Synopsis

Keywords: Neuro: Neurodegeneration, Contrast mechanisms: Molecular imaging, : Preclinical/Animal

Proton MRI has long been plagued by a lack of sensitivity to molecular events which historically restricted its use to monitoring gross anatomical changes. The development of and advancement in magnetization transfer-based contrast mechanisms and nanoparticle technology has dramatically expanded our ability to evaluate and monitor neuroinflammation using proton MRI at the molecular level. Many biomarkers in the former category, e.g. GluCEST, have already been translated to humans and are now being applied to a wide range of (neuro)inflammatory diseases. In contrast, most proton MRI agents that target specific molecules have just begun testing in the preclinical stages.

1. Introduction
2. Neuroinflammation: beyond the usual CNS disease suspects
3. What can be learned from inherent contrast?
4. MT / CEST MRI for (neuro)inflammatory applications
5. “Targeted” CEST biomarkers
6. CEST methods tested for neuroinflammatory application
7. CEST methods in other inflammatory models
8. What can we learn from molecular MRI agents?
9. CEST-sensitive agents
10. Nanoparticles for (neuro)inflammatory applications: initial use
11. Immune cell tracking using in situ labeling
12. “Targeted” nanoparticles for imaging
13. Nanoparticles in cell clothing
14. CAMs
15. Integrins
16. Fibrins
17. Selectins
18. Myeloperoxidases
19. How should we screen for novel biomarkers? The traditional approach
20. Histogram-based analysis
21. Classification-based analysis
22. Where should we screen established / test novel biomarkers? Outside the brain?
23. Closing remarks

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

No reference found.