In this study, we present a method for absolute pH mapping using the guanidyl CEST signal. The method is an extension of a previous approach that allowed compensating for various concomitant effects other than pH, but additionally required measuring the amide signal. By optimizing the pulse shape of the pulsed presaturation the pH sensitivity of the guanidyl signal could now be shifted to the physiologically relevant range around pH 7.1. The shift of sensitivity was verified experimentally in a multi-pH creatine phantom at 9.4T. Thus, CEST-based pH mapping with exceptional specificity is now also possible using only the guanidyl signal.
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Figure 2: Effect of pulse shape (i.e. c2) on MTRRex of creatine model solutions as a function of pH. The pH dependency of MTRRex showed the expected symmetric shape in coherence with theory (Eq1). Interestingly, the maximum of MTRRex at position pHmax not only shifts towards higher pH for higher B1 (cf. black lines) but also by using a pulsed presaturation (colored lines). The observed shift was increasing for decreasing c2 (i.e. sharper pulses, Figure 1C).
Figure 3: Effect of pulse shape (i.e. c2) on the exchange rate determining constant kc (A) and the CESTratio (B) in creatine model solutions. A: For kc, which is calculated via pHmax (Figure 2), a slight trend was observed with c2. B: The CESTratio (B1,low = 0.6 μT, B1,high = 1.4 μT) as a function of c2 showed a shift towards higher pH values for decreasing c2. Therefore, c2 introduces a new possibility to shift the pH sensitivity (i.e. the slope of the CESTratio(pH)) above a pH of 7 without interfering peak broadening (Figure 1B) that would result from an increased B1.
Figure 4: Correlation of titrated pH (pHtitrated) and pH measured by CEST-MRI (pHCEST) for cw (A,C) and c2 = 0.42 (B,D) in creatine model solutions. C,D: A very good correlation was observed for the cw (r = 0.9922) and pulsed case (r = 0.9953) in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. However, the pulsed presaturation has significantly smaller fluctuations in pH values (i.e. std) in the range above pH 7. E: Illustration of the improved pH sensitivity in the physiologically relevant range of the optimized pulses compared to cw by means of 1/std of the values shown in C,D.