Integrated MR-PET imaging is a versatile tool for the non-invasive characterization of cardiovascular disease. In this work, we developed an MS-CAIPIRINHA-based imaging technique to extend the anatomical coverage of the MRI perfusion assessment to six slices per RR. As a proof of principle, the described approach was combined with simultaneous 18F-FDG viability imaging and Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) imaging investigating improvements in anatomical coverage for a relevant patient cohort.
An ECG-gated TurboFLASH prototype similar to [2] was implemented
on a whole-body MR-PET system (Biograph mMR, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen,
Germany). The pulse sequence featured a dual-band pulse to excite two slices simultaneously,
while the RF phase of the second slice was toggled between 0° and 180°. Within each RR-interval, three saturation
recovery (SR)-prepared acquisition blocks consisting of 52 radial projections
were acquired. A model-based algorithm, which is both enforcing the sensitivity
profiles of the utilized coil array and the sparsity in the spatial wavelet-domain
was then applied to reconstruct the undersampled datasets:
min
y represents the measured k-t-space multi-coil data
for one of the three dual-slice acquisition.
I_{sl} corresponds to the temporal image series for
one of the two slices sl.
E_{sl} is the encoding operator, which incorporates an
inverse Fourier transform, the re-gridding back to the initial radial projections,
and the superposition of the coil sensitivities to obtain multi-coil data. The
coil sensitivities for each slice were
determined by a fully sampled pre-scan under breathhold prior to contrast agent
injection.
\Phi_{sl} performs the applied CAIPIRINHA phase
modulation, and
\Psi transforms each frame of the image series into
the spatial wavelet domain.
\lambda balances the weighting of the sparsity and the
data consistency term and was chosen empirically. A projection onto convex sets
(POCS) implementation in MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) was used to
perform the optimization on an Intel Core i7-3820 CPU @ 3.60 GHz.
Typical imaging parameters were: Slice distance
between adjacent slices = 2 mm, slice distance between simultaneously acquired
slices = 30 mm, TE = 1.03 ms, TR = 1.33 ms, flip angle = 10°, slice thickness =
8 mm, in-plane resolution = 2.04 × 2.04 mm², 52 radial projections per image
pair, image matrix = 160 × 160, Rtotal ≈ 5.
The described MS-CAIPIRINHA approach was tested
against a conventional 3-slice SR-FLASH perfusion sequence with Cartesian
k-space ordering and similar sequence parameters as described above [3]. Conventional
and MS-CAIPIRINHA perfusion images were acquired separately for 60-90 RR
intervals during the same patient scan using two identical bolus injections 0.05 mM/kg Gd-DTPA.
LGE images were acquired across
the whole LV myocardium after a cumulative dose of 0.2 mM/kg Gd-DTPA and 15 min
equilibration time.
MR imaging was performed in five patients with
collateralized coronary total occlusions (CTO) in combination with a
simultaneous 18F-FDG viability scan after metabolic preparation by
insulin-clamping. List-mode PET data were acquired for 45 min starting 60 min
after injection of 18F-FDG.