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3D Real-Time MRI of Vocal Tract Shaping

Yongwan Lim¹, Yinghua Zhu¹, Sajan Goud Lingala¹, Dani Byrd¹, Shrikanth S Narayanan¹, and Krishna S Nayak¹

¹University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

Synopsis

We demonstrate a new three-dimensional (3D) real-time MRI technique for the study of dynamic vocal tract shaping during human speech production. This, for the first time, enables a comprehensive assessment of vocal tract area function dynamics. We used a minimum-phase 3D slab excitation, stack-of-spirals gradient echo sequence, pseudo golden-angle view order in kx-ky, linear Cartesian order along kz, and sparse SENSE image reconstruction with spatiotemporal finite difference constraints. This provides 2.4 x 2.4 x 5.8 mm³ spatial resolution, 72 ms temporal resolution, and a 200 x 200 x 70 mm³ field-of-view, which covers the entire adult human vocal tract.

Introduction

Real-time MRI (RT-MRI) has emerged as a powerful tool for speech production research due to its numerous advantages over alternative imaging and movement tracking modalities^1–3. Speech scientists seek a comprehensive understanding of vocal tract dynamics and can utilize real-time imaging of the vocal tract to extract linguistically meaningful patterns in airway constrictions and area changes during speech. Current RT-MRI techniques, however, have been limited to one or a handful of 2D imaging planes⁴, or to 3D imaging with low temporal resolution⁵ or requiring multiple task repetitions⁶. To address the unmet need for 3D dynamic data on airway shaping during speech, we have developed a new 3D RT-MRI technique that achieves 2.4 x 2.4 x 5.8 mm³ spatial resolution and 72 ms temporal resolution over a 200 x 200 x 70 mm³ field-of-view (FOV), using parallel imaging and simple spatiotemporal constraints previously validated in the context of 2D RT-MRI.

Methods

Pseudo Golden Angle Stack-of-Spiral Sampling Pattern

Figure 1 illustrates the data sampling scheme. A spiral pseudo-golden angle sampling pattern is used in the kx-ky plane and Cartesian sampling is employed along kz. Each spiral is acquired for all kz phase encodes (linear order) before moving to the next spiral, with a golden angle increment, $$$\theta_{GA} = 2\pi\times2/(\sqrt5 + 1)$$$. The spiral angle is reset after 34 interleaves⁴.

Experiments

All experiments were performed on a 1.5T scanner (Signa Excite, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) using a real-time interactive imaging platform (RT-Hawk, Heart Vista Inc, Los Altos, CA)⁷. A custom 8-channel upper-airway coil⁴ was used for signal reception. 3D slab excitation was achieved by using a minimum-phase RF pulse designed with the Shinnar-LeRoux RF design tool⁸. The pulse excited a mid-sagittal slab with 5cm thickness using a flip angle (FA) of 5° and TBW of 16. Data acquisition was performed using a golden angle stack-of-spirals gradient echo sequence. For comparison, we performed 2D pseudo golden angle RT-MRI with two interleaved slices — one midsagittal and one oblique slice — relevant to the speech task⁴.
All imaging parameters used are given in Table 1.

Image Reconstruction

We employed a sparse SENSE reconstruction with spatiotemporal finite difference constraints⁴ for both the 3D and 2D datasets. 3D reconstructions were performed slice-by-slice, by first inverse Fourier transforming data along the (fully sampled) kz direction. The same regularization parameters ($$$\lambda_{t} $$$= 0.02 and $$$\lambda_{s} $$$ = 0.01) were used for 3D and 2D datasets. Reconstruction was performed using the Berkeley Advanced Reconstruction Toolbox (BART)⁹.

Measurement of Vocal Tract Area Function

We obtained grid lines that were perpendicular to the airway centerline from a mid-sagittal plane¹⁰ and extracted angled slices along the grid lines through the 3D volume (61 slices, with 16 shown in Figure 4c). From each of angled slices, we estimated the vocal tract area function using a region growing method¹¹, applied in this case to the dynamic data.

Results and Discussion

Figure 2 shows reconstructed images of the upper airway from 3D and 2D multislice RT-MRI taken from an acquisition in which the subject spoke the syllables /loo/-/lee/-/la/-/za/-/na/-/za/, repeated twice at a natural pace. Figure 3 shows 2D and 3D intensity vs. time profiles in the region of the vocal tract in which velum and tongue body movement occur. The 3D profile result provides adequate quality for speech scientists whom we have consulted to discern velum actions specific to nasal versus oral consonants and tongue body actions utilized for vocalic airway shaping.

Figure 4 (animated) shows vocal tract area function dynamics. Critical lingual constriction events are visible along the length of the vocal tract. Specifically, when consonants /l/, /z/, and /n/ are articulated (e.g. frames 12, 27, 39, 52, 65, 79), the relatively rapid tongue tip constrictions used to create these consonants are clearly shown in the area function dynamics (grid line 3). And, when the vowel /ee/ is articulated (frame 31-34 & 117-122), vocalic tongue body constrictions are observable in the palatal region (grid lines 4-7), as is the pharyngeal volume expansion (grid line 12-14) associated with /ee/’s tongue body fronting.

Conclusion

We demonstrate a 3D RT-MRI technique for the study of human speech production that achieves 2.4 x 2.4 x 5.8 mm³ spatial resolution and 72 ms temporal resolution over a 200 x 200 x 70 mm³ FOV. This is achieved by combining a minimum-phase 3D slab excitation, pseudo golden-angle stack-of-spirals, and constrained image reconstruction. This promising tool for speech science for the first time enables a direct comprehensive assessment of vocal tract area function dynamics during speaking.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIH Grant R01DC007124 and NSF Grant 1514544. We thank Rachel Walker for helpful discussion and analysis of the 3D data.

References

1. Lingala SG, Sutton BP, Miquel ME, Nayak KS. Recommendations for real-time speech MRI. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2016;43(1):28–44.

2. Bresch E, Kim YC, Nayak K, Byrd D, Narayanan S. Seeing speech: Capturing vocal tract shaping using real-time magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 2008;25(3):123–129.

3. Scott AD, Wylezinska M, Birch MJ, Miquel ME. Speech MRI: Morphology and function. Physica Medica. 2014;30(6):604–618.

4. Lingala SG, Zhu Y, Kim Y, Toutios A, Narayanan S, Nayak KS. A fast and flexible MRI system for the study of dynamic vocal tract shaping. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2017;77(1):112-125.

5. Burdumy M, Traser L, Burk F, Richter B, Echternach M, Korvink JG, Hennig J, Zaitsev M. One-second MRI of a three-dimensional vocal tract to measure dynamic articulator modifications. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2017;46(1):94-101.

6. Fu M, Barlaz MS, Holtrop JL, Perry JL, Kuehn DP, Shosted RK, Liang ZP, Sutton BP. High-frame-rate full-vocal-tract 3D dynamic speech imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 2017;77(4):1619–1629.

7. Santos JM, Wright G a, Pauly JM. Flexible real-time magnetic resonance imaging framework. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 2004;2:1048–1051.

8. Pauly J, Nishimura D, Macovski A, Roux P Le. Parameter Relations for the Shinnar-Le Roux Selective Excitation Pulse Design Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 1991;10(1):53–65.

9. Uecker M, Ong F, Tamir JI, Bahri D, Virtue P, Cheng JY, Zhang T, Lustig M. Berkeley Advanced Reconstruction Toolbox. In: Proceedings of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Toronto, Canada. Vol. 23. 2015. p. 2486.

10. Kim J, Kumar N, Lee S, Narayanan S. Enhanced airway-tissue boundary segmentation for real-time magnetic resonance imaging data. Proceedings of the 10th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP). 2014:222–225.

11. Skordilis ZI, Toutios A, Toger J, Narayanan S. Estimation of vocal tract area function from volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. 2017. p. 924–928.

Figures

Figure 1. An example of a pseudo golden angle stack-of-spirals sampling scheme for 3D RT-MRI. Spiral interleave with a rotation angle is acquired for all kz phase encodes while the kz step is sequentially increased. After acquiring all of the kz steps, the rotation angle of spirals is increased by the golden angle, $$$ \theta_{GA} = 2\pi \times 2/(\sqrt5+1)$$$. The spiral angle is reset after N interleaves. Inverse Fourier transform is applied to the data collected within a temporal window along the (fully sampled) kz direction. Then 2D constrained reconstruction is performed slice-by-slice to form 3D image series.

Reconstructed images from both 2D multislice and 3D RT-MRI. Both use the same regularization parameters ($$$\lambda_{t} = 0.02$$$ and $$$\lambda_{s} = 0.01$$$). For comparison purpose, we extract an oblique slice from 3D that would be aligned with the oblique view obtained from 2D multislice RT-MRI.

Figure 3. Illustration of the velum (soft palate) movements of a speech task of /loo/-/lee/-/la/-/za/-/na/-/za/ repeated twice at a normal pace. The first column shows example frames using a midsagittal view from 2D multislice and 3D imaging, and the second column shows the corresponding intensity vs. time profiles that are marked by the solid lines in the first column (midsagittal) images.

Figure 4 (Animated GIF). Illustration of the capability of estimation of vocal tract area function from 3D RT-MRI. Panel (a) shows an image at the midsagittal plane from dynamic 3D. Grid lines that are perpendicular to the airway centerline are chosen to obtain angled slices shown in Panel (c) (only 16 of the 61 gridlines are shown here). Panel (b) shows the vocal tract area function estimated from the 61 angled slices.

Table1. Imaging parameters for 2D multislice and 3D RT-MRI

Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 26 (2018)

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