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Optimizing T1ρ dispersion measurements for correlation time mapping in articular cartilage at 9.4 T
Hassaan Elsayed1,2,3, Stefan Zbyn1,2,3, Nina Hänninen1, Timo Liimatainen4, Mikko J. Nissi5, Miika T. Nieminen1,2,3, and Matti Hanni1,2,3

1Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 2Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, 3Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, 4Clinical Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland, 5Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

Synopsis

Correlation time (τc) is an intrinsic property of molecules that can be probed from T1ρ dispersion measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low and high spin-lock frequencies (SLFs) on τc fitting and to find the optimum SLFs set within the typical clinical range. One bovine and two human cartilage samples were scanned to obtain T1ρ dispersion with 22 SLFs between 10 to 2500 Hz. τc maps were obtained by fitting Lorentzian function to different subsets of T1ρ dispersion. Our results show that τc fitting is significantly affected by low SLFs compared to high SLFs.

Introduction

Correlation time (τc) is an intrinsic property of tissue macromolecules related to the molecular motion. τc mapping of cartilage can provide indirect information about tissue structure and composition. τc can be calculated by fitting a Lorentzian function to T1ρ measurements1 acquired with several spin lock frequencies (SLF).2 The purpose of this study was to: i) investigate the role of low (10-1000 Hz) and high (1000-2500 Hz) SLF in τc fitting; ii) search for the optimum SLF set for τc fitting within the typical clinical range3 (≤500 Hz).

Methods

Samples

This study utilized cylindrical osteochondral plugs (diameter = 6mm) of patellar cartilage from bovine (one plug) and human cadavers obtained from donors (two plugs, one per knee).

MRI

MRI was performed at 9.4 T using a 19 mm quadrature RF volume transceiver and VnmrJ3.1 Varian/Agilent DirectDrive console. The samples were imaged at room temperature and relaxation time measurements were realized using a global preparation-block coupled to a single slice FSE readout (TR=5s, Echo spacing=5.5ms, ETL=8 with centric echo ordering, matrix=256x64 (bovine sample) or 256x80 (human samples), FOV=16x12.8mm (bovine sample) or 16x16mm (human samples) and 1mm slice thickness, yielding a resolution of 62.5µm along cartilage depth). A single imaging slice was positioned at the center of the specimen, perpendicular to the axis of specimen. The measurements included CW-T1ρ dispersion with 22 SLFs4 (10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2200, 2500 Hz) and five spinlock times (0, 24, 48, 96, 192 ms).

Data analysis

T1ρ maps were fitted pixel-wise using two-parametric mono-exponential function. τc maps were obtained by fitting a Lorentzian function5

1T1ρ=3Aτc1+4ω2SLτ2c+B,

to T1ρ dispersion data, where ωsl is the SLF, and A, B and τc are the fitting parameters. Outlier τc pixels, identified as those with values <1 ms in T1ρ maps at SLF of 0 Hz calculated from τc fitting function, were excluded from further analysis. Data analysis was performed using in-house developed MATLAB scripts and plugin functions for Aedes.6 To investigate the role of low and high SLFs on τc fitting, τc maps were fitted from different subsets of the T1ρ dispersion data. Influence of higher SLFs was explored by comparing datasets with different range of SLFs while fixing the lowest SLF (e.g. set1: 10-2500 Hz, set2: 10-2200 Hz,…). Similarly, low SLFs were studied by comparing datasets with different range of SLFs while fixing the highest SLF (e.g. set1: 10-2500 Hz, set2: 20-2500 Hz,...). Resulting τc maps were evaluated using mean difference and Pearson correlation coefficients with reference τc map (fitted using full-range dispersion, 10-2500 Hz). To find the optimum distribution of SLFs for τc fitting in frequency range 10-500 Hz, fitting was applied to data from all possible combinations for 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12 SLFs. Resulting τc maps were compared pixel-by-pixel with a reference τc map fitted using all 13 SLFs (10-500Hz). Percentage of absolute mean difference between each tested and reference τc map for each sample was calculated. Results of both human samples were averaged to form one dataset.


Results

After dropping more than two low-frequency SLFs from the fitting data, correlation of τc maps with the full-range τc reference map dropped from 0.63 to -0.10 (Figure 1-a and Figure 2-a). However, even after leaving out 13 high SLFs from fitting, τc map showed correlation of 0.59 compared to the full-range τc reference map (Figure 1-b and Figure 2-b). Best selections of 12, 9, 6, 5 and 4 SLFs resulted in τc maps with mean difference in the range of 1-10% in bovine sample, 5-46% in human samples, compared to the 13 SLFs reference map (Figure 3). τc maps fitted from best SLFs combinations showed similar laminar appearance to the reference τc map (Figures 4 and 5).


Discussion and Conclusion

τc describes T1ρ dispersion. We infer from the results that SLFs range and selection affect τc fitting. Less SLFs generally produces less precise τc fitting. However, our results show that using only 6 SLFs results in similar τc maps as obtained with 13 SLFs. T1ρ dispersion data for τc fitting can therefore be obtained in shorter measurement time without significant loss of information. τc fitting is significantly affected by low SLFs while the higher SLFs contribute to a lesser degree to τc fitting. In conclusion, although τc fitting is sensitive to wide range of molecular processes contributing to T1ρ relaxation, our results imply that τc is more sensitive to molecular processes with low characteristic frequencies related to dipole-dipole relaxation, or chemical exchange in cartilage.2,7

Acknowledgements

Research funding from Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation and support from the Academy of Finland (grants #285909 and #293970) are gratefully acknowledged. We also thank CSC-IT Center for Science in Espoo, Finland, for computing time.

References

1. Jones GP. Spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame: Weak-collision case. Physical Review. 1966;148(1):332.

2. Sepponen RE, Pohjonen JA, Sipponen JT, Tanttu JI. A method for T1ρ imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1985;9(6):1007-1011.

3. Wang P, Block J, Gore JC. Chemical exchange in knee cartilage assessed by R1ρ (1/T1ρ) dispersion at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;33(1):38-42.

4. Nissi MJ, Salo E, Tiitu V, et al. Multi‐parametric MRI characterization of enzymatically degraded articular cartilage. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2015.

5. Blicharska B, Peemoeller H, Witek M. Hydration water dynamics in biopolymers from NMR relaxation in the rotating frame. Journal of Magnetic Resonance. 2010;207(2):287-293.

6. Aedes – A graphical tool for analyzing medical images. http://aedes.uef.fi/

7. Mlynarik V, Szomolanyi P, Toffanin R, Vittur F, Trattnig S. Transverse relaxation mechanisms in articular cartilage. Journal of Magnetic Resonance. 2004;169(2):300-307.

Figures

Figure 1: Effect of low and high frequencies SLFs on τc fitting. (a): τc ROIs fitted from T1ρdispersion with lowest SLF increasing from 10 to 1800 Hz. Left ROI is the full-range reference τc map (SLF range 10-2500 Hz). (b): τc ROIs fitted from T1ρdispersion with highest SLF decreased from 2500 to 30 Hz. The mean difference in each map is averaged from its pixel-by-pixel difference with the reference τc map. Dropping three low frequency SLFs from the fitting data yielded different τc values than the reference map. However, leaving out 13 high SLFs from fitting resulted in τc map similar to the reference map.


Figure 2: Mean profiles of τc ROIs in Figure 1 and their correlations with reference map. (a): mean depth wise profiles of each tested τc map in Figure 1-a plotted vs the reference τc map profile. Pearson correlation coefficients calculated for the mean profiles. (b): mean depth wise profile of each tested τc map in Figure 1-b plotted vs the reference τc map profile. Pearson correlation coefficients calculated for the mean profiles. The correlation decreased significantly, when dropping three or more low frequency SLfs from the fitting data. However, dropping 13 high frequency SLFs yields τc map with strong correlation to the reference map.


Figure 3 (Table): Comparison between best SLF sets to produce τc similar to the low frequency τc reference map. The table shows the best SLFs combinations of 12, 9, 6, 5 and 4 SLFs for bovine sample and human samples (averaged) that produce best τc maps with values closest to the reference map (fitted with 13 SLFs, 10 to 500 Hz). Error is calculated as the percentage of the absolute mean difference between tested and reference τc map for each sample group.

Figure 4: τc maps from the bovine cartilage sample fitted with best SLFs subset listed in Figure 3. Top row shows τc maps fitted with 13, 12, 9, 6,5 and 4 SLFs. Bottom row maps show the corresponding percentage difference in τc values compared to the reference map (13 SLFs).

Figure 5: Representative τc maps from human cartilage sample fitted with best SLFs subset listed in Figure 3. Top row shows τc maps fitted with 13, 12, 9, 6,5 and 4 SLFs. Bottom row maps show the corresponding percentage difference in τc values compared to the reference map (13 SLFs).

Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 26 (2018)
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