sudden cardiac death. Imaging of this fine network is of central interest to better characterize the links between electrical disorders and structural modifications of the heart. PN is composed of fibers containing cardiomyocytes surrounded by a collagen sheath (PF). In this study, we implemented inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) sequence at 9.4T and evaluate this technique on ex vivo samples of pig heart fixed into formalin. We show that ihMT is a suitable candidate to increase the contrast between PF and cardiac muscle.

2087		Radiomics Analysis for the Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Hypertrophy with MR T1-mapping
		Chenao Zhan¹, Tao Ai¹, Yayuan Geng², and Liming Xia¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, ²Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
		In clinical setting, there are three distinguishable entities presented mainly with left ventricular cardiac hypertrophy, including HCM, HHP and CA. Imaging differential diagnosis relies on LGE-CMR, and recently proposed native T1 mapping, which has high diagnostic accuracy and is potentially more sensitive for detecting disease than LGE imaging. However, both modalities are insufficient robustness for the differential diagnosis of three diseases. In this study, radiomics analysis was adopted into the differential diagnosis of cardiac hypertrophy with MR T1-mapping. And diagnostic accuracy of 0.95/0.96 can be achieved with test dataset, which is significantly improved as compared with conventional native T1 mapping.

2088		Pancreatic iron and cardiac iron and function in patients with thalassemia intermedia
		Antonella Meloni¹, Laura Pistoia¹, Vincenzo Positano¹, Giuseppe Peritore², Paolo Preziosi³, Ada Riva⁴, Massimiliano Missere⁵, Antonino Vallone⁶, Valentina Carrai⁷, F. Mehtap Pasin³, Mauro Murgia⁸, and Alessia Pepe¹
		¹MRI Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy, ²"ARNAS" Civico, Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy, ³Ospedale "Sandro Pertini", Roma, Italy, ⁴Ospedale “SS. Annunziata” ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy, ⁵Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura "Giovanni Paolo II", Campobasso, Italy, ⁶Azienda Ospedaliera "Garibaldi" Presidio Ospedaliero Nesima, Catania, Italy, ⁷Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy, ⁸Ospedale San Martino di Oristano, Oristano, Italy
		In patients with thalassemia intermedia (TI) pancreatic iron overload is frequent (58.1%), especially if regular transfusions are performed. Pancreatic T2* values were correlated with cardiac T2* values and a normal pancreas T2* showed negative predictive value of 100% for cardiac iron. Global pancreas T2* values were not correlated to biventricular volumes and ejection fraction or to myocardial fibrosis.

2089		Flow Effects on MOLLI T1 Mapping
		Zhengyang Ming^1,2, Hengjie Liu^1,2, Caroline Colbert^1,2, Kim-Lien Nguyen^1,2,3, and Peng Hu^1,2
		¹Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Physics and Biology in Medicine Inter-Departmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		T1 relaxation time for myocardial tissue represents a biomarker for a variety of pathologies. High resolution and pixel-wise T1 mapping can be acquired with Modified Look-Locker Imaging1 (MOLLI). Besides, T1 measurements of blood can be used as a reference value to calculate function parameters like extracellular volume (ECV) fraction2,3 and myocardial blood volume4.5 (MBV). Blood flow may affect blood T1 measurements and cause further deviation in calculating function parameters 6. In our work, we proposed a MOLLI-based flow model to simulate flow effect. Substantial T1 deviation may happen when the spin replacement rate is between 0.65 and 0.70.

CMR Perfusion Imaging

Myocardial Tissue Characterization and Perfusion

Cardiovascular

2090		Dual-contrast and dual-phase first-pass myocardial perfusion using simultaneous multi-slice imaging
		Giulio Ferrazzi¹, Sarah McElroy¹, Radhouene Neji^1,2, Karl Kunze^1,2, Muhummad Sohaib Nazir¹, Peter Speier³, Daniel Stäb⁴, Christoph Forman³, Reza Razavi¹, Amedeo Chiribiri¹, and Sébastien Roujol¹
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom, ³Cardiovascular MR predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Melbourne, Australia
		The clinical need of covering multiple slices in myocardial perfusion constrains the saturation delay time to be short. However, this may be suboptimal in terms of myocardial/defect tissue contrast and blood/myocardium signal ratios. Moreover, it is not possible to acquire the same slice twice, and all slices are at different cardiac phases. In this study, we develop a perfusion sequence which provides dual phase and dual contrast data using simultaneous multi-slice at two different saturation delay times. Simulations and in-vivo data acquired in patients demonstrated a 150% increase of myocardial/defect contrast, and decreased blood/myocardium signal ratio by 60 to 80%.

2091		Myocardial perfusion quantification by cardiovascular magnetic resonance is significantly affected by the arterial input sampling location
		Xenios Milidonis¹, Russell Franks¹, Kajol Verma¹, Torben Schneider^1,2, Javier Sánchez-González³, Sven Plein¹, and Amedeo Chiribiri¹
		¹King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Philips Healthcare, Guilford, United Kingdom, ³Philips Healthcare, Madrid, Spain
		The arterial input function (AIF) describes the contrast agent input to the myocardium and is required for blood flow quantification. However, the impact of the AIF sampling location on quantification by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) has yet to be determined. In this study, perfusion imaging was performed in patients with suspected CAD and blood flow was quantified for seven different locations. It was found that the sampling location has a significant impact on blood flow measurements, while the ascending aorta led to the most accurate prediction of inducible perfusion abnormalities.

2092		The importance of myocardial SNR in myocardial blood flow quantification derived from first-pass cardiac perfusion CMR
		Sungtak Hong¹, Kyungpyo Hong², Li-Yueh Hsu³, Daniel C Lee⁴, and Daniel Kim¹
		¹Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ³National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, ⁴Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
		We have recently developed a perfusion CMR pulse sequence using golden angle radial acquisitions and CS reconstruction. The radial k-space sampling allows retrospective manipulation of saturation-recovery time (TS) using k-space weighted image contrast (KWIC) filtering. This study was conducted to determine the importance of SNR in myocardial blood flow quantification derived from cardiac perfusion CMR. Our analysis shows that mean resting MBF values decreases with TS, where the result with the highest TS = 95 ms agrees best with literature value reported by cardiac PET studies.

2093		SMS-bSSFP perfusion imaging with high spatial resolution and coverage using pseudorandom undersampling and compressed sensing reconstruction
		Sarah McElroy¹, Giulio Ferrazzi¹, Sohaib Nazir¹, Karl Kunze², Radhouene Neji², Peter Speier³, Daniel Staeb⁴, Christoph Forman³, Reza Razavi¹, Amedeo Chiribiri¹, and Sébastien Roujol¹
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom, ³Cardiovascular MR Predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ⁴MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
		CMR perfusion imaging requires high temporal resolution, which limits the achievable spatial coverage and spatial resolution using conventional acquisition techniques. Simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) bSSFP perfusion imaging has been previously demonstrated at 1.5 T with matched spatial resolution and doubled spatial coverage compared to conventional protocols. In this work, we have implemented a pseudorandom undersampling scheme for SMS-bSSFP perfusion with compressed sensing reconstruction to increase in-plane acceleration of SMS-bSSFP imaging, enabling high spatial coverage and spatial resolution perfusion imaging at 1.5 T.

2094		Improved precision of T1 estimation for 1.5T quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging using a high flip angle SSFP reference image
		Sarah McElroy¹, Sohaib Nazir¹, Karl Kunze², Radhouene Neji², Amedeo Chiribiri¹, and Sébastien Roujol¹
		¹School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom
		Accurate quantification of myocardial blood flow using cardiac MR perfusion imaging requires a linear relationship between the arterial input function and myocardial signal intensity curves. Typically this condition is not fulfilled with standard contrast agent doses, but can be achieved using signal calibration techniques for direct contrast concentration quantification. These methods use a low flip angle (LFA) reference image for normalisation. However, normalisation based on a low SNR reference image results in poor precision of T1 estimates. In this study the use of a high flip angle reference image shows improved precision compared to a LFA technique.

2095		Deep Learning for Radial Myocardial Perfusion Reconstruction using 3D residual booster U-Nets
		Johnathan Le^1,2,3, Ye Tian^2,3,4, Jason Mendes^2,3, Mark Ibrahim⁵, Brent Wilson⁵, Edward DiBella^1,2,3, and Ganesh Adluru^1,2,3
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ²Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ³Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research (UCAIR), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ⁴Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ⁵Department of Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
		Although dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI has been successfully applied for characterizing coronary artery diseases, an acquisition scheme limited to 2-4 short axis slices restricts coverage of the left ventricle. Radial simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) has been shown to improve DCE cardiac perfusion by providing complete coverage of the left ventricle but also requires an increase in reconstruction time. Here we propose using a 3D residual booster U-Net to improve reconstruction time of spatio-temporal constrained reconstruction methods for radial SMS datasets. Results demonstrate promising improvements with a speed up in reconstruction by a factor of ~200.

2096		Flow Effects in AIF Measurements for Quantitative Myocardial Perfusion
		Ye Tian¹, Qi Huang¹, Jason Mendes¹, Ganesh Adluru¹, and Edward DiBella¹
		¹Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
		We study the flow effects in AIF estimation for myocardial perfusion MRI. Simulations were performed and radially acquired datasets were retrospectively analyzed. We reconstruct images using different number of rays and estimated AIF from each reconstruction. The results show an increase in peak AIF values with a longer acquisition window. For acquisition window of 125ms and 187ms, we found an averaged 10.6% and 22.9% increase when compared with acquisition window of 62ms. A low acquisition window is preferred to acquire an accurate AIF for quantitative myocardial perfusion MRI.

2097		Fourier Transform based Velocity-Selective Labeling Pulses for Myocardial ASL
		Vanessa Landes¹, Ahsan Javed², Terrence Jao³, Qin Qin^4,5, and Krishna Nayak²
		¹Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁴Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁵F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
		We present an improved velocity-selective (VS) labeling pulse for myocardial arterial spin labeling (ASL) that addresses limitations of prior pulses. The proposed pulse is designed using a Fourier Transform based Velocity-Selective (FT-VS) pulse train and optimized to label coronary blood while not labeling myocardium. Myocardial VSASL experiments were performed in healthy adult volunteers. The proposed pulse provided comparable measurements to FAIR ASL and a 2.5-fold reduction in physiological noise compared to a prior VS-ASL pulse.

2098		Quantitative myocardial perfusion with an alternating radial 2D simultaneous multi-slice and 3D stack-of-stars sequence
		Qi Huang^1,2, Ye Tian², Jason Mendes², Ganesh Adluru^1,2, and Edward DiBella^1,2
		¹Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ²Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research (UCAIR), University of Utah, salt lake city, UT, United States
		Here we propose a unique perfusion acquisition that applies a 2D/3D alternating acquisition method to obtain 2D simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) and 3D stack-of-stars (SoS) data every other heartbeat. Within each heartbeat, 2D SMS and 3D acquisitions are performed following a saturation pulse. Potential advantages include different spatio-temporal resolution and artifacts, accurate AIF acquisitions and the ability to compare the sequences directly with a single injection. Preliminary quantitative results of 7 dog and 3 human studies show the promise of this approach.

2099		The additive prognostic value of end-systolic pressure-volume relation by stress CMR in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease
		Antonella Meloni¹, Antonio De Luca², Cinzia Nugara³, Chiara Cappelletto², Camilla Cavallaro⁴, Chrysanthos Grigoratos¹, Giovanni Donato Aquaro¹, Giancarlo Todiere¹, Andrea Barison¹, Gianfranco Sinagra², Giuseppina Novo³, Germano Di Sciascio⁴, and Alessia Pepe¹
		¹MRI Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy, ²University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, ³University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, ⁴Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
		We assessed for the first time the prognostic value of the ΔESPVR (difference between peak and rest end-systolic pressure-volume relation) index evaluated during dipyridamole stress-CMR in 196 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. During a mean follow-up time of 53.17±28.21 months 50 cardiac events were recorded. In the multivariate analysis the independent predictive factors for cardiac events were diabetes, a ΔESPVR index≤0.02 mmHg/mL/m2, and myocardial fibrosis.

2100		Pressure-volume Relationship by Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: feasibility and clinical implications
		Antonella Meloni¹, Antonio De Luca², Cinzia Nugara³, Chiara Cappelletto², Camilla Cavallaro⁴, Giovanni Donato Aquaro¹, Chrysanthos Grigoratos¹, Giancarlo Todiere¹, Andrea Barison¹, Gianfranco Sinagra², Giuseppina Novo³, Germano Di Sciascio⁴, and Alessia Pepe¹
		¹MRI Unit, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy, ²University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, ³University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, ⁴Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
		We showed for the first time that the ΔESPVR index, an index of myocardial contractile function easily obtained during routine stress echocardiography, can be noninvasively calculated during a dipyridamole stress-CMR exam. The ΔESPVR index was independent from baseline LV dimensions and function while it was lower in patients with myocardial fibrosis and in patients with abnormal stress CMR. At receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, a ΔESPVR<0.02 predicted the presence of future cardiac events, being useful for additional prognostic stratification.

2101		Assessment of myocardial fractional blood volume using Fe-MRI and 3-compartment model of capillary level water exchange in patients with CKD
		Douglas Black¹, Sokratis Stoumpos¹, Michael Jerosch-Herold², Neil Chatterjee³, Peter Gatehouse⁴, Geeshath Jayasekera¹, Timothy Carroll⁵, David Kingsmore¹, Colin Berry¹, Patrick Mark¹, Giles Roditi¹, and Aleksandra Radjenovic¹
		¹University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, ²Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ³University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ⁴Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, ⁵University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		Estimates of myocardial fractional blood volume (FBV), capillary level vascular-interstitial water exchange rate and permeability surface area product were obtained in a cohort of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and a control set of healthy volunteers using iron-enhanced MRI (Fe-MRI). FBV was elevated in females, in both CKD patients and control subjects. Fe-MRI also demonstrated reduced permeability surface area product in CKD patients compared to healthy controls, and may provide unique insights into microvascular pathophysiology, particularly in patients with contraindications to gadolinium-based contrast agents.

2102		Myocardial Late Gadolinium Enhancement: Accuracy of Auto TI Inversion-Recovery Imaging vs Magnitude and Phase-Sensitivity IR images
		Rui Wang¹, Zixu Yan², Tianjing Zhang³, Xinyan Tao², Zhen Zhou⁴, Hongwei Wang⁵, Qian Qi⁶, and Lei Xu²
		¹Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Captial Medical University, Beijing, China, ²Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, ³Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Beijing Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, ⁵Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁶Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Recently, we proposed a novel LGE approach that could help radiologists/technicians automatically specify TI values .We propose a PSIR-specific TI optimization that could help automatically nulls TI while maintaining the scar-to-myocardium contrast. As a TFE preparation pulse is user defined on scanner, clinical application is readily available on current MR systems without the need for extensive optimizations, software modifications, and/or additional training.

2103		Feasibility Study of Whole Heart Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with tSMS and CS Reconstruction
		Lixian Zou^1,2, Yu Ding³, Junpu Hu⁴, Lele Zhao⁴, Jian Xu³, Hairong Zheng¹, Xin Liu¹, and Yuan Zheng³
		¹Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ²Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ³UIH America Inc., Houston, TX, United States, ⁴Shanghai United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
		Auto-calibrated multiband CAIPIRINHA with through-time encoding (tSMS) has been proposed to acquire multiple slices simultaneously without extra reference scans. Reference images are estimated from the consecutive cardiac phases at a lower temporal resolution for subsequent slice separation. We implemented the tSMS method in a myocardial perfusion sequence and explored the feasibility of whole heart perfusion imaging with tSMS and CS reconstruction retrospectively. The preferable in-vivo results demonstrated the whole heart perfusion imaging is feasible using the tSMS+CS method.

2104		Impact on Cerebral Perfusion by Black Blood Vessel Wall Imaging Combining with 3D-ASL: Plaque Vulnerability vs. Intracranial Stenosis
		Shaoyang Lei¹, Chunhui Shan¹, Jie Wu¹, Jing Wu¹, Yunfeng Bao¹, Yingmin Chen¹, and Shuqian Zhang¹
		¹Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
		Black Blood Vessel Wall Imaging, a valuable tool to detect abnormalities of intracranial vessel walls, was combined with 3D-ASL, a noninvasive approach for detecting cerebral perfusion, to explore the effects of plaque vulnerability and intracranial stenosis on cerebral perfusion. Absolute and relative values of CBF were determined in regions drawn manually based on the territory of blood supply in ASL images. Multivariate regression analysis indicated plaque vulnerability had no significant impact on perfusion while different degrees of luminal narrowing had statistically differences, signifying intracranial stenosis might be a more critical factor for decreased perfusion.

Clinical Applications of Cardiac Flow

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular

2105		Impact of Intraventricular Vortex on Kinetic Energy in Patients with Fontan Circulation
		Xue-Zhe Lu¹, Ming-Ting Wu², Ken-Pen Weng^3,4, and Hsu-Hsia Peng¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ²Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ³Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
		For patients with Fontan circulation, the intraventricular hemodynamics such as kinetic energy and vorticity might could be helpful with evaluating the cardiac function and the risks of negative long-term outcome. To investigate the impact of intraventricular vortex on kinetic energy in the of Fontan patients, we employed 4D flow magnetic resonance and evaluate intraventricular kinetic energy and vorticity in Fontan patients and found prolonged peaks in systolic kinetic energy and increased mean systolic vorticity. The strong correlation between kinetic energy and vorticity in systole showed a potential impact of vortex on kinetic energy during systole.

2106		Pulse wave velocity and wall shear stress in the carotid arteries of familial hypercholesterolemia patients
		Eva S Peper¹, Ilse K Luirink², Pim van Ooij¹, Bram F Coolen³, Gustav J Strijkers³, Albert Wiegman², Barbara A Hutten⁴, and Aart J Nederveen¹
		¹Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²Department of Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ³Department of Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ⁴Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
		Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels form birth onwards and premature cardiovascular disease. Statins are currently the preferred pharmacological therapy. Results from a recent study suggest that initiation of lipid-lowering treatment during childhood reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. With advanced acquisition strategies of 2D and 4D flow MRI we investigated PWV and WSS in the carotid arteries of 43 FH patients and 18 healthy controls of a similar age (33 years), as PWV and WSS have both been associated with atherosclerosis.

2107		The impact of different Middle Cerebral Artery Stenosis Severity on Blood Flow Lateralization
		Wenwen Chen¹, Xiaowei Song², Jian Wu², and Rui Li¹
		¹Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
		Middle cerebral artery stenosis induces flow lateralization. However, the impact of stenosis degree on flow lateralization is not fully understood. This study investigated the impact of MCA stenosis severity on MCA blood flow lateralization using 4D flow MRI. Twenty-seven patients with symptomatic MCA stenosis were included. Absolute flow rates of MCA on stenosis and contralateral sides were obtained. Paired samples t-test was used to compare the flows on both sides. We found a significant difference between the flows in the severe stenosis group, while there was no significant difference in non-severe group.

2108		Aortic Wall Shear Stress and Oscillatory Shear Index in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
		Qing-Xiao Zhang¹, Meng-Chu Chang¹, Ming-Ting Wu², Ken-Pen Weng^3,4, and Hsu-Hsia Peng¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ²Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ³Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
		We aimed to explore the difference of the wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) between control and rTOF patients. The rTOF patients were divided into rTOF1and rTOF2 groups according to their indexed right ventricular end-systolic volume (RVESVi). The rTOF patients presented decreased WSSaxial and OSIcirc in the ascending aorta. In rTOF2 group the WSSaxial and OSIcirc correlated with resistance index and flow velocity. In conclusion, higher resistance index and slower flow velocity correlated with decreasd WSSaxial and OSIcirc in rTOF2. The deceasing OSIcirc may slightly improve the stress condition of vascular wall.

2109		Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Does Ejection Fraction Reflect Subtle Ventricular Dysfunction?
		Pamela Alejandra Franco^1,2,3, Julio Sotelo^1,2,3, Bram Ruijsink^4,5, David Nordsletten^4,5, Eric Kerfoot^4,5, Joaquín Mura⁶, and Sergio Uribe^1,3,7
		¹Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ²Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ³Millennium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Santiago, Chile, ⁴Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, ⁵School of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁶Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago, Chile, ⁷Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
		An important number of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy have improved their left ventricular function with an optimal treatment. However, it is not well understood whether remodeling represents a recovery in left ventricular (LV) hemodinamics¹. In this abstract, we discuss the capacity of the ejection fraction to represent disease remission, by analyzing LV blood flow.

2110		Myocardial Structural and Velocity Analysis in Patients with Arrhythmias Post-Heart Transplantation
		Roberto Sarnari¹, Allison Blake¹, Muhannad Aboud Abbasi¹, Ashitha Pathrose¹, Julie Blaisdell¹, Alyssa Singer¹, Kambiz Ghafourian², Jane Wilcox², Sadiya Khan², Esther Vorovich², Jonathan Rich², Allen Anderson², Clyde Yancy², James Carr¹, and Michael Markl^1,3
		¹Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
		Cardiac magnetic resonance including tissue phase mapping was performed in a cohort of heart transplanted (HTx) patients developing atrial arrhythmias or atrio-ventricular blocks: T1-T2-ECV values and 3-directional myocardial velocities were calculated and compared to the same parameters acquired in HTx patients with normal sinus rhythm during the follow up. Alterations in myocardial structural properties (increased T2) and cardiac dynamics were evidenced in cardiac grafts showing hyperkinetic arrhythmias or atrio-ventricular blocks.

2111		Hemodynamic assessments of intracranial aneurysm (IA) following hypotensor medication: A pilot study
		Miaoqi Zhang¹, Fei Peng², Yunduo Li¹, Aihua Liu², and Rui Li¹
		¹Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
		In this study, we utilize 4D-flow MRI to investigate the relationship between hemodynamics and blood pressure change following hypotensor medication. Statistics indicated that Flow_APA significant increased when blood pressure drops. No differences were found in Flow_IA, V_APA and V_IA. This is probably because hypotensor medication has a vasodilatory effect, the widening of blood vessel will result in an increased flow. The results of this pilot study suggested that an acute blood pressure drop affects hemodynamic conditions of APA rather than IA.

2112		Stent effects in 2D and 4DFlow investigation: should we stop using stainless-steel stents?
		Ana Beatriz Solana¹, Margarita Gorodezky², Ann Shimakawa³, Peng Lai³, and Christian Meierhofer^4,5
		¹GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany, ²GE Healthcare, London, United Kingdom, ³GE Healthcare, Sunnyvale, CA, United States, ⁴German Heart Center Munich, Munich, Germany, ⁵TUM, Munich, Germany
		Flow measurements using Phase Contrast MRI in the present of stents is of clinical relevance, especially in vessels with no alternative to measure elsewhere. Here, we evaluate 4 different stent types in a pulsatile flow phantom using both 2D and 4DFlow including different acquisition schemes for 4DFlow, e.g. 1 slab whole-volume, 1slab with reduced number of slices and multislab whole-volume. The stent made of platinum-iridium was the only stent under evaluation that allowed in-stent accurate net flow measurements for both 2D and 4DFlow (1 slab with reduced number of slices and multislab whole-volume).

2113		Measuring left ventricular diastolic function with dual-echo dual velocity encoding PC-MRI: Clinical validation
		Afis Ajala^1,2, Jiming Zhang³, Erick Buko⁴, Janie Swaab³, Melissa Dotson³, Benjamin Cheong³, Pei-Herng Hor⁴, and Raja Muthupillai³
		¹Physics, University of Houston [Main Campus], Houston, TX, United States, ²Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States, ³Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States, ⁴University of Houston [Main Campus], Houston, TX, United States
		A common clinical index of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is the ratio of peak trans-mitral blood velocity (E) to mitral annular velocities (Em) during early diastole. Here, we provide clinical validation of a single TR, dual-echo approach wherein the first and second echoes are velocity sensitized to encode E and Em respectively.

2114		4D Flow MRI reveals abnormal turbulent kinetic energy elevation of the replacement aorta for the aortic dissection
		SAYAKA SHIRAI¹, Tetsuro Sekine¹, Kenichiro Takahashi¹, Jiro Kurita¹, Tetsuro Morota¹, Takashi Morota¹, and Shinichiro Kumita¹
		¹Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyoto Bunkyoku, Japan
		The purpose of this study was to evaluate turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) after aorta replacement (AoR) using 4D Fow MRI. We recruited 13 patients undergoing AoR for the aortic dissection and 9 normal volunteers. The TKEpeak of AoR group was significantly higher than those of volunteers (16.09 ± 7.75 [3.51–31.83] mJ vs. 4.50 ± 1.64 [2.57–8.13] mJ, p < 0.001). The TKE elevation was mainly derived from the distal part of ReAo (p=0.001).

2115		Quantifying the impact of pulmonary artery stent interventions on ventricular flow dynamics with 4D Flow MRI
		Ryan Pewowaruk¹, Cody Johnson², Chris Francois², Luke Lamers², and Alejandro Roldán-Alzate²
		¹Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		In a swine model of PAS, this study assessed the effects of early versus delayed stent interventions using 4D Flow MRI. Early and Delayed interventions were both effective but no differences between early and delayed interventions were observed. 4D Flow MRI measured inefficient LV and RV flow in the PAS group and an association was found between EF and vorticity. If confirmed in larger studies, these results provide physiological insight into PAS and congenital heart disease and also highlight the sensitivity of 4D Flow MRI biomarkers to ventricular dysfunction.

2116		Evaluation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Measurement for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by Using Triple-VENC 4D Flow MRI
		Kotomi Iwata¹, Tetsuro Sekine¹, Masaki Tachi¹, Takahiro Ando¹, Izumi Tanaka¹, Yoichi Imori², Junya Matsuda², Yasuo Amano³, Makoto Obara⁴, Masashi Ogawa¹, Hitoshi Takano², and Shinichiro Kumita¹
		¹Radiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan, ²Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan, ³Radiology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan, ⁴Philips Electronics Japan Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
		The purpose of this study was threefold. First, we validated whether TKE reflects the condition of HOCM and HNCM by comparing them with volunteers. Second, we clarified the factors that increase TKE in HCM. Third, we revealed LV mass which is associated with cardiac load, resulting in a poor outcome. TKE in HOCM was significantly higher than HNCM or volunteers. Maximum velocity, maximum short of the valve orifice, SAM, and LV mass were correlated to TKE. TKE allows to noninvasively depict the flow characteristics and may provide insights into the pathophysiology associated with flow dynamics in HCM.

2117		Hemodynamic Characteristics in Patients with Plaques in Thoracic Aorta Based on Compressed Sensing 4D Flow MRI
		Zhengling Zeng¹, Bin Sun¹, Yunjing Xue¹, Ning Jin², and Jing An³
		¹Fujian Medical University union hospital, Fuzhou, China, ²Siemens Medical Solution, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Shenzhen, China
		Hemodynamic parameters of patients with and without thoracic aortic atherosclerotic plaques were detected using a compressed sensing (CS) 4d flow sequence. Eight different planes perpendicular to the thoracic aorta were identified to confirm if there were differences in hemodynamic parameters between the plaque and non-plaque groups. The study had shown that the plaque group had lower circumferential wall shear stress, mean velocity and peak velocity compared with that of control groups. Early detection of abnormal blood flow parameters in patients with aortic atherosclerosis may help predict regions prone to plaque, allowing early intervention in patients accordingly.

2118		EVAR Does Not Affect Mean Blood Flow Volume and Flow Profile of the Visceral Arteries.
		Masataka Sugiyama¹, Yasuo Takehara¹, Ryota Horiguchi², Takashi Mizuno³, Ryota Hyodo², Takasuke Ushio⁴, Tetsuya Wakayama⁵, Atsushi Nozaki⁵, Hiroyuki Kabasawa⁵, Marcus Alley⁶, Satoshi Goshima⁴, and Shinji Naganawa²
		¹Department of Fundamental Development for Advanced Low Invasive Diagnostic Imaging, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, ²Department of Radiology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, ³Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan, ⁴Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan, ⁵Applied Science Laboratory Asia Pacific, GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, Japan, ⁶Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
		We aimed to assess the effect of EVAR treatment to the blood flow profile of visceral arteries using 4D-Flow MRI. 10 patients with AAA underwent 4D-Flow pre- and one month post-EVAR. The flow volume at the sections in suprarenal and infrarenal abdominal aorta, the celiac artery, the superior mesenteric artery and the renal arteries were measured. No significant change in blood flow volume was observed within visceral arteries after EVAR despite the placement of stiff stent in the deformed blood pathway.

2119		4D Flow Analysis of Left Atrium and Appendage in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
		Hana Sheitt¹, Andrew G Howard^1,2, Steven Wilton^1,2, Carmen Lydell^1,3, James White^1,2, and Julio Garcia^1,4
		¹Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Center, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada, ²Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, ³Diagnostic Imaging, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, ⁴Department of Cardiac Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
		This study may be of interest for clinicians and researchers who study left atrial arrhythmias. This study demonstrated that left atrial stasis in the appendage is elevated in atrial fibrillation patients.

CMR: Atherosclerosis Imaging

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular

2120		Higher plaque burden of middle cerebral artery is associated with recurrent ischemic stroke: a quantitative study by high-resolution MRI
		Yuting Wang¹, Yuncai Ran², Ming Zhu³, Xiao Wu⁴, Ajay Malhotra⁴, Xiaowen Lei², Feifei Zhang², Xiao Wang², Shanshan Xie², Jian Zhou², Jinxia Zhu⁵, Jingliang Cheng², and Chengcheng Zhu⁶
		¹Department of Radiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China, ²Department of Magnetic Resonance, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ³4. Interventional department, The first Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, ⁴Yale School of Medicine and Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ⁵MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd., Beijing, China, ⁶3. Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
		Middle cerebral artery plaque burden on high-resolution MR was significantly higher in recurrent stroke group than in the first-onset acute stroke and chronic stroke groups (p=0.002). Patients with acute stroke had higher enhancement ratio than patients with chronic stroke (p=0.014). After adjustment of clinical demographic factors, plaque burden was the only independent imaging feature associated with recurrent stroke (odds ratio=2.26, per 10% increase, 95% CI, 1.03-4.96, p=0.042). In conclusion, higher plaque burden of MCA on MR is independently associated with recurrent ischemic stroke. MR vessel wall imaging may provide unique information for risk stratification of stroke patients.

2121		Effects of calcification on blood-flow pulsatility variation along the internal carotid artery in small vessel disease patients, a 7T MRI study
		Rick J van Tuijl¹, Ynte M Ruigrok², Irene C van der Schaaf¹, Gabriël J. E. Rinkel², Birgitta K Velthuis¹, and Jaco J.M. Zwanenburg¹
		¹Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, ²Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
		The influence of intracranial internal carotid artery calcification (iICAC) over the whole internal carotid artery (ICA) trajectory was studied using 4D phase-contrast flow measurements (17 patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and 17 healthy controls; 7T MRI). CT images of CSVD patients were used to calculate the iICAC from C3-C7 segments. Results showed a positive correlation between the presence and volume of iICAC with vPI in the CSVD group. iICAC contributes to an increase in vPI over the ICA from the extracranial C1 segment to the C7 segment just proximal to the circle of Willis compared to HC.

2122		Time-efficient large field-of-view fat suppression using SNR priority Dixon turbo spin echo for femoral vessel wall MRI
		Niranjan Balu¹, Zechen Zhou², Thomas Hatsukami³, and Chun Yuan¹
		¹Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ²Philips Healthcare, Briarcliff Manor, NY, United States, ³Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
		Vessel wall MRI requires good fat suppression to delineate outer vessel boundaries. Large field-of-views required for turbo spin echo femoral vessel wall MRI do not provide good fat suppression with spectral inversion recovery. We developed a time-efficient two-point Dixon turbo spin echo method using a SNR priority variable flip angle schedule and point spread correction reconstruction to allow accelerated acquisition and demonstrate its advantages compared to an existing gradient echo vessel wall MRI method.

2123		Quantitative T1 and T2* mapping for atherosclerotic carotid plaque using multi-echo phase-sensitive inversion recovery sequence
		Yasuhiro Fujiwara¹ and Motohira Mio²
		¹Department of Medical Image Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan, ²Department of Radiology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Chikushi, Japan
		The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the T₁ value of carotid plaque and signal intensity ratio and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of T₁ and T₂* values for carotid plaque. Quantitative T₁ and T₂* mapping using mPSIR have potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque.

2124		Comparison of plaque characteristics between patients with small and large subcortical infarction using high resolution MR vessel wall imaging
		Na Zhang¹, Tingting Zhu², Lijie Ren³, Lei Zhang¹, Zhangyan Fan³, Liwen Wan¹, Hairong Zheng¹, and Xin Liu¹
		¹Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ²Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China, ³Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
		It is generally believed small subcortical infarction (SSI) (also termed lacunar stroke) is caused by intrinsic diseases of penetrating arteries. Recent studies have shown the incidence of atherosclerosis in large arteries which is an important pathogenesis of large subcortical infarction (LSI) is also high in patients with SSI. This indicates the underlying mechanisms of SSI in patients with large artery atherosclerosis may be the same with LSI and inferred from plaque characteristics. However, the plaque characteristics ultimately leading to SSI or LSI remain unclear. This study is to explore the differences of plaque characteristics between patients with SSI and LSI.

2125		Accurate detection of calcified carotid plaques on quantitative susceptibility mapping – A CT validation study
		Thanh D Nguyen¹, Jingwen Du², Yan Wen¹, Ajay Gupta¹, Pascal Spincemaille¹, Qi Yang², and Yi Wang¹
		¹Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ²Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
		In this study, we used CT angiography (CTA) as a reference standard to demonstrate that carotid quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) provides accurate detection of calcified atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries. Calcification is strongly diamagnetic and appears uniquely hypointense on carotid QSM. Inclusion of QSM in carotid MRI would aid characterization of carotid plaque.

2126		Black-blood 3D DCE-MRI of the aortic wall with AIF-free pharmacokinetic modeling: feasibility in abdominal aortic aneurysm patients
		Jasper Schoormans¹, Claudia Calcagno², Reza Indrakusuma³, Hamid Jalalzadeh³, Ron Balm³, Stefan Smorenburg⁴, Gustav J Strijkers¹, Aart J Nederveen⁵, and Bram F Coolen¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²The BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ³Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ⁴Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ⁵Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
		We introduced 3D black-blood DCE MRI in combination with AIF-free modeling to facilitate the measurement of pharmacokinetic parameters in the aorta vessel wall of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Our method enables 3D assessment of microvascularization and permeability which could assist a clinical risk assessment of this condition.

2127		Quantitative 3D dynamic contrast‐enhanced of Atherosclerosis by using 3D Stack of Star with Golden-angle radial sparse parallel reconstruction
		Seong-Eun Kim¹, Ye Tian², Matthew Alexander¹, Dennis L Parker¹, Gerald S Treiman ^3,4, Adam de Havenon⁵, and J Scott McNally¹
		¹UCAIR, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ³Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ⁴VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ⁵Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
		Carotid plaque inflammation can be measured with dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI and is a marker for plaque instability. Increased vascularity, which is one sign of plaque inflammation, can be detected from kinetic analysis of DCE images However, the trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution limits assessment to a small number of slices and ~15 seconds per time frame. To overcome this limitation, we implemented a short-TR 3D T1w Stack of Stars (SoS) sequence to enable retrospective image formation with arbitrary numbers of radial views by using Golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) reconstruction.

2128		Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging for Atherosclerotic Plaques
		Yuki Kanazawa¹, Masafumi Harada¹, Tosiaki Miyati², Takashi Abe¹, Mitsuharu Miyoshi³, Yuki Matsumoto¹, Hiroaki Hayashi², Yasuhisa Kanematsu⁴, and Yasushi Takagi⁴
		¹Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan, ²Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan, ³Global MR Applications and Workflow, GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, Japan, ⁴Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
		To assess an activity within an atherosclerotic plaque, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging was demonstrated with the multi-pool model Bloch equation. This study was performed with eleven patients with carotid stenosis, was evaluated with each estimated parameters; bulk water, magnetization transfer, amide proton transfer (APT), and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). There was no significant difference between mean APT and NOE at 3.5 ppm. This result indicates that CEST plaque imaging should be evaluated with distinguishing APT and NOE. Multi-parametric analysis of CEST imaging may obtain detailed information for component as well as metabolite substances within an atherosclerotic plaque.

2129		Evolution of Diffuse Wall Thickening of Petrous Internal Carotid Artery Peri-Revascularization: A MR Vessel Wall Imaging Follow-up Study
		Xiaoyi Chen¹, Huimin Xu², Tao Wang³, Jin Zhang⁴, Huiyu Qiao⁵, Hualu Han⁵, and Xihai Zhao⁵
		¹Department of Radiology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, ³Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁴Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, ⁵Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
		Carotid artery severe stenosis or occlusion will lead to ischemia within the vessel wall and diffuse wall thickening (DWT) in the downstream arterial segment. The revascularization surgery is an effective treatment for carotid artery stenosis. This study investigated the peri-revascularization change of DWT in petrous internal carotid artery (ICA) among carotid atherosclerotic patients using MR vessel wall imaging. We found that the DWT in ipsilateral petrous ICA recovered after revascularization treatment (1.68±0.68 mm vs. 1.39±0.47 mm, P =0.002) and it began to recover one month later after the revascularization.

2130		4-minute 3D Whole Brain 0.6mm Isotropic T1 Weighted Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging
		Zechen Zhou¹, Zhensen Chen², Jie Sun², Niranjan Balu², Baocheng Chu², Peter Börnert³, Thomas S Hatsukami², and Chun Yuan²
		¹Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, United States, ²Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ³Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
		Three-dimensional (3D) T1 weighted (T1w) turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence has demonstrated its value for intracranial vessel wall imaging (IVWI), but its long scan time has hampered wider clinical translation. In this study, a 4-minute 3D T1w TSE sequence was optimized and combined with wave encoded parallel imaging and compressed sensing (PI-CS) reconstruction for whole brain isotropic 0.6mm IVWI. This approach improved the image quality and robustness of IVWI in comparison to the Cartesian encoded PI-CS approach in healthy subjects. It demonstrated promising potential for further clinical evaluation.

2131		Hypertension is Associated with the Diffuseness of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: a Cross-sectional MR Vessel Wall Imaging Study
		Jiayu Xiao¹, Jae Song², Fang Wu³, Tao Jiang⁴, Shlee Song¹, Konrad Schlick¹, Debiao Li^1,5, Qi Yang³, and Zhaoyang Fan^1,5
		¹Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁴Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁵University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		Hypertension is associated with intracranial atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular events. However, the correlation between hypertension and atherosclerosis disease burden (the number, distribution and incidence of vulnerable features of intracranial atherosclerotic plaques) remains unclear. In this study, plaques in the large intracranial arteries of anterior circulation were analyzed in 62 ischemic stroke patients. We found that a diagnosis of hypertension was significantly associated with total number of intracranial plaques after accounting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. This suggests that hypertension is an important mechanistic factor for diffuse intracranial atherosclerosis.

2132		Diffusion-Prepared SPACE sequence: Application to Isotropic 3D T2W Black Blood MRI of the Whole Aortic Wall
		Fang Dong¹ and Jing An¹
		¹Siemens Magnetic Resonance Ltd., Shenzhen, China
		T2-weighted MR imaging is a non-invasive way for vasculitis diagnosis. SPACE sequence has been successfully used for T1-weighted aortic wall imaging. While its application in T2w aortic wall imaging is hampered by the long scanning time, blood suppression performance and physiological movement. In this study, three black blood methods with optimized protocols have been tested and evaluated. Diffusion-Prepared SPACE sequence with diastolic acquisition was proved to be a promising way for T2w aortic wall imaging within a clinically acceptable acquisition time.

2133		Wave-CAIPI Highly Accelerated Whole-Brain Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging
		Zhilang Qiu^1,2, Sen Jia^1,2, Shi Su¹, Yanjie Zhu¹, Xin Liu¹, Hairong Zheng¹, Leslie Ying³, Haifeng Wang¹, and Dong Liang¹
		¹Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ²Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China, ³University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
		Whole-brain intracranial vessel wall imaging (VWI) requires long scan time for high resolution and large coverage. In this study, we applied a novel three-dimensional parallel imaging technique, Wave-CAIPI, to accelerate whole-brain intracranial VWI. The highly accelerated (11×) VWI takes 3.5 minutes, at an isotropic resolution of 0.6 mm. Compared to conventional two-dimensional parallel imaging technique (2D CAIPI), Wave-CAIPI is able to achieve higher SNR and better imaging quality on vessel wall depictions.

2134		Comparison of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for detection of distal vertebral artery calcification
		Yina Lan¹, Ming Yang², Xin Zhou³, Ning Ma², and Xin Lou¹
		¹The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China, ³xinzhou@wipm.ac.cn, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Beijing, China
		In this study, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) and noncontrast computer tomography (NCCT) in detection of arterial calcifications in V3 horizontal and V4 segment of vertebral artery in patients with posterior circulation ischemic events. We observed that, HRMRI is as accurate as NCCT in the detection of V4 segment calcifications, while HRMRI are superior in detection of V3 horizontal segment calcifications than NCCT.

2135		Plaque Burden of Carotid Atherosclerotic Stenosis Influences Collateral Circulation
		Huimin Xu¹, Ran Huo¹, Ying Liu¹, Lizhi Xie², Ruijing Xin³, Tao Wang¹, Huishu Yuan¹, and Xihai Zhao⁴
		¹Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, ²GE healthcare, Beijing, China, ³Southeastern University, Nanjing, China, ⁴Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Beijing, China
		The development of secondary collaterals can be affected by the degree of luminal stenosis, which is not parallel with plaque burden since the positive remodeling effect for elastic arteries. This study aimed to determine the association of carotid plaque burden with status of secondary collaterals in patients with severe carotid stenosis. We found that patients with poor collaterals had significantly larger Max WT than those with good collaterals (7.29 ±1.15 mm vs. 6.59 ± 0.93 mm; P=0.018) when the plaque is larger than 5.45mm.

Coronary & Thoracic MR Angiography

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular

2136		Accelerated, free-breathing, contrast-enhanced thoracic MR angiography with XD-GRASP reconstruction
		Suvai Gunasekaran¹, Hassan Haji-Valizadeh², Bradley Allen¹, Ryan Avery¹, and Daniel Kim¹
		¹Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
		Current methods for contrast-enhanced thoracic MR angiography (CE-MRA) utilize suboptimal imaging practices such as breath holding or long scan time. Here we developed a 9.6-fold accelerated CE-MRA sequence using stack-of-stars k-space sampling and XD-GRASP reconstruction to produce predictable scan time (< 5 min), without significant loss in image quality. Our sequence was significantly faster than the current clinical free-breathing scan, reducing the scan time by 50%. Additionally, our accelerated CE-MRA scan produced comparable image quality that was clinically acceptable.

2137		Non-contrast Enhanced 3D Cartesian Aortic MR Angiography in 3 minutes
		Camila Munoz¹, Aurelien Bustin¹, Gastao Cruz¹, Pier Giorgio Masci¹, Rene M Botnar¹, and Claudia Prieto¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
		MR angiography is a useful technique for the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment planning of thoracic aortic disease. However, clinically used contrast-free approaches based on diaphragmatic navigator gating commonly result in long and unpredictable scan times. This study extends our previously introduced technique for non-contrast enhanced (non-CE) accelerated 3D Cartesian non-rigid motion-compensated whole-heart MR angiography for the visualization of the thoracic and suprarenal abdominal aorta from a short and efficient 3-minute scan. The proposed method was tested in five healthy subjects and two patients with cardiovascular disease, resulting in high-quality depiction of the aorta, holding promise for integration in clinical routine.

2138		Pulmonary artery dimensions from catheter angiography, multi-slice computed tomography, 3D-rotational angiography and PC MR Angiography
		Ryan Pewowaruk¹, Klarka Mendrisova², Carolina Larrain², Chris Francois², Alejandro Roldán-Alzate², and Luke Lamers²
		¹Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		In a swine congenital heart disease model we show strong agreement between PA dimensions from 3DRA, CA and MSCT. Non contrast-enhanced PC-MRA from PCVIPR showed good agreement with CA and MSCT for the imaging of non-stented proximal PAs.

2139		Imaging of the Pulmonary Vasculature in Congenital Heart Disease Using Relaxation-Enhanced Angiography Without Contrast and Triggering
		Lenhard Pennig¹, Anton Wagner¹, Kilian Weiss², Simon Lennartz¹, Jan-Peter Grunz³, David Maintz¹, Kai Roman Laukamp¹, Tilman Hickethier¹, Claas Philip Naehle¹, Alexander Bunck¹, and Jonas Doerner¹
		¹Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Cologne, Germany, ²Philips GmbH, Hamburg, Germany, ³Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology,, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, Würzburg, Germany
		Patients with Congenital heart disease (CHD) require repetitive imaging of the pulmonary vasculature with CE-MRA showing risks like anaphylactic reactions and uncertain long-term effects of gadolinium deposition in the brain. We adapted a Compressed SENSE (CS) accelerated 3D REACT (navigator- and ECG-triggered) to the pulmonary vessels and compared it to standard 4D CE-MRA in the clinical routine. With REACT providing significant higher image quality and slightly higher interobserver agreement in a reasonable scan time, it may be regarded as a clinically applicable alternative for patients in need of repetitive imaging of the pulmonary vasculature without the use of contrast agents.

2140		Wave-balanced Steady State Free Precession (Wave-bSSFP) for free breathing cardiac MR angiography
		Quentin Lebret^1,2,3, Pierre Bour^1,2,3, Valéry Ozenne^1,2,3, and Bruno Quesson^1,2,3
		¹IHU LIRYC, Fondation Bordeaux Université, Pessac, France, ²U1045 CRCTB, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, ³INSERM, CRCTB, U1045, Bordeaux, France
		Using Wave-CAIPI-like techniques to accelerate Balanced Steady-state Free Precession (bSSFP) sequences is a new parallel imaging technique that reduces the noise levels on the reconstructed image compared to conventional parallel imaging. On the heart, this combination of sequence has not been tested. The experiments show that the movements of the thorax are not an issue, as long as a respiratory and ECG triggering are employed. A retrospective acceleration of 5.4 on a sheep heart image with a 1.4mm isotropic resolution has been achieved.

2141		Similarity-Based Angiography (SIMBA) for Fast Reconstruction of Static Whole-Heart Coronary MR Images from Free-Running Acquisitions
		John Heerfordt^1,2, Kevin K. Whitehead³, Jessica A.M. Bastiaansen¹, Lorenzo Di Sopra¹, Christopher W. Roy¹, Jérôme Yerly^1,4, Mark A. Fogel³, Matthias Stuber^1,4, and Davide Piccini^1,2
		¹Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, ²Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland, ³Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ⁴Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
		SIMilarity-Based Angiography (SIMBA) is a data-driven method for fast reconstruction of static whole-heart coronary MR angiograms from free-running acquisitions. By assessing the similarity of periodically acquired k-space readouts in the superior-inferior direction, motion-consistent angiograms can be obtained without making stringent assumptions about physiological motion. SIMBA demonstrated potential to reconstruct cardiac and respiratory motion-consistent images with visible coronary arteries both from non-contrast volunteer acquisitions at different field strengths and contrast-enhanced scans of pediatric patients. SIMBA provided improved sharpness and contrast compared to images from all the acquired data and similar vessel conspicuity as end-expiratory mid-diastolic frames of motion-resolved compressed sensing reconstructions.

2142		3D whole heart CMRA using an image-navigator framework – a clinical comparison study with CCTA and diaphragmatic navigators
		Reza Hajhosseiny¹, Aurélien Bustin¹, Imran Rashid¹, Gastao Cruz¹, Radhouene Neji^1,2, Karl Kunze^1,2, Tevfik F. Ismail¹, Ronak Rajani¹, Pier Giorgio Masci¹, Claudia Prieto¹, and René M. Botnar¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, United Kingdom
		Conventional diaphragmatic navigator coronary magnetic resonance angiography (d1D-NAV-CMRA) is limited by long and unpredictable acquisition-times and motion related image quality degradation. To overcome these challenges, we have previously proposed an image-navigated non-rigid motion-compensated, undersampled reconstruction CMRA framework (iNAV-CMRA) with <10min acquisition times. Here we investigated the clinical feasibility of 1.2mm³ iNAV-CMRA, comparing its performance, in patients with suspected coronary artery disease, against 1.2mm³ d1D-NAV-CMRA and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Compared to the d1D-NAV-CMRA, the iNAV-CMRA had a shorter acquisition-time(7:24±0:33min vs. 21:02±7:27min, p<0.0001), with improved coronary vessel-length, vessel-sharpness and image-quality-score, and visually comparable to CCTA.

2143		Non-contrast enhanced angiography and vessel wall imaging of coronary artery at 3T MR
		Li Gao¹, Xuchun Yuan¹, Weixia Nie¹, and Shutian Lai¹
		¹Radiology, Fuwai hospital chinese academy of medical science, shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
		Non-contrast enhanced MR angiography of coronary artery is a promising imaging method. In this study, the image quality of two non-contrast enhanced coronary MRA imaging methods were compared, included 3D-mDIXON and 3D-TFE-WHCA. 3D-mDIXON and 3D-TFE-WHCA showed good image quality with high SNR, and 3D-TFE-WHCA showed improved CNR and higher score in vascular display quality. According CTA data, T1-TFE-BB demonstrated the coronary vessel wall as medium high signal with regular margin and good contrast with the fat around the coronary artery. Combination of 3D-TFE-WHCA and T1-TFE-BB can be used as the imaging research method of coronary atherosclerosis.

2144		Improvement in 3.0 T whole-heart coronary MRA using the bSSFP method with a non-selective RF pulse
		Takashige Yoshida¹, Masami Yoneyama², Kohei Yuda¹, Yuki Furukawa¹, Isao Miyazaki¹, and Nobuo Kawauchi¹
		¹radiology, Tokyo metropolitan police hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ²Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		One of the problems of whole heart coronary MRA using bSSFP sequence at 3.0T is banding artifacts, caused by a long TR due to SAR limitations, resulting in degradation of image quality. A non-selective radio frequency (RF) pulse (e.g. block or hard pulse) enables to shorten the TR that leads to to reduce the banding artifacts. Hence whole heart coronary MRA using the bSSFP with non-selective RF pulse was improved image quality at 3.0T.

2145		Whole heart coronary MRA with 3D non-selective bSSFP-DIXON: comparison with conventional methods
		Kazuo Kodaira¹, Michinobu Nagao², Masami Yoneyama³, Yasuhiro Goto¹, Isao Shiina¹, Yutaka Hamatani¹, Mamoru Takeyama¹, Isao Tanaka¹, and Shuji Sakai²
		¹Department of Radioligical Services, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Diagnostic imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ³Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		Improvement of fat suppression is important for whole heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography (WHC-MRA), because Unwanted signal arising from fat can compromise vessel delineation and decrease the diagnostic value of WHC-MRA. Balanced DIXON (bDIXON) can reduce fat suppression unevenness than SPIR method while maintaining high signal value. However, it is yet not applied for WHC-MRA. Furthermore, 3D non-selective bDIXON (3D NSbDIXON) with shortening TR can suppress an increase in imaging time. We propose a new sequence of 3D NSbDIXON for WHC-MRA, and examine the image quality in comparison to the conventional methods.

2146		Breath-holding and free-breathing radial-based acquisition strategies for non-contrast MR angiography of the pulmonary veins
		Pascale Aouad¹, Ioannis Koktzoglou², and Robert Edelman²
		¹Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Northshore University Healthsystem, chicago, IL, United States
		CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA (CEMRA) are routinely used to evaluate vascular anatomy prior to pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation. As potential non-contrast alternatives, we evaluated three radial techniques (breath-hold 2D radial and stack-of-stars (SOS); free-breathing nonselective SOS). 24 patients were studied using CTA as reference standard. Consistently good image quality was obtained with all three radial techniques. There was good-to-excellent agreement with CTA on breath-holding and free-breathing SOS MRA for PV ostial diameters. Our results indicate that radial MRA may provide a useful non-contrast alternative to CTA and CEMRA, with the flexibility of allowing either breath-holding or free-breathing acquisitions.

2147		A comparative study of non-contrast enhanced 3D TRANCE and 3D Balanced FFE imaging of pulmonary artery with Time-SLIP
		Yuan QU¹, Yan WANG¹, Yuli HUANG², Li ZHU³, and Haiyang DONG³
		¹Radiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China, ²MR, Philips Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, SUZHOU, China, ³Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
		The Time-Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulses (Time-SLIP) technique was used to perform non-contrast enhanced pulmonary artery imaging using 3D TRANCE and 3D Balanced FFE respectively, and the image quality obtained by the two imaging methods and the number of branches of pulmonary artery were compared specifically. Both 3D TRANCE and 3D Balanced FFE imaging methods with Time-SLIP can be used for pulmonary artery imaging. The image quality of pulmonary artery obtained by 3D TRANCE is generally better than 3D Balanced FFE.

2148		Measurement Accuracy of Non-contrast Compressed Sensing Respiratory Motion Resolved Whole Heart MRA in Thoracic Aortic Disease
		Akos Varga-Szemes¹, Robert E Stroud¹, Davide Piccini², John Heerfordt³, Jerome Yerly³, Lorenzo Di Sopra³, Pal Suranyi¹, and U. Joseph Schoepf¹
		¹Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States, ²Siemens Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland, ³Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
		Currently, CTA is the only noninvasive method with considerable evidence level for the detection and monitoring of thoracic aortic disease. However, CTA exposes patients to radiation and contrast media. The compressed-sensing whole-heart MRA technique that we evaluated addresses the limitations that prevent conventional MRA techniques to compete with CTA. Our approach eliminates the need for breath-holds or respiratory-navigation, provides a 3D volume of the chest without contrast administration, and allows for accurate anatomical evaluation of the thoracic aorta compared to CTA. Such MRA technique is a potential radiation- and contrast-free alternative for diagnosing and monitoring patients with thoracic aortic disease.

MR Angiography: Body

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular

2149		Whole-Neck Arterial Evaluation with High Spatial Resolution using 3D Stack-of-Stars Quiescent Interval Slice-Selective (QISS) MRA
		Ioannis Koktzoglou^1,2 and Robert R Edelman^1,3
		¹Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States, ²The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
		We found that a prototype thin-slab stack-of-stars QISS sequence using a low-flip-angle FLASH readout can be used for whole-neck arterial evaluation in under 7 minutes. The technique minimizes flow-related saturation effects similarly to 2D QISS, while providing greater scan efficiency compared with 3D TOF and much improved image quality and through-plane spatial resolution compared with 2D TOF.

2150		Semi-automatic Arterial Territorial Segmentation using ASL-based Dynamic 4D MRA without Vessel-Encoded Labeling
		Soroush Heidari Pahlavian^1,2, Oren Geri³, Jonathan Russin², Dafna Ben-Bashat⁴, Xingfeng Shao^1,2, Samantha Ma^1,2, Songlin Yu⁵, Arun Amar², Danny J.J. Wang^1,2, and Lirong Yan^1,2
		¹USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Razor Labs, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁴Medicine & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, ⁵Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
		Characterizing vascular territorial structures and hemodynamics from a single artery can provide crucial information for the assessment and treatment of cerebrovascular disorders such as arteriovenous malformations, Moyamoya disease, and aneurysms. In a different approach compared to vessel-selective MR angiography (MRA), here we presented a semi-automatic post-processing technique to segment vascular territories using pulsed arterial spin labeling 4D MRA. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of using 4D MRA in conjunction with arterial territorial segmentation to visualize vascular territories and quantify blood flow supply from individual arteries.

2151		Non-Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography of The Celiac Trunk Using 3D Magnetization-Prepared Dual-Echo Dixon in Free Breathing
		Shuo Zhang^1,2, Caroline Molavi Tabrizi², Masami Yoneyama³, Christiane Kuhl², and Alexandra Barabasch²
		¹Philips GmbH DACH, Hamburg, Germany, ²Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany, ³Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) permits accurate assessment of the abdominal aorta and the splanchnic arteries, including the celiac trunk and its branches. However, it is often restricted for patients undergoing dynamic-contrast-enhanced imaging of the liver in the same exam. In this study, we employ the recently introduced Relaxation-Enhanced Angiography without Contrast and Triggering (REACT) method using magnetization-prepared dual-echo Dixon for 3D free-breathing non-contrast-enhanced imaging of the celiac trunk. Initial results in healthy volunteer and patients are reported in comparison to the other techniques such as the conventional and arterial spin labeling (ASL) based balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences.

2152		Rapid diastolic-phase only TRANCE non-contrast MR angiography in screening of systemic artery aneurysm in patients with Kawasaki disease
		Haruki Nonaka¹, Masami Yoneyama², Masahiro Tahara³, Tetsuya Nitta⁴, Mio Okano¹, Yuko Morikawa¹, Susumu Kariyama¹, Tomohiro Kimura¹, Yoriaki Matsumoto¹, Takanori Masuda¹, Naoyuki Imada⁵, and Tomoyasu Sato⁶
		¹Department of Radiological Technology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan, ²Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ³Department of Pediatrics, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan, ⁴Nitta Pediatric Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan, ⁵Department of Health Care, North Hiroshima Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan, ⁶Department of Radiology, Tsuchiya General Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
		The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the clinical feasibility and utility of diastolic-phase only ECG-triggered non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography (TRANCE) in screening of systemic artery aneurysms (SAA) in Kawasaki disease patients. Diastolic-phase only TRANCE provided consistent high image quality for evaluating main arteries in children with the average scanning time around 155sec in addition to routine coronary MRA screening. Diastolic-phase only TRANCE could be useful in SAA screening without significant prolongation of examination time.

2153		Whole-body MRI to assess subclinical cardiovascular disease and frailty development
		Bharath Ambale Venkatesh¹, Jason Ortman², Jaclyn Sesso², Yoko Kato², Elzbieta Chamera², Jennifer Wagner³, Yoshimori Kassai⁴, and Joao Lima²
		¹Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, ²Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, ³Canon Medical Research USA, Mayfield Village, OH, United States, ⁴Canon Medical Systems, Kanagawa, Japan
		Whole body non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography and Dixon imaging hold potential for monitoring and quantitative assessment of global plaque burden and cardiometabolic disease in frailty.

2154		A comparative study on TRANCE and bFFE imaging of hepatic portal vein with Time-SLIP
		Yan WANG¹, Yuli HUANG², Haiyang DONG³, and Li ZHU³
		¹Department of Radiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China, ²MR, Philips Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, SUZHOU, China, ³Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
		The Time-Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulses (Time-SLIP) technique was used to perform non-contrast enhanced hepatic portal vein imaging using 3D TRANCE and 3D Balanced FFE methods respectively, and the image quality obtained by the two imaging methods and the number of branches of hepatic portal vein were compared specifically. Both 3D TRANCE and 3D Balanced FFE imaging methods with Time-SLIP can be used for hepatic portal vein imaging. The image quality of hepatic portal vein obtained by 3D TRANCE was generally better than 3D Balanced FFE.

2155		Optimisation of Poisson-disk Sampling Pattern for Highly Accelerated Femoral NCE-MRA
		Hao Li¹, Martin John Graves², David John Lomas¹, and Andrew Nicholas Priest²
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
		NCE-MRA techniques have a long acquisition time but can be accelerated by compressed sensing, parallel imaging and partial Fourier sampling using, for example, a Poisson-disk sampling pattern. In this study, we optimised the parameters in sampling pattern design with different acceleration factors for the 3D accelerated femoral fresh-blood-imaging sequence. The NCE-MRA data were reconstructed using weighted subtraction in k-space combined with phase correction. In a comparison using retrospective acceleration by subsampling of a full dataset, the optimised patterns outperformed the non-optimised patterns.

2156		Optimized Stack-of-Stars QISS MR Angiography for Near-Isotropic Non-Contrast Evaluation of the Renal and Peripheral Arteries
		Robert R Edelman^1,2, Jianing Pang³, and Ioannis Koktzoglou^1,4
		¹Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States, ²Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Chicago, IL, United States, ⁴Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		Quiescent-interval slice-selective (QISS) MRA has become established as a simple “push button” nonenhanced alternative to CTA and contrast-enhanced MRA. However, a fundamental drawback of QISS as currently implemented is that it uses a 2D acquisition strategy. The inability to acquire very thin slices along with the non-rectangular slice profile predisposes QISS to artifacts from partial volume averaging and blurring of multiplanar reconstructions. We therefore implemented and optimized a novel thin-slab stack-of-stars QISS (tsSOS-QISS) technique to provide near-isotropic high spatial resolution that rivals CTA, while maintaining the excellent arterial conspicuity, motion insensitivity and breath-hold capability of 2D QISS.

2157		Non-triggered, non-contrast lower extremity artery-weighted REACT : Impact of patient positioning for improving artery-vein contrast
		Hiroshi Hamano¹, Masami Yoneyama¹, Yasuhiro Goto², Takayuki Sakai³, Yasutomo Katsumata⁴, and Kenji Iinuma¹
		¹Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Radiological Services, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan, ³Radiology, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan, ⁴Philips Healthcare, Tokyo, Japan
		Artery-weighted REACT (REACT-Art), which is optimized the T2prep-time and TFE factor to improve the artery-vein contrast has been proposed, and it provide good artery-dominant contrast compared to conventional REACT. In this study, we focused on the impact of patient positioning to improve the artery-vein contrast with higher robustness, such as raising patient’s heels, putting patient’s heels down, compressing the patient’s legs. we have demonstrated that the patient-positioning like the patient legs to be compressed, and wearing compression stockings might achieve improved artery-vein contrast of REACT-Art with high stability and robustness in the lower extremities without use of contrast-enhancement and ECG-triggering.

2158		Feasibility of Simultaneous Non-contrast Angiography and intraPlaque hemorrhage Imaging (SNAP) in Abdominopelvic Angiography
		Dmytro Pylypenko¹, Yishi Wang², Le He¹, and Hua Guo¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Non-contrast enhanced MRA of abdominopelvic arteries within a large field of view is very challenging due to rapid blood flow and variant flow speed among different subjects. Simultaneous Non-contrast Angiography and intraPlaque imaging (SNAP), a non-contrast enhanced MRA technique, provides reliable imaging for the carotid and intracranial arteries. In this study, we sought to explore the feasibility of SNAP with compressed sensing acceleration in abdominopelvic arteries imaging. The complementary information provided by different scans with different velocity sensitivities can be combined to obtain reliable abdominopelvic MRA with a large coverage.

2159		Improved visualization of non-contrast-enhanced MRA of the foot using REACT with balanced SSFP-DIXON (bREACT) at 1.5T
		Yutaka Hamatani¹, Kayoko Abe², Yasuhiro Goto¹, Masami Yoneyama³, Isao Shiina¹, Kazuo Kodaira¹, Mamoru Takeyama¹, Isao Tanaka¹, and Shuji Sakai²
		¹Department of Radiological Services, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ²Department of Diagnostic imaging & Nuclear Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, ³Philips Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		In this study we demonstrated the feasibility of dual-echo balanced SSFP-DIXON sequence with REACT technique for the foot MRA at 1.5T. bREACT dramatically increased the SNR compared to conventional REACT and it could provide excellent contrast between blood vessels and background tissues with high robustness compared with other conventional non-contrast-enhanced MRA methods. This technique would be helpful to assess peripheral blood vessels in the diabetic patients.

2160		Comparison of Non-Contrast Enhanced Dynamic MRA Techniques: 4D-SNAP vs 4D-TRANCE
		Hua Guo¹, Yuhui Xiong^1,2, Sisi Li¹, Simin Liu¹, and Chun Yuan³
		¹Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China, ³Vascular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
		Simultaneous Non-contrast Angiography and intraPlaque imaging (SNAP), a non-contrast enhanced MRA technique, shows great potentials for either static artery imaging or 4D time-resolved artery imaging. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) based imaging techniques can also be used for dynamic MRA, e.g., 4D time-resolved angiography non-contrast enhanced (4D-TRANCE). Both of them are compatible with parallel imaging thus practical for clinical usage. But they are based on different principles and their performance comparison is desired. This study aims to compare 4D-SNAP and 4D-TRANCE. Results show 4D-SNAP provides 4D dynamic MRA with higher SNR and fewer artifacts than 4D-TRANCE using either TFE or TFE-EPI.

2161		An In-Vivo Assessment of Velocity Sensitivity for TOF MRA and SNAP MRA
		Anders Gould¹, Zhensen Chen¹, Zechen Zhou², Niranjan Balu¹, Thomas Hatsukami³, and Chun Yuan¹
		¹Vascular Imaging Lab and Bio-Molecular Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ²Philips Research North America, Cambridge, MA, United States, ³Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
		TOF and SNAP are both useful angiographic imaging sequences. In this study, we compared signal patterns of intracranial arteries depicted by the two techniques and explored their relationship with blood flow velocity. Twenty-four subjects with carotid atherosclerosis were imaged. The number of distal intracranial branches were scored based on the MRA images. SNAP showed more variation across subjects than TOF. TOF MRA score seems more strongly correlated with carotid velocity. This suggests TOF MRA may be more robust, while SNAP MRA may be more sensitive to flow change, although the underlying mechanism needs further clarification in the future.

Cardiac Function 2

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular

2162		Evaluation of Myocardial Strain in Patients With Early Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Hypertensive Heart Disease Using CMR-FT
		Xiaoyong Hao¹, Jiang Wu¹, Chaohui Yang¹, Lina Zhu¹, Heng Niu¹, Xia Zhang¹, Xuan Li¹, and Kaiyu Wang²
		¹Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, TaiYuan, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, BeiJing, China
		This work assessed the application of cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) technique in evaluation of myocardium deformation in patients with early hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease. From the results we can see that the CMR-derived feature tracking technology could detect impairment of left ventricula myocardial deformation in patients with early hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and early hypertensive heart disease, even in patients with normal LVEF.

2163		Mechanical properties from CMR parameters in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors.
		Delphine Perie¹, Egidie Uwase¹, Tanguy Artz¹, Marianna Gamba¹, and Daniel Curnier²
		¹Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, ²Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
		Swine myocardium mechanical properties were found related to a combination of CMR relaxations times, magnetization transfer and diffusion parameters. Thus we assessed the relationships between mechanical properties and CMR parameters in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors. The results showed that the pressure at diastasis, contractility and stiffness properties of the left ventricle can be partially predicted from the relaxation times T1 and T2 and the partition coefficient, reflecting cardiac health in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This indirect estimation of the mechanical behavior of the myocardium from multiparametric MRI could solve the challenging early cardiac sequelae detection.

2164		Preventive fraction of long-term cardiac function with cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity in childhood leukemia survivors.
		Delphine Perie¹, Maxime Caru², Marianna Gamba¹, Louise Leleu¹, and Daniel Curnier²
		¹Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, ²Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
		In childhood leukemia survivors, doxorubicin leads to dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, despite early diagnosis with both echocardiography and MRI investigations. Physical activity has the potential to reduce the chronic disease risk, but it is currently unknown whether a good cardiorespiratory fitness or the regular practice of physical activity is enough to induce a preventive action on the cardiac function. This study included 81 ALL survivors and found that a good cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with a better preventive fraction, similarly to a good physical activity level. It would be more than 80% of the survivors who could benefit from these long-term effects.

2165		Comparing intradialytic effects of standard vs cooled haemodialysis on cerebral blood flow and cardiac function using MRI
		Eleanor F Cox¹, Latha Gullapudi^2,3, Charlotte E Buchanan¹, Kelly White³, Sebastian Coleman¹, Bernard Canaud⁴, Maarten W Taal^2,3, Nicholas M Selby^2,3, and Susan T Francis¹
		¹Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, ²Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom, ³Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, United Kingdom, ⁴Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
		12 patients received standard (SHD) and cooled (CHD) haemodialysis in a randomized cross-over study. Participants underwent serial cardiac and brain multiparametric MRI before, during and after dialysis. Cerebral blood flow velocities fell significantly during dialysis (carotid artery -19±2%, p<0.001; basilar artery -16±3%, p=0.004). Cardiac index and stroke volume index fell significantly during dialysis (-29±2% and -32±2%, both p<0.001). After two weeks of CHD, pre-dialysis left ventricle (LV) myocardial T1 and wall mass (WM) were lower compared to SHD (T1: 1266(37)ms vs. 1311±18ms, p=0.02; LV WM: 128±12g vs. 137±12g, p=0.003), indicating reduced myocardial tissue oedema with CHD.

2166		CMR Feature tracking: reproducibility in small animals
		Hao Li^1,2, Steffen Just³, Qinghua Lu², and Volker Rasche^1,3
		¹Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Ulm University, ULM, Germany, ²Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China, ³Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
		Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging feature tracking (CMR-FT) is a novel non-invasive imaging technique and has been validated in clinical applications. However, there are only limited studies in small animal research. We performed biventricular strain assessment using CMR-FT in nexiline knock-out mice at rest and dobutamine stress to evaluate its feasibility and intra-observer reproducibility in preclinic research. Excellent intra-observer reproducibility could be observed for rest and stress left ventricular (LV) strain in general and right ventricular (RV) circumferential strain derived from short-axis views. An only fair reproducibility was observed for RV longitudinal strain under stress conditions derived from long-axis views.

2167		Myocardial and Intraventricular Kinetic Energy in Patients with Fontan Circulation
		Xue-Zhe Lu¹, Ming-Ting Wu², Ken-Pen Weng^3,4, and Hsu-Hsia Peng¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ²Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ³Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ⁴Department of Pediatrics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
		We aimed to investigate the interaction between systolic myocardial and intraventricular kinetic energy (KE_myo, KE_ven) in Fontan patients. The tissue phase mapping and 4D flow datasets were acquired for calculation of KE_myo and KE_ven. The Fontan group showed decreased peak and mean systolic KE_ven, and decreased peak and mean systolic KE_myo. The KE delay, describing the subtraction of time-to-peak KEmyo from time-to-peak KE_ven, in Fontan group significantly correlated with peak and mean systolic KE_ven. In conclusion, the correlation between KE delay and KE_ven illustrated the adverse impact of abnormal energy transferring mechanism on the single functional ventricle in Fontan patients.

2168		MR detects improvement in cardiac function and fibrosis after micro-dystrophin treatment in dystrophic mice
		Ravneet Vohra¹, Guy Odom², Jeffrey S Chamberlain^2,3, and Donghoon Lee¹
		¹Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ²Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ³Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
		Cardiomyopathy is an inevitable fate for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and is one of the major causes of mortality. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly being performed at very high magnetic field strength for small animal models of muscular dystrophy. The mdx mouse model is one of the most commonly used animal models for DMD. Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer represents a promising approach for DMD. The aim of this study was to elucidate the functional impact of micro-dystrophin on cardiomyopathy in mdx mice using CMR as a non-invasive biomarker.

2169		An Efficient Sampling Strategy of Fast Multi-slice Cardiac Cine Imaging
		Dongchan Kim¹, Byungjai Kim², Kyoung-Nam Kim³, Jun-Young Chung⁴, HyunWook Park², and Yeji Han³
		¹Samsung Electronics, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ²Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, ³Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea, ⁴Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
		Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) with electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering and breath-holding is a common MRI technique for examination of ventricular function. For whole-heart imaging, resting periods are often necessary between breath-holds because many patients find it difficult to perform successive breath-holds and this eventually prolongs the entire examination time. Although self-gating (SG) techniques can relieve the discomfort that comes from multiple breath-holds, the sampling efficiency is limited because the data from inspiration phases are discarded. In this work, we propose a new sampling strategy for efficient multi-slice cardiac cine imaging that acquires data with a reduced number of breath-holds.

2170		Association Between Physical Activity and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Morphology assessed by MRI in Obesity
		Hugo Klarenberg¹, Jeroen H. P. M. van der Velde², Ilona A. Dekkers³, R. de Mutsert², J. Wouter Jukema⁴, Frits R. Rosendaal², Mark Gosselink⁵, Martijn Froeling⁵, Gustav J. Strijkers¹, S. Matthijs Boekholdt⁶, and Hildo J. Lamb³
		¹Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, ³Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, ⁴Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, ⁵Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, ⁶Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
		Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is accompanied by diastolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction is associated with metabolic dysregulations, particularly obesity. Physical Activity might reduce this process improving diastolic function and left ventricular (LV) morphology. In this cross-sectional Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study, individuals underwent cardiovascular MRI to asses diastolic function and LV Morphology. Physical Activity was determined via the SQUASH questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression was performed adjusting for metabolic covariates. Physical Activity was moderately associated to diastolic function and strongly to LV Morphology. Conclusively, associations of diastolic function and LV morphology with Physical Activity can be determined accurately by MRI.

2171		Accelerated-x4 Balanced-SSFP Cardiac Cine 2D/3D DENSE with Phase-Cycled Encoding for Improved Performance
		Ronald J. Beyers¹, Adil Bashir¹, and Thomas S. Denney¹
		¹MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn University, AL, United States
		Cine frame-rate quantification of myocardial strain has been previously demonstrated with 2D echo-planar and 2D/3D spiral sequence versions of Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE). While these non-conventional methods allow fast-acquisition, they are plagued with off-resonance limitations that has hindered their integration into mainstream cardiac MRI application. Here we present a more conventional, accelerated-x4, balanced SSFP (bSSFP) version of Cardiac Cine 2D/3D DENSE with improved phase-cycled encoding for effective artifact suppression. In vivo human scans at 3T demonstrated good agreement of myocardial radial (Err), circumferential (Ecc) and longitudinal (Ell) strains as reported in previous literature along with lower artifact degradation compared to standard complementary-encoded DENSE.

2172		Cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking for myocardial strain assessment in real-time cardiac cine MRI
		Ashitha Pathrose¹, Hassan Haji-Valizadeh^1,2, Roberto Sarnari¹, James Carr^1,2,3, and Daniel Kim^1,2
		¹Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
		Cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking (CMR-FT) has emerged as a reference standard for the evaluation of cardiac morphology and function. But, the performance of CMR-FT may be affected by data undersampling as done in several real-time cardiac MRI techniques. In our study, we evaluated the performance of CMR-FT for myocardial strain quantification from real-time cardiac cine MRI when compared to standard cardiac cine in cardiac disease patients. We found that even though there is good agreement between the values derived from the real-time and standard cine MRI, care should be taken as measures from the real-time cine can be underestimated.

2173		Cartesian prospective, dual-gated, cardio-respiratory encoding for 3D cardiac CINE compared to spiral profile retrospective encoding.
		Sven HF Jaeschke¹ and Aaron T Hess¹
		¹Oxford Centre For Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
		A number of retrospective Cartesian encoding strategies exist for duel gated cardio-respiratory imaging, including freebreathing cine. If respiration and cardiac motion are known prospectively while scanning, is prospective sampling more efficient? To test this we developed an algorithm to prospectively handle variable acquisition durations for each cardio-respiratory bin while acquiring pre-defined Poisson-Disk variable density sampling masks. We compared this to a retrospective spiral profile Cartesian trajectory and found the prospective method had between 10% and 25% higher efficient for matched scan time and had between 20% and 40% higher peak-to-sidelobe ratio of the point-spread-function, which is beneficial for image reconstruction.

2174		Optimized ultra-high-field cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
		El-Sayed H Ibrahim¹, V Emre Arpinar¹, L Tugan Muftuler¹, Andrew Nencka¹, and Kevin Koch¹
		¹Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
		Cardiac functional MRI has been established in clinical practice on 1.5T and 3T scanners; nevertheless, the capabilities of ultra-high field (UHF) MRI have not been fully exploited, which are expected to significantly improve image quality and provide information not obtainable at lower-field MRI. Despite its advantages, UHF MRI is challenging due to a number of technical issues, especially B1 and B0 inhomogeneities. In this study, we provide preliminary results of using a multi-channel transceiver modular coil and a dielectric pad towards optimizing UHF cardiac functional MRI by improving image quality and minimizing imaging artifacts.

2175		Fully automated detection of the quiescent phases of the cardiac cycle from CINE images using deep learning
		Naledi Adam¹, James Clough¹, Ronald Mooiweer¹, Phuoc Dong¹, Li Huang¹, Reza Razavi¹, Kuberan Pushparajah¹, Amedeo Chiribiri¹, Andrew King¹, and Sébastien Roujol¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
		Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is commonly performed using ECG-triggering to restrain acquisition to a quiescent phase of the cardiac cycle (i.e. end-systole or mid-diastole). Identification of the rest periods is commonly performed by visual inspection on CINE images and is thus operator dependent, time consuming and requires a trained operator. In this study, a fully automated method was developed to detect the quiescent cardiac periods of the cardiac cycle from CINE images using an integrated convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) network.

Cardiac Function 1

Cardiovascular Applications

Cardiovascular

2176		Auto-calibrated simultaneous multi-slice cardiac bSSFP Cine MRI using gradient temporal modulation
		Yuan Zheng¹, Lele Zhao², Zhongqi Zhang², Zhehao Zhang², Xingxian Shou¹, Haojie Li³, Jian Xu¹, Weiguo Zhang¹, Lu Huang³, and Liming Xia³
		¹UIH America, Houston, TX, United States, ²United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
		Simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) imaging is an efficient MRI technique that better preserves SNR than conventional parallel imaging (PI). However, single-band images usually need to be acquired to provide references for slice-unaliasing, causing an untrivial scan time overhead in some scenarios. We extended a recently reported self-calibrated SMS imaging strategy based on RF phase modulation, and propose using gradient temporal modulation to achieve auto-calibrated SMS bSSFP, which avoids the bSSFP banding shift and is preferred in cardiac Cine due to its contrast and intrinsically high SNR. In-plane PI can also be incorporated with shared auto-calibration.

2177		Myocardial strain of hypertrophic ventricular noncompaction, isolated ventricular noncompaction and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
		Shenglei Shu¹, Jing Wang¹, Xiaoyue Zhou², Chuangsheng Zheng¹, and Xiangquan Kong¹
		¹Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Scince and Technology, Wuhan, China, ²MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China
		Understanding of ventricular noncompaction appearance with simultaneous hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains to be improved, as conventional used markers may not be able to distinguish subtle variation between isolated ventricular noncompaction and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We utilize the myocardial strain analysis based on cine images to compare different subgroups in order to find clues of underlying pathophysiology. Remarkable difference of the strain value were found in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients compared with the isolated ventricular noncompaction ones.

2178		Comprehensive assessment of the left ventricle using cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension
		Ashitha Pathrose¹, Roberto Sarnari¹, Sabeth Essl¹, Carson Herman¹, Daniel Gordon¹, Kelvin Chow^1,2, Benjamin Freed³, Michael Cuttica³, Michael Markl^1,4, and James Carr^1,3,4
		¹Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ⁴Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
		Cardiac MR provides valuable information of the cardiac structure-function, but it is underutilized in the diagnosis and monitoring patients with pulmonary hypertension. In this study, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the left ventricle in patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension including feature-tracking strain, T1 mapping, and tissue phase mapping. We also evaluated the association of these CMR-derived quantitative measures with right heart catheterization derived pressure measurements.

2179		Quality prediction score: predicting the CNN-based segmentation performance for cine cardiac MR images
		Ping-Chen Wu¹, Zheng-Shen Lin¹, and Teng-Yi Huang¹
		¹Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
		In this study, we evaluated the open-source toolbox for heart segmentation by using cross-institutional datasets. Furthermore, we proposed to use a quality prediction socre to provide the estimation of the qualitfy of the cardiac segmentation. The QPS values were highly correlated to the Dice coefficients of the test datasets.

2180		Left Ventricular Twist and Circumferential Strain from MRI Tagging Assess Early Cardiovascular Disease in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
		Patrick Magrath^1,2, Nyasha Maforo^2,3, Mike Loecher⁴, Grace Kim⁵, Holden H. Wu ^1,2,3, Ashley Prosper², Pierangelo Renella², Nancy Halnon⁶, and Daniel B. Ennis ⁴
		¹Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Physics and Biology in Medicine IDP, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁴Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ⁵Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁶Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a common fatal inherited genetic disorder impacting 1:3800 male births, and cardiac failure is the primary source of mortality in this cohort. Decreases in LVEF measured by CINE and fibrosis measured by LGE are late and highly variable outcomes. Herein we demonstrate that peak systolic circumferential strain (E_cc) and Twist measured by MR Tagging provide evidence of earlier changes in cardiac function in a substantial DMD cohort, holding promising applications for patient treatment and the evaluation of novel therapeutics.

2181		Realistic Simulation of High-Performance Low Field Cardiac Cine Imaging
		Xitong Wang¹, Namgyun Lee², Adrienne E. Campbell-Washburn³, and Krishna S. Nayak¹
		¹Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insititute, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
		There is renewed interest in high-performance low field imaging, especially for applications that are limited by susceptibility and SAR, such as cardiac CINE bSSFP imaging. Here, we demonstrate a framework for realistic simulation of 3D CINE bSSFP cardiac imaging at various field strengths. This is benchmarked against in-vivo data acquired on a high-performance 0.55 Tesla MRI. We utilize the XCAT phantom, 3D stack of spiral sampling, and realistic noise. This setup can be used to predict minimum field strength requirements and to test data sampling and reconstruction techniques.

2182		Global ventricular force-length loops and the quantification of longitudinal and radial contribution to stroke work
		Felicia Seemann^1,2, Jonathan Berg^1,3, Kristian Solem³, Robert Jablonowski¹, Håkan Arheden¹, Marcus Carlsson¹, and Einar Heiberg^1,2,4
		¹Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, ²Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, ³Syntach AB, Lund, Sweden, ⁴Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
		The concept of global left ventricular force-length loops is introduced as a method for quantifying the contribution to stroke work resulting from longitudinal and radial pumping mechanics, and validated in an animal model. The force-length loops can be derived noninvasively using cardiovascular magnetic resonance and a brachial cuff pressure. We found that longitudinal and radial pumping contributes equally to stroke work in healthy controls and patients with dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy, but that the longitudinal pumping is more energy efficient in delivering stroke volume compared to radial pumping.

2183		Whole Heart High-Order B0 Shimming at 3T Using a UNIfied Coil (UNIC) for RF receive and shimming
		Hsin-Jung Yang¹, John Stager¹, Linda Azab¹, Waishing Liu¹, Meng Lu¹, Yuheng Huang¹, Ghazal Yoosefian¹, Skyler Selvin¹, Richard Handelin¹, Yujie Shan¹, Fardad Michael Serry¹, Yibin Xie¹, Anthony Christodoulou¹, Xiaoming Bi¹, Rohan Dharmakumar¹, Debiao Li¹, and Hui Han¹
		¹Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		B0-field inhomogeneity caused by tissue-air interface has been a long standing challenge in high field(>=3T) cardiac MRI. Although high-order shimming methods has been proposed in recent publications using surface shimming coils, the shimming capability in deep tissue, such as the heart, is still limited due to the restrained current amplitudes and the geometry constraints of the receiving loops. In this study, we developed a cardiac high-order shimming coil based on a novel coil decoupling design to overcome the aforementioned limitations. We demonstrated the developed coil can successfully reduce B0 field variation by 50% in the whole-heart in healthy human volunteers.

2184		Real-time cardiac imaging without ECG gating and respiratory control to monitor arrhythmia
		Yichen Zheng¹, Ziling Jiao¹, Aiqi Sun², Bo Zhao^3,4, and Rui Li¹
		¹Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Neusoft Medical Systems, Shanghai, China, ³Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Chalestown, MA, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
		Non gated real-time cardiac MR imaging with Partial Separable model provides a promising way to overcome the limitation of conventional cine imaging. The new method is able to capture the beat by beat variation, which is especially suitable for arrhythmia. In this study, we have 2 aims. First, to evaluate the consistency of parameters between the conventional cine method and the PS model based real-time method, and second, to capture beat by beat variation in arrhythmia patient.

2185		Subclinical Myocardial deformation assessment in early stage hypertension patients by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking
		Zhaoxia Yang¹, Liming Xia², and Haojie Li²
		¹Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,Hubei province, China, ²Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,Hubei province, China
		Preclinical left ventricular myocardial deformation involvement in the hypertension(HTN) patients could be detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT). Impaired GRS,GCS,GLS and relevant diastolic longitudinal strain parameters might be associated with alterlation of left ventricular myocardial microstructure and the subtle decrease of diastolic function in the early asymptomatic HTN subjects.CMR-FT derived strain analysis has great potential to predict LVEF change and guide an appropriate treatment.

2186		Magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of aortic coarctation impact on cardiac function
		El-Sayed H Ibrahim¹, Pierre Croisille², and John LaDisa³
		¹Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ²Jean-Monnet University, Lyon, France, ³Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
		Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a constriction of the descending thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular defects affecting 5,000-8,000 births annually in USA. Patients with CoA can have hyperdynamic and remodeled left ventricle from increased afterload. The mechanisms of morbidity from CoA are difficult to study in clinical setting due to the patients’ heterogeneity from confounding variables and concomitant anomalies. To remove these barriers, we adapted a novel rabbit model of CoA, which we scanned using MRI to study CoA-induced alterations in global and regional cardiac function and compare results to measurements from controls.

2187		Cardiac MRI for identifying radiation therapy effect on the heart
		El-Sayed H Ibrahim¹, Dhiraj Baruah¹, Pierre Croisille², Jadranka Stojanovska³, Jason Rubenstein¹, Rachel Schlaak¹, Anne Frei¹, Elizabeth Gore¹, and Carmen Bergom¹
		¹Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, ²Jean-Monnet University, Lyon, France, ³University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
		Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Radiation therapy (RT) is standard-of-care in one-third of the patients, where the incidence of cardiac complications in lung cancer patients after RT reaches 33%. The current paradigm for cardiotoxicity detection and management relies primarily upon assessment of ejection fraction (EF). However, cardiac injury can occur without a clear change in EF. In this study, we investigate the effect of RT on global and regional cardiac function and myocardial T1/T2 values. The results show the capability of regional cardiac MRI for depicting early changes in myocardial contractility pattern and tissue characterization post-RT.

2188		Beyond SPAMM-PAV: a Phase Complementary SPAMM (PCSPAMM) acquisition to quantify simultaneously tissue motion and flow velocity
		Hernán Mella^1,2,3, Julio Sotelo^1,2,3, and Sergio Uribe^1,2,3,4
		¹Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ²Millenium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Santiago, Chile, ³Department of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ⁴Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
		In this work, we introduce the Phase Complementary Spatial Modulation of Magnetization (PCSPAMM) acquisition sequence, designed to measure the tissue motion simultaneously with the flow velocity. With a pair of complementary acquisitions, PCSPAMM allows the estimation of a CSPAMM and a Phase-Contrast (PC) MR image, leading to improved tagging contrast and artifacts-free PC images at any cardiac phase.

2189		Outer volume suppressed 3D-encoded DENSE MRI for quantifying biventricular myocardial strain during a breath-hold
		Eric D Carruth¹, Samuel W Fielden¹, Christopher D Nevius¹, Brandon K Fornwalt¹, and Christopher M Haggerty¹
		¹Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
		Myocardial strain is a highly sensitive measure of heart function, but techniques to measure strain, such as displacement-encoded (DENSE) MRI, typically focus on the left ventricle, despite known clinical importance of right ventricle mechanics. The high resolution required to measure right ventricular strains is possible using navigator-based approaches; however, these are time-consuming and impractical for broad use. DENSE with outer volume suppression has been applied during a breath hold in the left ventricle, and may also enable resolving the right ventricle. We implemented DENSE with outer volume suppression and achieved similar 3D biventricular strain measurements compared to a navigator-based acquisition.

2190		Free-Breathing Cardiac Cine MRI with Compressed Sensing Real-Time Imaging and Retrospective Motion Correction
		Jianing Pang¹, Pedro Itriago Leon², Xiaoming Bi³, Gary McNeal¹, Christoph Forman⁴, Christianne Leidecker¹, and Prakash M. Masand⁵
		¹Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., Chicago, IL, United States, ²Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., Houston, TX, United States, ³Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc., Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁴Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, ⁵Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
		Free-breathing cardiac cine imaging is desirable for improving patient experience, expanding CMR eligibility, achieving robust image quality for uncooperative subjects, and simplifying CMR workflow. In this work, we propose a prototype technique, RTCSCineMoCo, that combines highly accelerated real-time acquisition, compressed sensing reconstruction, and retrospective, fully automated respiratory motion correction. In a preliminary evaluation on four volunteers, RTCSCineMoCo achieved similar spatiotemporal resolution, visually comparable image quality, and consistent LV function parameters as the reference breath-hold technique. RTCSCineMoCo is a promising option for free-breathing cardiac cine imaging, and further studies are warranted to evaluate its feasibility and utility in a clinical setting.

2191		Myostrain characterization using fewer SENC cardiac phases – a preliminary study
		Xingxian Shou¹, Yuan Zheng¹, Qi Liu¹, Masoud Edalati¹, Lele Zhao², Junpu Hu², Jian Xu¹, Weiguo Zhang¹, Donel Tani³, and Nael F. Osman³
		¹MR, UIH America, Inc., Houston, TX, United States, ²MR, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³Myocardial Solutions, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
		SENC MRI is an important technique for myocardium strain quantification. We proposed a modified SENC EPI sequence to only acquire about half of the total cardiac phases in order to get higher SNR strain images. The minimum strains can still be calculated with better SNR from LT/HT images. With the imaging time kept the same at one heartbeat, the SNR of the images is higher and strain calculation is more accurate. The timing of the end-systole stage can be determined by running a CINE scan prior to the SENC protocol.

Cardiovascular MRI Techniques & Applications 1

Cardiovascular Techniques

Cardiovascular

2192		Dedicated motion-corrected reconstruction for T1-mapping Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery acquisitions
		Gaspar Delso¹, Anne Menini², José T. Ortiz-Pérez³, Susanna Prat³, Adelina Doltra³, Rosario J. Perea³, Teresa M. Caralt³, Daniel Lorenzatti³, Julián Vega³, Marta Sitges³, and Martin A. Janich⁴
		¹ASL MR, GE Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain, ²GE Healthcare, San Francisco, CA, United States, ³Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, ⁴GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany
		We present the evaluation results of a new motion correction algorithm, designed specifically to account for the variable image contrast found in T1 mapping MOLLI series. While standard motion correction improves mapping accuracy with respect to uncorrected series, the registration can occasionally diverge, aggravating the problem. The new dedicated algorithm has been shown to yield improved registration performance and reduced probability of divergence.

2193		Fast 3D Whole Heart Imaging using Seiffert Spirals
		Tobias Speidel¹, Patrick Metze², Thomas Hüfken², and Volker Rasche^1,2
		¹Core Facility Small Animal Imaging (CF-SANI), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany, ²Department of Internal Medicine II, University Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
		The overall duration of acquiring a Nyquist sampled 3D dataset can be significantly shortened by enhancing the efficiency of k-space sampling. This can be achieved by increasing the coverage of k-space for every trajectory interleave. The presented and adapted acquisition scheme using Seiffert Spirals can be a valuable tool for applications in which scan durations are strictly limited e.g. in the case of 3D ECG gated cardiovascular imaging. In this context we apply the Seiffert Spirals to isotropic whole heart imaging with overall scan times of 350 heart beats for a resolution of (1.25 mm)³.

2194		High Resolution Simulation and Measurement of Phase-Specific B0 Field Conditions Across the Human Cardiac Cycle
		Yun Shang¹, Martin Gajdosik¹, Sebastian Theilenberg¹, Laura M. Schreiber^2,3, and Christoph Juchem^1,4
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, ²Chair of Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany, ³Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany, ⁴Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
		B₀inhomogeneity leads to dark band artifacts in cardiac MRI, in particular with the use of SSFP pulse sequences. Limited spatial resolution of MRI-derived B₀ maps prevents the systematic analysis of the problem and the development of optimized B₀ shim strategies. Here we demonstrate the potential for simulating both overall and cardiac phase-specific B₀ field conditions in the human heart at 3 T at high spatial resolution from anatomical MRI. The results are validated by high-resolution B₀ field mapping in the same subjects. This approach is expected to develop population-specific B₀ shim strategies from readily available anatomical MRI libraries.

2195		Relationships between CMR, rheometry and Raman spectroscopy of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in the swine.
		Delphine Perie¹, Eric Buzaglo¹, Clemence Balosetti¹, Helene Heon², and Daniel Curnier³
		¹Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, ²Research Center, CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada, ³Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
		CMR has already been used to investigate the long term effects of cancer treatments. We investigated relationships between clinical, CMR, mechanical and biochemical properties of the myocardium and their changes due to early doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in the swine model. MR relaxation times and CMR function parameters highlighted the importance of regional analysis because of the heterogeneity in the tissue response to doxorubicin treatment. The observation of different remodelling patterns between moving and fixed cardiac walls needs to be translated to personalized diagnosis and medicine approaches for cancer treatment application.

2196		Assessment of Apparent Internal Carotid Tandem Occlusion on High-resolution Vessel Wall Imaging Comparison With DSA
		shengting chai^1,2, Shuang Xia^1,2, Zhiguo Sheng³, Weiwei Xie^1,2, Chen Wang³, Song Liu^1,2, Ruowei Tang^1,2, Chen Cao⁴, Wenqiang Xin⁵, Zaiyu Guo⁶, Peng Mi ⁷, Binge Chang³, and Xinyu Yang⁵
		¹Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, ²Department of Radiology, First Central Clinical College, Tianjin, China, ³Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, ⁴Department of Radiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China, ⁵Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China, ⁶Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, China, ⁷Department of Data statistics, Beijing Hithink Pharmaceutical Technology Service Co.,Ltd, Beijing, China
		This study aimed to identify the true ICA tandem occlusions and screen suitability for endovascular recanalization using High-resolution vessel wall imaging (HR-VWI). Patients without blood flow signal in the ICA on MRA who underwent both HR-VWI and DSA was included, and classified into the 4 categories. The suitability for recanalization of occlusion vessels was evaluated. The study showed that about half of patients with an apparent tandem ICA occlusion on DSA, the arteries were, in fact, patent or focal occlusion on VWI. VWI would enable superior identification the true ICA tandem occlusion than DSA.

2197		Quantitative sodium imaging in the carotid and aorta
		Chang Sun¹, Mary A McLean², Titus Lanz³, Frank Riemer⁴, Rolf F Schulte⁵, Fiona J Gilbert¹, Martin J Graves⁶, and Joshua D Kaggie¹
		¹Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ²Cancer Research UK, Cambridge, United Kingdom, ³Rapid Biomedical GmbH, Rimpar, Germany, ⁴Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, ⁵GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany, ⁶Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
		Carotid and aortic sodium MR images were acquired from four healthy volunteers, using a 3D cones trajectory and a birdcage sodium transmit/receive coil. Vascular structures such as the carotid bifurcation and aortic arch were observed in the sodium images. T₁ maps were estimated via the variable flip angle fitting method. B₁ maps were estimated with the dual angle method. Sodium concentration was estimated using a linear model with two fiducials as the reference. The results show sodium MR imaging can provide non-invasive and quantitative measurements of the sodium concentration near possible locations of vascular diseases.

2198		SADDLE: A Stand Alone Device for Deep Learning Execution
		Justin J Baraboo¹, Michael Scott¹, Haben Berhane², and Michael Markl¹
		¹Northwestern Radiology, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		The integration and evaluation of a stand-alone solution for deep learning execution within clinical environments was tested. Using a small GPU device preloaded with a data listener and pre-trained neural networks, bicuspid aortic valve patients having 4D-flow scans were pre-processed and had their aorta’s segmented automatically. Eddy current correction, noise masking, and aortic segmentation were processed sequentially. The device was integrated within the hospital’s network so that data always stayed on-site. The average time for 4D-flow processing and segmentation was roughly 10 minutes. Dice’s coefficients were 0.72±0.17, 0.87±.07, and 0.93±0.03 for eddy current correction, noise masking, and aortic segmentation.

2199		Cardiac self-gating signals for free-running imaging: more than just triggers?
		Lorenzo Di Sopra¹, Jérôme Yerly^1,2, Christopher W. Roy¹, Juerg Schwitter³, and Matthias Stuber^1,2
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland, ²Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland, ³Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
		Cardiac self-gating (SG) approaches for free-running MR imaging of the heart have proven to be a robust alternative to ECG-gating. However, for both the ECG and SG signals, one feature is typically extracted (ECG: R-wave, SG: zero-crossing) and used for triggering, gating, or data binning. While this often works for constant heart rates, periods of quiescence cannot easily be predicted when heart rates change. Therefore, we have developed an algorithm that, without any prior knowledge, identifies periods of cardiac quiescence from SG signals, and demonstrated that resultant motion-suppressed image quality matches that from conventional approaches.

2200		Differences in Revenues Associated with Magnetic Resonance Angiography versus Computed Tomographic Angiography for Pulmonary Embolism
		Liisa Bergmann^1,2, Fabio Gaertner³, and Mark Schiebler¹
		¹Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States, ²Executive MBA, Wisconsin School of Business at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Accounting and Information Systems, Wisconsin School of Business at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Analysis was performed of hospital revenue generated by inpatient, outpatient and emergency department MR and CT angiographic examinations for suspected pulmonary embolism. Negative examinations generated less revenue than examinations positive for pulmonary embolism. Negative MRAs generated slightly more revenue than negative CTAs. Positive MRAs generated more revenue than positive CTAs, however only two MRAs were positive for pulmonary embolism.

2201		Clinical value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Primary Cardiac tumors
		Xiao dan Li¹, Yan Chen¹, Jiayi Liu¹, Lei Xu¹, Yu Li¹, Dingting Liu¹, Qian Qi², Tianjing Zhang², and Zhaoying Wen¹
		¹Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China
		Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) offers superior advantages in cardiac imaging because of greater field of view, excellent soft-tissue imaging, and multiplanar imaging capabilities. CMR imaging can evaluate the characteristics of cardiac tumors by demonstrating the relationship between the tumor and its surrounding tissues,. Moreover, it plays a significant role in assisting the formulation of the surgical plan, in addition to the assessment of tumor progression and the monitoring of postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis. Our objective is to determine the value of CMR in assessing the likelihood of primary cardiac tumors and guiding patient management.

2202		Inflow inversion recovery of transplant renal artery stenosis: a validation study
		Hai Zhong¹, Guangrui Shao¹, and Weiqiang Dou²
		¹radiology, the second hospital of shandong university, Jinan, China, ²GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China
		Transplant renal artery stenosis(TRAS) was frequently occurred among patients after renal transplantation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of inflow inversion recovery (IFIR) technique in the assessment of TRAS by using digital subtraction angiography(DSA) as a reference. We measured the stenosis degrees of transplant renal arteries with IFIR and DSA, respectively. We obtained a strong correlation between IFIR and DSA, and no significant difference was found between these two techniques. Therefore, IFIR can been demonstrated as a noninvasive, accurate and valuable method in the diagnosis and evaluation of TRAS.

2203		In-vivo cardiac diffusion weighted image registration aided by AI semantic segmentation
		Pedro F Ferreira^1,2, Raquel Martin², Andrew D Scott^1,2, Zohya Khalique^1,2, Guang Yang^1,2, Sonia Nielles-Vallespin^1,2, Dudley Pennell^1,2, and David Firmin^1,2
		¹Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom, ²Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
		In-vivo cardiac diffusion weighted images contain contrast differences that complicate image registration from multiple breath-holds. Additionally, neighbouring structures of the chest wall, liver and stomach do not move rigidly with the heart during the respiratory cycle which further hinders registration. In this work we remove other structures and pre-process the image with the help of a convolutional neural network trained to segment multiple heart structures. These additional steps increase the accuracy of registration of the left ventricular myocardial ring resulting in more accurate diffusion tensors.

2204		Feasibility and Comparison Between Non-enhanced 2D and 3D Free-breathing Black-blood Techniques for Renal Arterial Wall Imaging
		Zihan Ning¹, Shuo Chen¹, Hualu Han¹, Huiyu Qiao¹, Shasha Deng², Dandan Yang¹, Hao Sun³, and Xihai Zhao¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, China, ³Depaetment of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
		We optimized non-enhanced 2D and 3D free-breathing black-blood imaging sequences and found excellent agreement in morphological measurements of renal artery (ICC: 0.85-0.95), and the CNR (p=0.17) and image quality score (p=0.60) were comparable between them. 2D imaging had higher SNR for lumen and wall visualization (all p<0.05) whereas 3D imaging had higher CNReff (5.37±1.91 vs. 0.87±0.51, p<0.01). Both sequences showed excellent inter-reader and scan-rescan repeatability (ICC: 0.77-0.99). We concluded that both 2D and 3D sequences are feasible for renal arterial wall imaging, particularly 2D provides high quality images whereas 3D sequence allows large-coverage and more efficient imaging.

2205		Evaluating the Vessel Wall Permeability of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm using 3D DynamicContrastEnhancedMRI: a feasibility study
		Bing Tian¹, Qi Liu², Jianping Lu², and Chengcheng Zhu³
		¹Radiology, Changhai hospital, Shanghai, China, ²Changhai hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China, ³UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
		The feasibility of 3D DCE on AAA was demonstrated in our study.

2206		Automatic Detection of Arrhythmia in ECG-free Real-time MRI
		Anja Hennemuth^1,2, Christina Unterberg³, Sebastian Ulrich Kelle⁴, Martin Uecker³, Jens Frahm⁵, and Markus Hüllebrand^1,2
		¹Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, ²Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany, ³Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, ⁴Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany, ⁵Max-Planck-Institut fuer biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
		The analysis of cardiac function in patients suffering from arrhythmia poses a problem for conventional ECG-synchronized imaging and the patients' ability to hold their breath. Real-time imaging approaches provide ungated image data, which contains the information about the motion variation induced by breathing and arrhythmia but require a high effort in post-processing and interpretation. The goal of the presented work is to enable an automatic analysis of cardiac real-time image sequences of patients suffering from arrhythmia. To this end, we combine a fast CNN-based segmentation of the myocardium with a curve pattern analysis of the blood volume changes over time.

2207		Towards Realistic Cardiac MR Image Simulation; Inclusion of the Endocardial Trabeculae in the XCAT Heart Anatomy
		Sina Amirrajab¹, William Paul Segars², Cristian Lorenz³, Juergen Weese³, and Marcel Breeuwer^1,4
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands, ²Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, ³Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany, ⁴MR R&D - Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands
		The importance of realistic cardiac MR simulation has been realized over the past decade. For this application, XCAT phantom provides realistic highly detailed whole body anatomical models including the heart and respiratory motion. Although the current XCAT heart model is complete in terms of substructures, the trabeculae structure of the endocardium, which is geometrically complex, is lacking. Based on a high-resolution ex-vivo cardiac image data, we modeled and incorporated the irregularity of the trabeculae into the existing XCAT model. We demonstrated that greater realism in cardiac MRI simulation can be achieved by including the trabeculae anatomy into the heart.

Cardiovascular MRI Techniques & Application 2

Cardiovascular Techniques

Cardiovascular

2208		Comparison of Myocardial Blood Flow Measurements with Arterial Spin Labeling in Breathhold and Synchronized Breathing Acquisitions
		Verónica Aramendía-Vidaurreta¹, Pedro Macías-Gordaliza^2,3, Marta Vidorreta⁴, Rebeca Echeverria-Chasco¹, Gorka Bastarrika¹, Arrate Muñoz-Barrutia^2,3, and María Fernández-Seara¹
		¹Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ²Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, ³Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, ⁴Siemens Healthineers, Madrid, Spain
		Arterial spin labeling enables non-invasive quantification of myocardial perfusion. However, there is a need to improve its reproducibility by reducing subtraction errors due to motion and thus, avoiding signal blurring in the acquired low-resolution images. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of quantifying MBF employing synchronized breathing techniques with FAIR-ASL in healthy subjects. Visually, motion is significantly reduced, MBF values are consistent with those reported in the literature and coefficient of variation for intrasession reproducibility is 13%.

2209		Generation of realistic and heterogeneous virtual population of cardiovascular magnetic resonance simulated images
		Sina Amirrajab¹, Yasmina Al Khalil¹, Cristian Lorenz², Juergen Weese², and Marcel Breeuwer^1,3
		¹Biomedical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands, ²Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany, ³MR R&D - Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands
		This study investigates an approach to generate a realistic, heterogeneous database of simulated cardiac MR images to aid the development of fully automated and generalizable deep learning based segmentation algorithms, less sensitive to variability in CMR image appearance. XCAT phantoms were used to create the virtual population by altering the heart position and geometry and MRXCAT approach was improved to simulate more organs. Images simulated in this study were quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to real CMR images acquired by two different sites and vendors. Initial experiments using such a heterogeneous image dataset show a positive impact on the segmentation performance.

2210		A Robust Deep-Learning-based Automated Cardiac Resting Phase Detection: Validation in a Prospective Study
		Seung Su Yoon^1,2, Elisabeth Hoppe¹, Michaela Schmidt², Christoph Forman², Teodora Chitiboi³, Puneet Sharma³, Christoph Tillmanns⁴, Andreas Maier¹, and Jens Wetzl²
		¹Department of Computer Science, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, ²Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ³Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Princeton, NJ, United States, ⁴Diagnostikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
		The detection of a window with the least motion, e.g. end-systolic or end-diastolic resting phases (RPs) within the cardiac cycle is necessary for data acquisition for static cardiac imaging. In the current workflow, it is manually performed on CINE images by visual inspection. To automate the workflow, we propose an improved Deep-Learning-based automated localized RP detection. While the first step is responsible to localize the anatomy of interest, the second is to quantify motion within the target, and third is to classify RPs. We validated the system with a prospective volunteer study and achieved accuracy in the range of 28ms.

2211		Automated Deep-Learning-based Inversion Time Selection for Cardiac Late Gadolinium Enhancement Imaging
		Seung Su Yoon^1,2, Michaela Schmidt², Bernd J Wintersperger^3,4, Teodora Chitiboi⁵, Puneet Sharma⁵, Christoph Tillmanns⁶, Andreas Maier¹, and Jens Wetzl²
		¹Department of Computer Science, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, ²Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ³Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, ⁴Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, ⁵Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc, Princeton, NJ, United States, ⁶Diagnostikum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
		In Cardiac MRI, Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging is generally performed for the assessment of myocardial viability. As LGE is based on inversion recovery techniques, the correct myocardial nulling is necessary for image contrast optimization. In current clinical practice, it is done by visual evaluation. As it required user expertise and interaction, an automated inversion time selection is proposed. The Deep-Learnig-based system to detect the null point of inversion time was successfully demonstrated in all datasets comparing with two expert annotations.

2212		Automated Segmentation of Right Ventricle in CMR Images based on Dense and Multi-scale U-net Network
		Peng Liu¹ and Lijia Wang¹
		¹University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
		It is essential to segment right ventricle (RV) for evaluating cardiac functional parameters of cardiac diseases in clinical diagnosis and prognosis. However, the complex structure of RV makes traditional segmentation methods not so effective in right ventricular segmentation. A new Dense and Multi-scale U-net deep learning method is proposed to segment right ventricle in cine cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) short-axis images automatically, which shows high coincidence and small difference with manual segmentation and is promising for diagnosis and analysis of clinical cardiac diseases.

2213		Intra-cardiac flow kinetic energy assessment from 4D flow CMR imaging in pediatric and adult repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
		XIAODAN ZHAO¹, LIWEI HU², RONG ZHEN OUYANG², RU SAN TAN^1,3, PING CHAI⁴, MARIELLE FORTIER^3,5, SHUO ZHANG⁶, WEN RUAN¹, SHUANG LENG¹, JUN-MEI ZHANG^1,3, BRYANT JENNIFER¹, LYNETTE LS TEO⁴, ROB VAN DER GEEST⁷, TENG HONG TAN^3,5, JAMES YIP⁴, JU LE TAN^1,3, YUMIN ZHONG², and LIANG ZHONG^1,3
		¹National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, ²Shanghai Children’s Medical Centre, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, ShangHai, China, ³Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore, ⁴National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, ⁵KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, ⁶Philips Germany, Humburg, Germany, ⁷Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
		Whole-heart 4D cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) phase-contrast flow measurement enables qualitative and quantitative assessment of intra-cardiac flow. Its feasibility was investigated in 12 pediatric and 13 adult patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). Left ventricular (LV) kinetic energy (KE) and pathline-derived flow components were analyzed. KE parameters were significantly correlated with age, but only LV systolic KE remained significantly different after indexing to LV end-diastolic volume. Pediatric rTOF patients had similar LV ejection fraction, indexed LV volumes and mass, but significantly reduced indexed LV systolic KE, retained inflow and increased delayed ejection flow compared with adults.

2214		CMR Tissue-Tracking myocardial strain analysis in acute myocarditis in a rat model: diagnostic value and association with LGE
		jing zhu¹, lei wang², and fabao gao²
		¹sichuan university, chengdu city, China, ²sichuan university, chengdu, China
		To assess the diagnostic value of CMR Tissue-Tracking(TT) for strain analysis in a rat model of acute myocarditis and the strain’s association with myocardial impairment. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis(EAM) was induced in 16 male rats, 10 rats served as control. Rats were scanned at 7T MRI 21 days after model induction, using cine-FLASH sequence and late gadolinium enhancement imaging. Myocardial strain values significantly reduced in EAM rats, compared with the controls. The area under the curve(AUC) of myocardial strain was excellent. Quantitative analysis of late gadolinium enhancement(LGE) showed a significant correlation with myocardial strain.

2215		Sodium MRI of the Rat Heart at 9.4 T using a Quadrature Birdcage
		Laura Boehmert¹, Helmar Waiczies², Andre Kuehne², Celal Oezerdem¹, Sonia Waiczies¹, Ludger Starke¹, Min-Chi Ku¹, Andreas Pohlmann¹, Paula Ramos Delgado¹, Erdmann Seeliger³, and Thoralf Niendorf^1,2,4,5
		¹Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany, ²MRI.TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany, ³Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany, ⁴DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany, ⁵Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
		We propose probing of tissue sodium concentrations in the heart using ²³Na MRI for adding a very useful dimension to our understanding of cardiac disorders. Changes in the sodium concentration might be indicative of early pathophysiological changes in such diseases. This work focuses on the development, evaluation and application of a quadrature birdcage RF resonator tailored for cardiac ²³Na MRI at 9.4T with the goal to provide a uniform excitation profile.

2216		Rapid myocardial perfusion MRI reconstruction using deep learning networks
		Eric Kenneth Gibbons^1,2, Ye Tian³, Qi Huang⁴, Akshay Chaudhari⁵, and Edward DiBella^2,4
		¹Electrical and Computer Engineering, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, United States, ²Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ³Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ⁴Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, ⁵Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
		Current acquisition strategies in cardiac perfusion MRI rely on non-uniform sampling that is highly undersampled in spatial and temporal domains. While iterative reconstruction methods are able to reconstruct such data reasonably well, reconstruction speeds are prohibitively long. This abstract applies novel deep learning approaches to accelerate reconstruction speeds relative to iterative algorithms with comparable image quality. Validation is performed through the calculation of a perfusion index.

2217		An MR image-guided left-ventricular shape model embedding local physiological coordinates and directions
		Stefano Buoso¹, Christian T Stoeck¹, Johanna Stimm¹, and Sebastian Kozerke¹
		¹Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
		We show the feasibility of embedding physiological coordinates and directions into a left ventricle anatomical shape model using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. The volumetric anatomical mesh and the physiological parametrization can be personalized directly from the selection of control points on MR cardiac images. This approach provides a consistent way of augmenting low-resolution data using features from high-resolution datasets. Additionally, the physiological parametrization is automatically adapted to each specific case without any additional calculation steps. This simplifies the processing of clinical images and, particularly, strain calculations and microstructural analysis that require the definition of the physiological parametrization.

2218		Metabolic Syndrome and Myocardium Steatosis in Subclinical Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy study
		Yue Gao¹, Zhi-gang Yang¹, Rui Shi¹, and Xi Liu¹
		¹radiology, west china hospital of sichuan university, chengdu, China
		Myocardium steatosis was positively associated with decreased myocardial deformation and perfusion dysfunction.

2219		Association between intracranial internal carotid artery steno-occlusive disease and diffuse wall thickening in its petrous segment
		Jin Zhang¹, Xiaoyi Chen², Huilin Zhao¹, Bin Cui³, Xiao Li¹, Beibei Sun¹, Xiaosheng Liu¹, Zhongshuai Zhang⁴, Xihai Zhao⁵, and Jianrong Xu¹
		¹Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, ²Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China, ³Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China, ⁴Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ⁵Biomedical Engineering & Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
		This study employed isotropic high-resolution SPACE or VISTA sequence to explore the association between intracranial ICA steno-occlusive disease caused by atherosclerosis and diffuse wall thickening (DWT) in ipsilateral petrous ICA. The results indicated that the diffuse wall thickening of petrous ICA is commonly seen among patients with steno-occlusive disease causing by atherosclerotic plaque in intracranial ICA, especially in occluded intracranial ICA.

2220		Evaluation of carotid lumen segmentation on bifurcation geometry quantification
		lian luo¹, shuai liu², Peirong Jiang³, Tan Gong¹, Yuqian Mei¹, Fei Shang¹, and Xihai Zhao²
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, ²Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ³Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, China
		To evaluate carotid lumen segmentation results on bifurcation geometry quantification, bifurcation angle and mean centerline distance were calculated. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), linear regression and Bland-Altman plot of bifurcation angle, as well as the mean centerline distance indicated that the segmentation results had strong correlation with golden standard. The segmentation results could be used on geometry quantification.

2221		Carotid Arterial Wall MRI Of ApoE-/- Mouse at 7T using 3D DANTE-Prepared Variable-Flip-Angle Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement
		Yuanbo Yang¹, Zhonghao Li², Yihao Guo¹, Yingjie Mei³, Ming Zhao², Guoxi Xie⁴, and Yanqiu Feng¹
		¹Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing & Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China, ²Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China, Guangzhou, China, ³philips healthcare, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
		Carotid atherosclerosis is a degenerative disease of the arterial wall, which can result in predisposition to cerebral thrombo-embolic stroke1. The combination of DANTE and VF-RARE (DANTE-VF-RARE) can suppress flow signal effectively. It was used for vessel wall imaging of human in the previous studies4. However, the feasibility of DANTE-VF-RARE sequence remains unclear for imaging of carotid for apoE-/- mouse. This work aims to develop 3D DANTE-VF-RARE on 7Tesla (T) and investigate its feasibility for vessel wall imaging of apoE-/- mouse.

2222		Longitudinal assessment of global longitudinal strain and hemodynamic forces in the diabetic mouse heart
		Mariah RR Daal¹, Bram F Coolen¹, Dorita THPM Dekkers¹, David Hauteman², Rob CI Wüst³, and Gustav J Strijkers¹
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ²Medis medical imaging systems B.V., Leiden, Netherlands, ³Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
		The current classification of heart failure based on diastolic and systolic dysfunction limits the understanding of the time course of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF), and new parameters are warranted to assess cardiac function. Here, we assessed global longitudinal strain (GLS), as well as hemodynamic forces (HDF) in a mouse model of diabetes (db/db) at two time points, with the aim to study the prognostic value of these new parameters for cardiac dysfunction.

2223		Transfer Learning for Compressed-sensing Cardiac CINE MRI
		Seong-Jae Park¹, Jong-Hyun Yoon², and Chang-Beom Ahn¹
		¹Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ²Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
		Compressed-sensing cardiovascular CINE MRI was performed using deep artificial neural network and transfer learning. Transfer learning is a method to use weights obtained from previous learning as initial weights for current learning to improve generality and performance of the neural network. When learning data is limited, it is useful for generalization by using previous learning along with other data. It also reduces learning time by 80 to 98 percent. And to prevent modification of measurement data by Deep learning, K-space correction was added as a post-processing process.

CMR: Machine Learning & AI

Cardiovascular Techniques

Cardiovascular

2224		DeepECG: Towards 3-D Continuous Cardiac MRI without ECG-Gating - Deep Learning-based R-Wave Classification for Automated Cardiac Phase Binning
		Elisabeth Hoppe¹, Jens Wetzl², Seung Su Yoon¹, Manuel Schneider², Bernhard Stimpel¹, Alexander Preuhs¹, and Andreas Maier¹
		¹Department of Computer Science, Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, ²Magnetic Resonance, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
		For continuous cardiac CINE acquisitions, cardiac binning of the data is necessary, which is done either using ECG-gating or hand-crafted postprocessing methods. To overcome these limitations, we propose a deep learning classifier to detect R-waves from repeated 1-D superior-inferior projections of the imaged data. After training with R-wave positions from the ECG signal as ground-truth data, detection of R-waves is possible without additional ECG-gating or hand-crafted features and can be used for retrospective cardiac binning. Our first proof-of-concept achieves a high accuracy of over 91% on previously unseen cardiac CINE data.

2225		Myocardial Segmentation and Phase Unwrapping for Automatic Analysis of DENSE Cardiac MRI using Deep Learning
		Sona Ghadimi¹, Xue Feng¹, Craig H. Meyer¹, and Frederick H. Epstein¹
		¹Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
		DENSE myocardial strain imaging is a method wherein tissue displacement is encoded in the image phase. Myocardial segmentation and phase unwrapping are two key steps in quantitative displacement and strain analysis of DENSE images. Prior DENSE analysis methods for segmentation and phase unwrapping were semi-automated techniques, requiring user intervention. In this study, we developed deep learning (DL) methods for fully automated myocardial segmentation and phase unwrapping for short-axis DENSE images. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations show promising results for the proposed DL-based segmentation and phase unwrapping methods, eliminating all manual steps needed for fully automatic DENSE strain analysis.

2226		Real-time Cine Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using a Convolutional Neural Network
		Yan-Chi Ivy Chan^1,2, Jay B. Patel³, Wai-Yan Ryana Fok^1,2, Kwannapas Saengsin^1,4, Andrew J. Powell¹, and Mehdi H. Moghari¹
		¹Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ²Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany, ³Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, ⁴Department of Pediatrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
		We have developed and evaluated a new real-time acquisition and reconstruction technique for 2D steady-state free precession cine cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patient study is presented to validate the proposed technique.

2227		Learning cardiac morphology from MR images using a generative adversarial network: a proof of concept study
		Davide Piccini^1,2,3, Aurélien Maillot^1,2, John Heerfordt^1,2, Dimitri Van De Ville^4,5, Juerg Schwitter⁶, Matthias Stuber^2,7, Jonas Richiardi^1,2, and Tobias Kober^1,2,3
		¹Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland, ²Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, ³LTS5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁴Institute of Bioengineering/Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁵Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University Hospital of Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland, ⁶Division of Cardiology and Cardiac MR Center, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁷Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
		Learning anatomical characteristics from large databases of radiological data could be leveraged to create realistic representations of a specific subject’s anatomy and to provide a personalized clinical assessment by comparison to the acquired data. Here, we extracted 2D patches containing the descending aorta from 297 3D whole-heart MRI acquisitions and trained a Wasserstein generative adversarial network with a gradient penalty term (WGAN-GP). We used the same network to generate realistic versions of the aortic region on masked real images using a loss function that combines a contextual and a perceptual term. Results were qualitatively assessed by an expert reader.

2228		The Apprentice Surpasses the Master: Training a Neural Network for Cardiac Segmentation Using a Specialized Network and Indirectly Labeled Data
		Markus J. Ankenbrand¹, David Lohr¹, Tobias Wech², and Laura M. Schreiber¹
		¹Chair of Cellular and Molecular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, ²Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
		Training of neural networks for segmentation of CMR images requires large amounts of labeled data and network generalization is biased by training data characteristics. We used a specialized network to label a heterogeneous, publicly available dataset of 1140 cine images with known left-ventricular volumes. We evaluated the performance of this network using true and predicted volumes and trained another neural network on subjects with high prediction accuracy using extensive data augmentation. The resulting network outperforms the original one on the full dataset, even on subgroups where the original network fails, indicating great generalization and thus suitability for transfer learning applications.

2229		Verification of fully automated deep learning-based 4D segmentation of the thoracic aorta from 4D flow MRI
		Michael Baran Scott¹, Haben Baran Berhane², Kevin Ryan Kalisz¹, Tugce Agirlar Trabzonlu¹, Jeesoo Lee¹, Marci Messina¹, Chris Malaisrie¹, Patrick McCarthy¹, James Carr¹, Alexander J Barker³, Ryan Avery¹, and Michael Markl¹
		¹Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, ³University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
		A convolutional neural network (CNN) originally implemented for time-averaged 3D segmentation of the thoracic aorta from 4D flow MRI was retrained to generate time-resolved segmentations without generating additional reference data. To validate the segmentations, automatically generated time-resolved segmentations were compared against two 2D cine acquisitions in 20 patients. The CNN achieved average Dice scores 0.87±0.04 and 0.88±0.04 for candy-cane and cross-section views of the aorta across all patients and timepoints. Automated time-resolved segmentation of 4D flow MRI data will enable calculation of metrics such as wall shear stress and aortic compliance that are sensitive to wall location.

2230		A Machine Learning Approach to Left Ventricle Mesh Prediction from Multi-Slice MR Images
		Thomas Joyce¹, Stefano Buoso¹, Yuerong Xu¹, and Sebastian Kozerke¹
		¹Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
		There has been considerable success applying deep learning to cardiac MRI segmentation. However, segmentation masks have several shortcomings. In particular, they are discrete (voxel-based) representations of continuous anatomy, and are hence not suitable for use in biomechanical simulation. Mesh representations can potentially overcome both of these drawbacks. We demonstrate an approach to predicting left-ventricular (LV) meshes from short-axis MR images. The proposed approach: (i) works robustly on data with differing slice numbers, slice thicknesses, and left-ventricular coverage, (ii) has no test-time optimisation loop, but rather directly predicts the mesh from a mask, and, (iii) generalises to real data with pathology.

2231		Segmental assessment of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement based on weakly supervised learning
		Yoon-Chul Kim¹ and Yeon Hyeon Choe²
		¹Clinical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan Univ. School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ²Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan Univ. School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
		Radiologic diagnosis of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is often represented as a description of lesion characteristics and distributions in the standard 16- (or 17-) segment myocardial model. In this study, we used short-axis LGE images and 16-segment labeled results from 66 patients with coronary artery disease and non-ischemic heart disease and trained a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model. Short-axis images were transformed to polar coordinates after identification of the LV center point and anterior RV insertion point. The proposed method does not require manual delineation of the lesions and potentially enables automatic diagnosis of myocardial viability.

2232		Tag Removal in Cardiac Tagged MRI using Edge-guided Adversarial Learning
		Botian Xu¹, Yaqiong Chai¹, and John C. Wood^1,2
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
		Tagging in cardiac MRI could cause great challenges to subsequent downstream analysis. Modeling tag removal task as an image recovery problem, we propose a GAN-based method constrained by edge prior, termed EG-GAN, to remove tags progressively without model collapse, and it outperforms conventional approaches.

2233		Time-resolved tracking of the atrioventricular plane displacement in long-axis cine images with residual neural networks
		Ricardo A Gonzales^1,2, John Onofrey¹, Jérôme Lamy¹, Felicia Seemann^3,4, Einar Heiberg^3,4,5, and Dana C Peters¹
		¹Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ²Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Lima, Peru, ³Department of Clinical Physiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, ⁴Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, ⁵Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
		Diastolic dysfunction is assessed by measurement of mitral annular (MA) early diastolic velocity (e’), commonly performed in echocardiography. Similar measurements can be obtained with valvular plane tracking in MRI long-axis cines. These measurements have been validated and have good reproducibility, yet manual MA points annotations are required. In this work we present a machine learning convolutional neural network with a residual architecture for automatic annotation of MA points in MRI long-axis cine images of the 2 and 4-chamber views. The landmark tracking allowed a fast and accurate evaluation of diastolic parameters improving the clinical applicability of MRI for diastolic assessment.

2234		Deep Learning based Semantic Segmentation of Scar Tissue in Late-Gadolinium Enhancement CMR – First Results
		Julius Frederik Heidenreich¹, Tobias Gassenmaier¹, Markus Ankenbrand², David Lohr², Thorsten Alexander Bley¹, and Tobias Wech¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, ²Congestive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
		Quantitative analysis of scar tissue in late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) typically requires manual or at best semi-automatic segmentation by a trained physician. To supersede this time-consuming and tedious task, a convolutional neural network with a U-Net architecture and a ResNet34 backbone was trained for semantic segmentation of scar tissue in LGE CMR. The predictions of the proposed model yielded high performance for the detection of focal scar tissue and bears thus potential for fully automated and consequently time-efficient post-processing.

2235		Reducing pulsatile artefact in TOF sequence using CNN
		Qiaoyi Xue¹, Jianmin Yuan¹, Haodong Qin², Hui Liu¹, Ran Huo³, and Huishu Yuan³
		¹Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ²Magnetic Resonance Business Unit, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China, ³Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
		Time-of-flight (TOF) sequence is a non-contrast enhancing blood vessel imaging technique critical for vessel wall analysis. However, the periodical pulsation in the vessels, especially arteries, often causes pulsatile artifact along the phase encoding direction in the image. This degrades image quality and brings difficulty for diagnosis. The purpose of this work is to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) method to reduce the pulsatile artefact in TOF sequence.

2236		Fully automated quantification of left ventricular scar in patients with ischemic heart disease using deep learning and Gaussian mixture models
		Cian Michael Scannell¹, Adriana Villa¹, Stefano Figliozzi¹, Jack Lee¹, Mikto Veta², Marcel Breeuwer^2,3, and Amedeo Chiribiri¹
		¹King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ²Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands, ³Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands
		Late gadolinium enhancement MRI is crucial tool for guiding the management of patients with known/suspected myocardial infarction. Currently, clinical practice relies on the visual inspection of these images but there has been extensive work on semi-automated approaches for quantifying scar. Their utility is however limited by the time-intensive manual interactions involved, including the drawing of the myocardial contours. In this work, deep learning methodology is employed to automatically achieve the previously manual steps and these segmentations are used as input to a completely unsupervised scar quantification algorithm. This allows automatic, fast and reproducible quantification of regions of scar.

2237		Accelerated Phase Contrast MRI Reconstruction with Deep U-NET Convolutional Neural Networks
		Ruponti Nath¹, Sean Callahan¹, Narayana Singam², Marcus Stoddard², and Amir Amini¹
		¹ECE, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States, ²Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
		We propose a framework for accelerated reconstruction of 2D phase contrast MRI from undersampled K space by using deep convolutional neural networks. The reconstruction problem is considered as a de-aliasing problem in complex spatial domain. A U-net architecture was trained and tested on 4D flow MRI data in 10 patients with aortic stenosis and 4 healthy volunteers. The reconstructed complex two channel image showed that the U-net is able to unaliase the undersampled flow images with resulting magnitude and phase difference images showing good agreement with the fully sampled magnitude and phase images.

2238		Deep Learning Artifact Removal for Real-Time Rodent Cardiac MRI
		Patrick Metze¹, Hao Li², Tobias Speidel², Ina Vernikouskaya¹, and Volker Rasche^1,2
		¹Department of Internal Medicine II, University Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany, ²Core Facility Small Animal Imaging (CF-SANI), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
		Reconstruction methods incorporating Deep Learning have gained a lot of traction in the recent past. However, most of these methods have been evaluated in human MRI. In this work, we show the feasibility of deep-learning artifact removal for the tiny golden angle radial trajectory in rodent cardiac MRI and validate two approaches against a Compressed Sensing reconstruction and the gated reference standard. The deep-learning based methods achieve acceptable visual image quality and exhibit only slight, but for one method significant, differences in the functional analysis.

CMR: Emerging Techniques

Cardiovascular Techniques

Cardiovascular

2239		ATP Degradation Rates are altered in the Diabetic Myocardium: A 31P Saturation Transfer Study (with Dual-band, quasi-Adiabatic Optimal Control)
		Jack JJJ Miller^1,2,3, Matthew Kerr², Ladislav Valkovic^3,4, Kerstin Timm², Justin Lau^2,3, Paul A. Bottomley⁵, Lisa Heather², and Damian Tyler³
		¹Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ²Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ³OCMR, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Imaging Methods, Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia, ⁵Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
		Saturation Transfer 31P MRS enables the quantification of the rate of ATP synthesis and degradation. In this work, we use quasi-adiabatic optimal-control designed single-band (PCr) and dual-band (Gamma ATP + Pi) saturation schemes to separately estimate $$$k_f$$$ and $$$k_r$$$ in the control and diabetic perfused rat heart at 12T. This scheme is rapid, B1 insensitive, and suitable for use at ultrahigh field. We demonstrate profound metabolic alterations in the diabetic myocardium, with a reduction in $$$k_r$$$ and ATP concentration.

2240		RF Coil and Gradient Shim Considerations for Hyperpolarized 13C Imaging of the Human Myocardium
		Galen Durant Reed¹, JaeMo Park², Junjie Ma², Crystal Harrison², Rolf Schulte³, Albert Chen ⁴, Salvador Pena², Jeannie Baxter², Kelley Derner², Maida Tai², Dean Sherry², Vlad G Zaha², and Craig R Malloy²
		¹GE Healthcare, Dallas, TX, United States, ²University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States, ³GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany, ⁴GE Healthcare, Toronto, ON, Canada
		Initial human hyperpolarized ¹³C cardiac imaging experiments utilized a frequency-selective, single-shot spiral pulse sequence for encoding, and a rigid 8 channel receiver array paired with a Helmholtz clamshell transmitter. In phantom studies, we evaluate this RF hardware along with flexible transmit / receiver designs and test these in healthy volunteers. Furthermore, as pointed out previously, the detected circumferential distribution of [¹³C]bicarbonate around the myocardium is often non-uniform in pigs, thus confounding the translation of this technique for regional metabolism evaluation. We observed this artifact in human volunteers and explore its possible sources.

2241		16-fold accelerated real-time free-breathing cardiac cine MRI in patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device
		Sungtak Hong¹, Kyungpyo Hong², Austin E Culver¹, Bradley D Allen¹, Daniel C Lee³, and Daniel Kim¹
		¹Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, ³Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
		CMR measurements in CIED patients are critical but challenging due to susceptibility artifacts. We described the development of highly accelerated, real-time, free-breathing cine pulse sequence using compressed sensing with variable density “lattice-like” k-space sampling scheme. Comprehensive comparison was done to estimate performance against clinical standard breath-hold cine pulse sequence.

2242		Noninvasive Cardiac Chamber Blood Oxygenation Measurements: T2 and QSM approaches.
		Yan Wen^1,2, Jonathan W. Weinsaft³, Thanh D. Nguyen², Jiwon Kim³, Yi Wang^4,5, and Pascal Spincemaille²
		¹Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, new york, NY, United States, ²Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ³Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States, ⁴Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States, ⁵Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, new york, NY, United States
		Previous studies have demonstrated noninvasive cardiac chamber blood oxygenation measurement using T2 and QSM. This work shows the initial comparison between the two approaches for such measurements in healthy volunteers.

2243		Using Novel Fat Water Separation Sequence to Quantify Intramyocardial Fat-Fraction
		Xin Dong^1,2, Olumide Awelewa ^1,2, Graham Galloway², Viral Chikani³, Rob Robergs¹, and Arnold Ng^4,5
		¹Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, ²Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia, ³Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia, ⁴Cardiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia, ⁵The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
		VARPRO is a novel fat water separation sequence that shows promise for myocardial lipid characterization. Two questions were addressed in this study: 1. Does VARPRO provide the same myocardial fat-fraction result compared to established magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)? 2. Is the myocardial fat-fraction obtained by VARPRO reproducible? The results suggest the two methods are strongly associated but agreed poorly. The VARPRO estimation is proportionally biased, however, the bias can be easily accounted for using a linear equation. The temporal reproducibility of VARPRO is satisfactory. VARPRO could be a potential, alternative modality to MRS in myocardial lipid quantification.

2244		Magnetic Nanoparticle Sensor for Longitudinal Biomarker Monitoring
		Richard Joshua Murdock^1,2 and Michael Cima^2,3
		¹Health Sciences & Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, ²Koch Institute For Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, United States, ³Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
		Continuous biochemical monitoring remains a critical challenge in the biosensing community as longevity, biocompatibility, and signal transduction limit multi-month implantation. We propose a novel design and evaluation of the sensing capability of a magnetic nanoparticle dosimeter assay for in vivo implementation, readable by magnetic relaxation. This local diagnostic device offers continuous sentinel evaluation and longitudinal tracking of critical biomarkers found to correlate with cardiovascular disease states. The current design exhibits an order of magnitude improvement in performance compared to prior studies, translating into a predicted 29 week lifetime.

2245		Detection of atrial scar using 3D high-resolution dark-blood phase sensitive inversion recovery imaging
		Dongyue Si¹, Yanfang Wu², Jie Yin², Rui Guo³, Jingjing Xiao⁴, Bowei Liu¹, Xue Lin², Peng Gao², Deyan Yang², Quan Fang², Jianwen Luo¹, Daniel A. Herzka^5,6, and Haiyan Ding¹
		¹Center for Biomedical Imaging Research (CBIR), Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, ²Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, ³Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Department of Medical Engineering, Xinqiao Hosptial, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China, ⁵Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁶Cardiovascular Interventional Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
		Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a first-line treatment for controlling atrial fibrillation (AF). Visualizing fibrotic tissues as well as the surrounding anatomical structure could improve the delivery of therapy. In this work, an independent navigator-gated three-dimensional dark-blood phase-sensitive inversion recovery sequence was developed for atrial visualization. Dark-blood was achieved by optimizing inversion recovery and T₂-preparation timing. Preliminary results from in vivo imaging in patients with AF post RFA demonstrate that the proposed technique can clearly visualize the atrial wall and scar formation. Both dark blood contrast and high resolution (1.25×1.25×3 mm³) were achieved.

2246		The effect of a dynamic inversion time in high-resolution isotropic 3D dark-blood LGE without additional magnetization preparation
		Robert J Holtackers^1,2,3, Suzanne Gommers^1,2, Caroline M van de Heyning^3,4, Jouke Smink⁵, Amedeo Chiribiri³, Joachim E Wildberger^1,2, and Rachel ter Bekke^2,6
		¹Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands, ²CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, ³School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium, ⁵Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands, ⁶Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
		Conventional 2D LGE often suffers from poor scar-to-blood contrast and limited spatial resolution. While 3D methods are known for their superior spatial resolution, our earlier proposed dark-blood LGE without additional magnetization preparation enables improved scar-to-blood contrast. In the present study we sought to assess the effect of a slowly increasing, dynamic inversion time on left-ventricular blood-pool suppression in a high-resolution isotropic 3D dark-blood LGE acquisition, and compare it against a conventional, fixed inversion time. Our findings show that such a dynamic inversion time significantly improves blood-pool suppression and thereby maximizes the dark-blood contrast mechanism for improved detection of myocardial scarring.

2247		Multiplanar reconstruction of intracranial arteries: luminal morphological characterization of atherosclerosis
		Gador Canton¹, Hiroko Watase², Josh Liu³, Li Chen⁴, Yin Guo⁴, Yongjun Wang⁵, and Chun Yuan¹
		¹Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ²Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ³University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁴Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁵Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
		This study aims to characterize the luminal morphology of middle cerebral arteries affected by intracranial atherosclerotic disease in a cohort of ischemic stroke patients. We used a visualization method (MOCHA) based on multiplanar reconstruction of the intracranial vasculature. We identified three distinct morphological patterns based on the effect of the atherosclerotic plaque presence on the downstream geometry. Together with the location of the plaque with respect to the middle cerebral artery branching point from the internal carotid artery, these distinct morphological patterns might be the differential factor in recurrent stroke risk stratification due to the resulting local hemodynamics.

2248		Vascular Imaging of the Human Kidney with Positive Contrast via SPION and UTE
		Liam Timms¹, Tianyi Zhou¹, Ju Qiao², Vishala Mishra³, Gayatri Veeramani^4,5, Andrew Allegretti⁴, Thomas Benkert⁶, John Kirsch², Ravi Seethamraju⁷, Mukesh Harisinghani³, and Srinivas Sridhar^1,8
		¹Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States, ²Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ³Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ⁵Nephrology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ⁶Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, ⁷Siemens Healthcare, Boston, MA, United States, ⁸Theranano LLC, Newton, MA, United States
		A contrast-enhanced MRA technique using Ultra-short Time-to-Echo (UTE) pulse sequence with super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) contrast agent is demonstrated for abdominal vascular imaging in human patients. It successfully depicts the kidney anatomy, as well as kidney cysts and kidney vascular structure in excellent clarity and detail. With manual segmentation, total kidney volume, cyst volume and renal artery diameter were estimated. This initial study in humans demonstrated the basic feasibility of abdominal QUTE-CE MRA as an alternative to Gd based CEMRA.

2249		Rapid Whole-Heart 3D Cine Using a Golden Ratio Stack of Spirals Trajectory
		Javier Montalt-Tordera¹, Grzegorz Kowalik¹, Alexander Gotschy^2,3, Jennifer Steeden¹, and Vivek Muthurangu¹
		¹Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom, ²Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom, ³Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
		A free-breathing three-dimensional cine imaging sequence was developed using a stack of spirals trajectory with golden angle rotations for efficient k-space sampling. Parallel imaging and compressed sensing were used in reconstruction for data acceleration. Respiratory motion artefact was avoided by binning k-space data into multiple respiratory phases. The proposed imaging protocol was tested on 10 patients and compared with a standard 2D breath-held short-axis stack. The proposed method was faster to acquire and generally able to provide correct quantitative measurements, but image quality needs to be improved and reconstruction time is too long for clinical practice.

2250		A pilot investigation into the use of a high-performance 0.55T scanner in CMR late gadolinium enhancement imaging of myocardial infarction
		W. Patricia Bandettini¹, Sujata M. Shanbhag¹, Christine M. Mancini¹, Delaney R. McGuirt¹, Jennifer L. Henry¹, Margaret M. Lowery¹, Marcus Y. Chen¹, Hui Xue¹, Peter M. Kellman¹, and Adrienne E. Campbell-Washburn¹
		¹NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH/NHLBI, BETHESDA, MD, United States
		We demonstrate the diagnostic capabilities of a high-performance, low-field (0.55 Tesla) scanner in the acquisition and interpretation of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in patients referred for assessment of myocardial infarction (MI). Patients underwent paired comparison exams with breath-held gradient echo LGE imaging at 1.5T and breath-held bSSFP LGE imaging at 0.55T. The number of enhancing segments identified between each field strength was similar (59 segments at 0.55T vs 63 segments at 1.5T), and assessment of epicardial coronary artery distribution matched exactly between the two field strengths; included were two multi-vessel disease cases.

2251		Slice Encoding for the Reduction of Outflow Signal Corruption in Cine Balanced Steady State Free Precession Imaging
		Fadil Ali¹, Mark Bydder¹, Da Wang², Vahid K Ghodrati¹, Chang Gao¹, Ashley Propser¹, Kim-Lien Nguyen¹, and Peng Hu¹
		¹Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ²Radiology, The Unversity of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
		Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) is susceptible to outflowing signal because of it features no spoiling. This results in misregistrated artifacts that hamper the cardiac evaluations. We propose a method that tackles this issue in the acquisition process by spatially encoding for this outflowing signal to prevent it from projecting onto the imaged slice.

2252		Stabilized decompositions for improved cardiac self-gating: A proof-of-concept in single breath-hold 3D cine imaging
		Anna Padée¹, Lorenzo Di Sopra², John Heerfordt^2,3, Jérôme Yerly^2,4, Marco Merlo¹, Tobias Kober^2,3,5, Davide Piccini^2,3,5, Matthias Stuber^2,4, Christopher Roy², and Jonas Richiardi^2,3
		¹Laboratory for Psychiatric Neuroscience and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, ²Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, ³Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁴Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁵LTS5, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
		ECG recording during whole heart MR imaging requires extra setup time and is not always reliable. Recently, self-gated (SG) acquisition techniques have been developed, which extract the cardiac signal from k-space center amplitude modulations. Here, we investigated whether different single- (Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Ensemble EMD (EEMD)) and multi-coil (PCA, ICA with novel stabilisation) decomposition methods yielded SG triggers with minimal variability to ECG R-wave location. EEMD yielded median variability similar to PCA. Compared to PCA, our proposed stabilised ICA approach yielded SG triggers with 66% lower variability (median over 5 subjects), although not for all subjects.

2253		Identification of hyperelastic properties of the myocardium from CMR patient-specific 3D geometry and the Virtual Field Method.
		Delphine Perie¹, Mehdi Ghafari¹, and Daniel Curnier²
		¹Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada, ²Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
		Due to the complexity of the heart’s geometry, the characterization of the material properties of the myocardium remains challenging. Using kinematically admissible hyperboloid virtual fields and a finite element mesh of the left ventricle, we successfully solved the virtual field method equations to determine the stiffness of the myocardium from a reverse identification approach. The distribution of the elastic stiffness presented same patterns between the 3 volunteers. However, the standard risk volunteer presented higher stiffness within the mobile wall than the high risk volunteers. This approach would be an efficient tool to characterize early cardiac dysfunction.

2254		Compressed sensing reconstruction of cardiac CEST-MRI preserves accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of endogenous metabolites
		Bonnie Lam¹, Barry Fung¹, and Moriel Vandsburger¹
		¹University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
		While accelerated imaging via compressed sensing reconstruction has been explored in several dynamic contrast settings, incorporation of compressed sensing for accelerated image acquisition has not been fully explored in the setting of cardiac CEST. Here we test the impact of various compressed sensing methods and acceleration factors upon the accuracy of endogenous cardiac CEST in mice, specifically measures of specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity.

Flow: Cutting-Edge

Cardiovascular Techniques

Cardiovascular

2255		Effective Orifice Area (EOA) for Evaluation of Aortic Stenosis from 4D Flow MRI
		Samuel Edward Bibelhauser¹, Sean P Callahan¹, Narayana Singam², Marcus Stoddard^2,3, and Amir Amini^1,3
		¹Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States, ²Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States, ³Radiology, VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY, United States
		Effective Orifice Area (EOA) is a valuable diagnostic parameter for the determination of the severity of Aortic Stenosis(AS). A 4D Flow based measurement of this parameter was developed, and tested. The method was validated on a rigid phantom, applied to 4 healthy volunteers and 17 patient subjects with moderate to severe AS. The resultant EOA, for patients, was compared to their transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with Doppler result. The comparison used Bland Altman analysis and linear regression which revealed a bias of 0.04 cm² and correlation coefficient of 0.92. Showing a high level of concordance between the two modalities.

2256		Comparison of Phase-Contrast Flow Imaging at 0.55T and 1.5T
		Sujata M. Shanbhag¹, Rajiv M. Ramasawmy¹, W. Patricia Bandettini¹, Christine M. Mancini¹, Delaney R. McGuirt¹, Jennifer L. Henry¹, Margaret M. Lowery¹, Marcus Y. Chen¹, and Adrienne Campbell-Washburn¹
		¹NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH/NHLBI, BETHESDA, MD, United States, Bethesda, MD, United States
		Low-field MRI equipped with high-performance technology and modern imaging methods offers the potential to make technically demanding cardiac imaging more accessible. This study demonstrates that a low-field (0.55T) system can provide accurate phase-contrast flow measurements in both healthy volunteers and patients who were clinically referred for assessment of intracardiac shunt and valvular disease. Comparative studies between contemporary high-performance 0.55T and 1.5T systems generated well-correlated quantitative flow measurements (r>0.87).

2257		On the dynamic range of Reynolds stress tensor quantification
		Simon Schmidt¹, Kristine John², Martin Bruschewski², Sebastian Flassbeck¹, Mark E. Ladd¹, Sven Grundmann², and Sebastian Schmitter^1,3
		¹Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, ²Institute of Fluid Mechanics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, ³Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
		In this work, we successfully quantified the Reynolds stress tensor (RST) in a well-known fluid-dynamic test case: the flow over periodic hills. This test case was chosen because the turbulence in this kind of flow is strongly inhomogeneous and anisotropic, representing a challenging measurement task. The results indicate, in analogy to intravoxel velocity standard deviation (IVSD) mapping, that RST quantification is highly susceptible to the applied $$$m_1^{enc}~$$$value. Furthermore, RST mapping inherently requires a higher dynamic range compared to IVSD mapping, since the shear stresses are typically much lower than the normal stresses.

2258		Spoke-wise Maxwell Correction for Real-time Phase-contrast Flow MRI with Highly Undersampled Radial Trajectories
		Jost Michael Kollmeier¹, Dirk Voit¹, and Jens Frahm¹
		¹Biomedizinische NMR, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
		Real-time phase-contrast flow MRI based on highly undersampled radial FLASH employs fast gradients that make concomitant field contributions relevant even at 3 T. In order to correct for phase errors a spoke-wise Maxwell correction has been developed and successfully integrated into a model-based reconstruction. For radial trajectories corrections for individual k-space lines are required as concomitant fields may change from spoke to spoke. The proposed method significantly improves phase errors in velocity maps as shown for three-directional real-time phase-contrast flow MRI of the human aortic arch.

2259		Reducing k-space gaps of golden angle rotated spiral MRI binned into cardiac frames applied to flow measurements of the coronary arteries
		Dan Zhu^1,2 and Michael Schär²
		¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ²Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
		Velocity encoded MRI has clinical significance in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. High spatial and temporal resolution increase the accuracy and reproducibility and preserve reliable flow pattern. By using rotated golden angle with k-t space reconstruction and retrospective cardiac gating, high quality flow CINE could be achieved with high spatial and temporal resolution during a single breath-hold. However, binning to cardiac frames may lead to large gaps in k-space. In this work, we propose a new scheme of rotated golden angle and optimized retrospective gating by shifting the binning window. Improved image quality is demonstrated with the proposed methods.

2260		Limitations of Echo Planar Imaging in PC-MRI of High Flow Regimes
		Hannes Dillinger¹, Jonas Walheim¹, Robbert J.H. van Gorkum¹, and Sebastian Kozerke¹
		¹University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
		An evaluation of velocity field reconstructions from echo-planar trajectories in PC-MRI relative to ground truth computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data in stenotic high flow regimes is presented. The reconstructed velocity images and variations in spatial resolution resulting from modulation of the Point Spread Function (PSF) are investigated. Significant artifacts and resolution loss of up to factor 8 for EPI in high-flow regimes of 220cm/s are found. In-vitro experiments confirm that depending on the orientation of the main flow direction the reconstructed velocity images differ significantly in regions of high shear or acceleration with implications for in-vivo applications.

2261		Magnitude difference regularized reconstruction for phase contrast flow MRI
		Taehoon Shin^1,2 and Wanyong Shin³
		¹Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, ²Case Western Reserve University, Cleaveland, OH, United States, ³Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
		Based on the magnitude similarity between bipolar-encoded k-space data for PC flow imaging, magnitude-difference regularization was incorporated into the conventional compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction. The gradient of the magnitude regularization was derived so the reconstruction problem can be solved iteratively. Retrospecitve in-vivo studies show that the addition of magnitude-difference regularization into conventional CS reconstruction improves the accuracy of image reconstruction using highly undersampled phase-contrast flow MR data.

2262		Feasibility of a Free-Breathing 2D Phase Contrast Sequence for Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity Measurements
		Grant S Roberts¹, Kevin M Johnson^1,2, Steven R Kecskemeti², Ozioma Okonkwo³, Sarah Lose³, Laura Eisenmenger², and Oliver Wieben^1,2
		¹Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Radiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a biomarker that indirectly relates to arterial stiffness, an early indicator of cardiovascular disease. Breath-hold phase contrast (PC) MRI can be used to assess PWV in the aorta, however in certain populations, breath-holds may be difficult. We present a method to measure aortic PWV using a free-breathing radially-undersampled PC sequence. Initial results show that the free-breathing PC-derived PWV measures are comparable to the measures obtained from breath-hold Cartesian PC scans. Larger cohorts are warranted to verify these findings.

2263		Energy loss assessed with 4D-Flow for the normal subjects and patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm pre and post endovascular aortic repair
		Takashi Mizuno¹, Yasuo Takehara², Masataka Sugiyama², Ryota Horiguchi³, Shinji Naganawa³, Yasuo Sakurai¹, Yutaka Kato¹, Shinji Abe¹, Haruo Isoda⁴, Tomohiro Sato⁵, Tsuneo Ishiguchi⁵, Masanori Tadokoro⁵, and Atushi Nozaki⁶
		¹Department of Radiological Technology, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan, ²Department of Fundamental Development of Low Invasive Diagnostic Imaging, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, ³Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan, ⁴Brain & Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, ⁵Trust Clinic, Nagoya, Japan, ⁶GE Healthcare Japan, Tokyo, Japan
		We analyzed energy loss in normal subjects, patients in pre- and post- endovascular aortic repair. Patients had vortices in dilated flow path in pretreatment and tortuous high-velocity streamlines in posttreatment. Energy loss of posttreatment was higher than that of pretreatment. Energy loss would be affected most effectively by the change of the flow direction.

2264		Flow measurement with time of flight (TOF) in patients undergoing carotid revascularization: A comparison with arterial spin labeling (ASL)
		Zhensen Chen¹, Li Chen², Manabu Shirakawa¹, Wenjin Liu¹, Dakota Ortega¹, Jinmei Chen¹, Niranjan Balu¹, Theodore Trouard³, Thomas S Hatsukami⁴, Wei Zhou⁵, and Chun Yuan¹
		¹Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ²Electrical and computer engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ³Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, United States, ⁴Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁵Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ, United States
		In this study, we assessed the potential of using vasculature features extracted from TOF images as surrogate markers of intracranial blood flow in patients undergoing carotid revascularization surgery and MR imaging prior to, within 48 hours after and 6 months after surgery. The intracranial vasculature features, including total volume, total length and total number of branches etc., on TOF images were extracted using a novel tool named iCafe, and then compared with arterial spin labeling (ASL) cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement. The results show that TOF-iCafe vasculature features have similar behaviors as ASL CBF over the time points.

2265		Comparison between 4D Flow in abdominal magnetic resonance imaging for portal vein using SENSE and Compressed SENSE
		Yuli HUANG¹, Li ZHU², Haiyang DONG², Yuan QU³, and Yan WANG³
		¹MR, Philips Healthcare (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, SUZHOU, China, ²Radiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China, ³Radiology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
		4D Flow MRI is a technique that can characterize vascular structure and hemodynamics. Compared with SENSE, Compressed SENSE can further reduce scanning time using the sparse characteristics of MR images. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of 4D Flow MRI with Compressed SENSE by comparing with 4D Flow MRI with SENSE. 4D Flow dynamic angiography of hepatic portal vein using SENSE and Compressed SENSE could be completed within 5 minutes with optimized parameters. The scanning time of Compressed SENSE 4D Flow was shorter than that of SENSE 4D Flow.

2266		Higher frame-rate phase-contrast with temporally under-sampled phase-reference acquisition: preliminary data in two vascular regions
		Jerome Lamy¹, Gigi Galiana², and Dana Peters²
		¹Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, ²Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
		Phase-contrast (PC) MRI requires at least doubled scan time compared to anatomical imaging. This has required careful trade-offs regarding spatial and temporal resolution, and breath-holding times, and often the temporal or spatial resolution is insufficient. Here we introduce a simple novel method which temporally under-samples acquisition of the phase-reference images, providing increased temporal resolution. This method is evaluated both in the aortic and pulmonary vein flow, which exhibits several rapid flow peaks requiring good spatial resolution. This method allowed to accurately identify velocity peaks for the aorta and pulmonary veins, providing higher temporal resolution as compared to the standard PC-MRI.

2267		Biventricular flow components assessed with 4-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with pulmonary hypertension
		Min Liu¹, Xincao Tao², Jing An³, Ning Jin⁴, and Fan Lin⁵
		¹Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China, ²Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China, ³Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Siemens Shenzhen Magnetic Resonance Ltd, Shen Zhen, China, ⁴Siemens Medical Solution, Siemens Medical Solution, Chicago, IL, United States, ⁵Department of Cardiovascular surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
		Using 4D FLOW CMR, flow components including percent of direct flow (PDF), retained inflow (PRI), delayed ejection flow (PDE) and residual volume (PRV) of bi-ventricles in patients with PH were quantified. Compared with non-PH patients, flow components had significantly alterations. RV PDF and PRV significantly correlated with RVEDV, RSV, RVEF and RV mass as well as NT-proBNP. Moreover, RV PDF and PVR correlated with pulmonary artery pressure and PVR. We think that 4D flow CMR may become a powerful surrogate for the future PH studies

2268		Method for Comprehensive Analysis of Vascular Geometry and Fluid Dynamics Using MRI
		Dominik Daniel Gabbert¹, Arash Kheradvar², Michael Jerosch-Herold³, Thekla Oechtering⁴, Felix Wadle¹, Anselm Sebastian Uebing¹, Hans-Heiner Kramer¹, Inga Voges¹, and Carsten Rickers¹
		¹Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany, ²The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States, ³Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, ⁴Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
		Many secondary flow patterns in the large vessels have been shown to represent significant pathophysiological phenomena. However, the computational cost to analyze a large number of quantities usually discourage the use of these parameters for clinical decision making given the limited computing resources in clinical settings. We describe a novel postprocessing method for comprehensive analysis of vascular anatomy and fluid dynamics based on 4D Flow MRI. The method defines a multi-dimensional feature space built from a few complementary fluid dynamics building blocks to efficiently determine a large number of anatomic and fluid dynamics parameters in the course of a vessel.

4D Flow & Even Higher

Cardiovascular Techniques

Cardiovascular

2269		4D flow MRI vs. Doppler Echocardiography: Data Integration Framework for Direct Comparison of Intra-cardiac Flow Dynamics
		Jeesoo Lee^1,2, Nadia El Hangouche², Alex J Barker³, James D Thomas², and Michael Markl^1,4
		¹Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ²Cardiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States, ⁴Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
		We developed a framework to integrate 4D flow MRI with color Doppler echocardiography (CDE) for direct localized inter-modal velocity comparison. The framework combines CDE and 4D flow MRI data by using cine-MRI and a two-step image registration; 1) registration of CDE to cine-MRI and 2) registration of cine-MRI to 4D flow MRI. As a result, a voxel-wise inter-modal velocity difference map overlaid to a tissue image was constructed. Six healthy subjects with a same-day CDE and 4D flow MRI were utilized and a strong correlation with moderate agreement was found in the LVOT.

2270		5D Flow – A quantitative in vivo comparison between Self-Gating and Pilot Tone Gating
		Mariana B. L. Falcão¹, Lorenzo Di Sopra¹, Liliana Ma^2,3, Mario Bacher^1,4, Davide Piccini^1,5, Jérôme Yerly^1,6, Peter Speier⁴, Tobias Rutz⁷, Milan Prša⁷, Michael Markl^2,3, Matthias Stuber^1,6, and Christopher Roy¹
		¹Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland, ²Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, ⁴Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany, ⁵Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁶Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland, ⁷Department of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
		Conventional 4D flow MRI techniques often have prolonged and unpredictable scan times, due to the use of respiratory navigation. To address this, a fully self-gated cardiac and respiratory motion-resolved whole-heart 5D flow protocol with a fixed scan time was recently developed using a free-running framework. This protocol extracts cardiac and respiratory signals from periodic readouts (self-gating). In this study, we explore the use of Pilot Tone signals as an alternative method for cardiac and respiratory signal extraction to reconstruct 5D flow data and compare reconstructions to those using the previously established self-gating method and the conventional 4D flow sequence.

2271		Comparison of Radial Acceleration Techniques for Dual-Venc 4D Flow MRI of the Left Ventricle: Validation with Particle Imaging Velocimetry
		Philip A Corrado¹, Rafael Medero², Kevin M. Johnson^1,3, Christopher J François ³, Alejandro Roldán-Alzate^2,4, and Oliver Wieben^1,3
		¹Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ²Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ³Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, ⁴Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
		Dual-Venc 4D flow MRI offers higher velocity sensitivity than single-Venc imaging but requires increased scan time. Radial sampling, either with a 3D-radial or hybrid stack-of-stars (SOS) trajectory, allows for acceleration that can offset the increase, but the optimal technique depends on anatomical region and is not apparent for imaging the left ventricle (LV). We compared 3D-radial and SOS velocity images in an in-vitro LV model versus a reference dataset acquired with particle imaging velocimetry (PIV), an experimental optical imaging technique. 3D-radial matched PIV velocities better than SOS, suggesting it is better for accelerated, dual-Venc imaging of the LV.

2272		In-vitro and in-vivo validation of a pediatric whole heart 4D flow acquisition in 4 minutes with compressed sensing
		Takashi Fujiwara¹, Lorna Browne¹, Ladonna Malone¹, Quin Lu², Brian Fonseca³, Michael DiMaria³, and Alex J Barker^1,4
		¹Department of Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States, ²Philips Healthcare NA, San Francisco, CA, United States, ³Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States, ⁴Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
		We investigate the feasibility of the accelerating 4D flow with compressed sensing and online reconstruction in pediatric patients. In-vitro models and imaging in pediatric patients was performed and hemodynamic quantification was compared to conventional approaches. The results demonstrated flow metrics and clinically relevant indices measured by 6-fold accelerated CS were in good agreement with those measured by conventional acceleration techniques, with scan time savings of 30.2%. This suggests the feasibility of using CS 4D flow for pediatric patients in the clinical setting.

2273		Respiratory-Controlled Adaptive 4D Flow of the Aorta: Reproducibility and Comparison to 2D Phase Contrast Imaging
		Qingdi Wang¹, Xiaojing Guo¹, Emma Hornsey², Lucy McKenna², Leonid Churilov^1,3, Mark Brooks^1,2, George Matalanis^1,2, Jason Chuen^1,2, Eric Poon¹, Daniel Staeb⁴, Ning Jin⁵, Andrew Ooi¹, and Ruth P Lim^1,2
		¹The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, ²Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia, ³The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia, ⁴Siemens Healthcare Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia, ⁵Siemens Medical Solutions, Chicago, IL, United States
		A four-dimensional phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging sequence with respiratory-controlled adaptive k-space reordering (ReCAR-4DPC) offers potential benefits of improved scan efficiency and motion robustness. Imaging was performed on 15 volunteers and 2 patients with aortic dissection. Inter-scan repeatability and inter-reader agreement of flow metrics derived from ReCAR-4DPC was assessed and compared to metrics derived from 2-dimensional phase contrast imaging (2DPC). There was almost perfect inter-scan and inter-reader concordance (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient for all metrics > 0.91 and >0.98 respectively). Concordance with 2DPC was also high (LCCC all > 0.873). RC-4DFlow is reproducible and repeatable, with high concordance with 2DPC metrics.

2274		Combining variational methods and particle tracking in 4D Flow MRI for displacement artifact compensation
		Stefano Buoso¹, Hannes Dillinger¹, and Sebastian Kozerke¹
		¹Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
		We propose a variational method for reconstructing divergence-free velocity fields from 4D Flow MRI data with compensation of spatial displacement artifacts. A standard 4D Flow MRI sequence to measure flow velocities in an expanding flow phantom with Reynolds number of 4000 was used. A variational formulation allows to reconstruct a divergence-free velocity field used to estimate the displacement artefact associated with spin motion between the time point of motion encoding and echo time. The field was used to apply a spatial shift of the original MRI data and compute new divergence-free flow velocities corrected for spatial motion artifacts.

2275		Automated mitral valve vortex ring extraction from 4D flow MRI: impact of segmentation
		Corina Kräuter^1,2, Ursula Reiter¹, Clemens Reiter¹, Volha Nizhnikava¹, Marc Masana³, Albrecht Schmidt⁴, Michael Fuchsjäger¹, Rudolf Stollberger², and Gert Reiter⁵
		¹Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, ²Institute of Medical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria, ³Computer Vision Center, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, ⁴Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, ⁵Research and Development, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics GmbH, Graz, Austria
		Automated mitral valve vortex ring evolution analysis from magnetic resonance 4D flow data is feasible. However, time-consuming manual segmentation of the left ventricular blood pool represents a bottleneck. We simulated speed-up and variability of manual segmentation and analyzed the impact on vortex ring parameters. Automated mitral valve vortex ring extraction and analysis yielded robust results, even when applying the end-diastolic segmentation mask to all cardiac phases. Error analysis of vortex ring parameters showed that under-segmentation of the ventricular blood pool should be avoided. Speeding up segmentation by using only the end-diastolic mask enables clinical mitral valve vortex ring analysis studies.

2276		Investigation of multi-site reliability and reproducibility study of non-respiratory gated cardiovascular 4D flow MRI
		Wen Chen¹, Song Yang¹, Qian Lu¹, Lin Xu¹, Yang Fan², Yong Zhang³, and Changjie Pan³
		¹Radiology department, Hubei Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China, ²GE healthcare China, Beijing, China, ³Radiology department, Changzhou No2 people hospital, Changzhou, China
		Respiratory gating or navigator technique is used in 4D flow imaging to reduce the effect of respiratory motion. Non-respiratory gated 4D flow MRI reduces the overall scan time but may face uncertainty in reproducibility and reliability. In this work, the reliability and reproducibility of non-respiratory gated 4D flow was investigated in 10 patients and 3 different sites in two separate scans. Better measurement consistency was observed intra-site than inter-site. The intra-correlation coefficient results showed excellent to good reproducibility between sites were observed ( ICC > 0.95 for blood flow, ICC > 0.85 for peak). Bland–Altman analysis also showed great test-retest reliability.

2277		Noninvasive Pressure Measurements in the Transverse Sinuses using ICOSA6 4DFlow – an In Vitro Validation with Catheter-based Manometry
		Henrik Haraldsson¹, Keerthi Valluru¹, Megan Ballweber¹, Ning Jin², Sinyeob Ahn³, Evan Kao¹, David Saloner^1,4, and Matthew Amans¹
		¹University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Siemens Healthcare, Chicago, IL, United States, ³Siemens Healthcare, San Francisco, CA, United States, ⁴Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
		Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition of elevated intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Transverse sinus stenoses are clearly related to the pathophysiology, and catheter-based manometry is the “gold standard” to assess pressure gradients across these stenoses. The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of assessing these pressure gradients in the intracranial veins using 4DFlow with ICOSA6 motion encoding – which also account for turbulence - and to compare these pressure gradients with catheter-based manometry. Pressure gradient were measured in patient specific phantoms using both 4DFlow and catheter-based manometry. The pressure gradient assessed showed good agreement when accounting for turbulence.

2278		A novel, accurate and robust three-dimensional quantification of circulation using finite-element methods in 4D Flow MRI data of thoracic aorta
		Julio Sotelo^1,2,3, Malenka M Bissell⁴, Yaxin Jiang⁴, Hernan Mella^1,2,3, Joaquin Mura^3,5, and Sergio Uribe^1,3,6,7
		¹Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ²Department of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ³Millennium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Santiago, Chile, ⁴Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute to Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, ⁵Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago, Chile, ⁶Department of Radiology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, ⁷Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
		The circulation is normally analyzed in a 2D cross-section of the aorta, manually placed. To avoid this problem, evaluate and validate a new methodology based on Finite Elements (FE) to calculate the circulation in three-dimensions, in in-silico models, and in the ascending aorta of a group of volunteers and patients. In in-silico experiment we obtain an RMSE of the circulation values less than 1.6e^-6. We also found that significant differences exist between volunteers and patients with a p-value of 0.0283. Our method is straight forward to calculate, accurate and robust throughout different resolutions and noise levels.

2279		A Direct Variational Pressure Estimation Approach for Velocity Data in 4D Flow MRI
		Lixing Ren^1,2, Xiaowei He², Dandan Zheng³, and Enhua Wu^2,4
		¹University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, ²The State Key Lab. of CS, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, ³Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China, ⁴University of Macau, Macau, China
		Understanding the nature of the pressure changes is crucial for diagnosis and therapy strategy optimization for aortic aneurysm. 4D flow MRI had offered the opportunity to assess 3D blood flow characteristics. However, the pressure quantification is still a challenge due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the partial volume effects near the wall. The focus of this work is to address this deficiency by proposing a novel workflow of direct pressure estimation based on simulated noisy 4D flow MRI data.

2280		Impact of Vessel Wall Characteristics on Quantitative 4D-Flow Dynamics in Compliant 3D-Printed Thoracic Aorta Models.
		Judith Zimmermann^1,2,3, Kathrin Bäumler¹, Michael Loecher^1,3, Alison Marsden^4,5, and Daniel Ennis^1,3,5
		¹Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ²Computer Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany, ³Radiology, Veterans Administration Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States, ⁴Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, ⁵Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
		A detailed understanding of flow dynamics in the aorta is of clinical interest and enabled by 4D-flow MRI. This work presents an in vitro flow circuit that embeds a subject-specific 3D-printed compliant aorta model to demonstrate feasibility while also exploring the impact of vessel wall characteristics (thickness, stiffness) and heart rate on quantitative flow dynamics. The experimental setup will be a valuable tool for assessing 4D flow MRI sampling requirements, generating high-quality ground truth data for CFD and FSI validation, as well as studying flow dynamics in different vascular pathologies.