Recently, low frequency (LF) magnetic resonance electrical conductivity imaging by means of oscillating gradient fields is reported to be infeasible. In these studies, LF phase measurements are modeled with radio frequency (RF) leakage due to geometric shifts in MR images. Although RF leakage is related with conductivity, we have not come across a conductivity image reconstructed using this model. In this study, LF conductivity imaging is evaluated for an MRI pulse sequence including multiple gradient pulses. Geometric shifts are evaluated by focusing on the MR magnitude. A procedure is proposed for the reconstruction of conductivity, based on LF phase measurements.
Using Maxwell’s equations, fundamental equation of oscillating gradient based LF conductivity imaging can be derived2 as
σ=∇2Bsz/(μo∂Bpz/∂t),[1]
where Bpz and Bsz are the z components of the primary and the secondary magnetic fields created by the gradients and LF induced eddy current (JLF), respectively. Considering a spin-echo pulse sequence with multiple SS gradient (Gz) and 180o RF pulses as shown in Figure 13, Bsz and ΦLF are related as
ΦLF=2(Ns−0.5)γBsz(i,j)tr,[2]
where Ns is the number of soft 180o RF pulses, γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of hydrogen, and tris the ramp duration. Bpz is determined considering gradient strength (GS), gradient iso-center and slice location. To obtain Bsz, ΦLF measurements are denoised and scaled. Geometric information is obtained by applying edge detection to MR magnitude image. Quadratic polynomials in horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions are fitted to Bsz to obtain filtered Bszimages. Finally, σ is reconstructed by simplifying Eq. [1] as
σ=(∂2Bsz−x∂x2+∂2Bsz−y∂y2)/(μo∂Bpz/∂t),[3]
where Bsz−x and Bsz−yare the filtered images. In order to investigate ΦRF−leak due to geometric shifts, we focus on MR magnitude images.
The pulse sequence in Figure 1 is realized on a 3T MRI scanner (Magnetom Trio, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany). Transverse (xy) slice with a thickness of 5 mm is selected. Gz is applied with GS=4.8 mT/m and Ns=21. Field of view is 25×25 cm2 with spatial sampling of 128×128 pixels. By applying the pulse sequence twice with positive and negative Gz polarities and taking the difference of resultant Φ distributions ΦLF is obtained1-3. A cylindrical Plexiglas phantom with a diameter of 19 cm and a height of 10 cm is used as shown in Figure 2. The phantom is filled with a solution of 0.55 g NaCl and 0.05 g CuSO4 in 100 ml distilled water. A cylindrical inhomogeneity with a diameter of 4.8 cm and a height of 10 cm is located inside the phantom. The inhomogeneity is composed of 0.8 g NaCl, 0.05 g CuSO4, 1 g Agar and Tx151 in 100 ml distilled water. Conductivity of the background and the inhomogeneity are 0.75 S/m and 1.2 S/m, respectively.
Investigation of M+, M−, and ΔM images reveals the intensity differences. Characteristics of M+ and M− profiles are the same at the boundary pixels. M+ and M− profiles have the maximum and the minimum at the same locations. We can conclude that ΔM is due to intensity differences rather than geometric shifts. ΦLF has quadratic characteristics in the background and the inhomogeneity different from the ΦRF−leak model of ΦLF distributions in 1-2 which have linear spatial characteristics. Reconstruction of σ images with Eq. [1] and the reported ΦRF−leak distributions in 1-2 may not be possible. Reconstructed σ image is a rough approximation of the true σ distribution of the phantom. Boundary artifacts are observed due to ∇σ=0 assumption during derivation of Eq. [1].
We think that switching gradient based LF conductivity imaging should be investigated with MRI pulse sequences including multiple gradient pulses. By this way, ΦLF measurements can be increased. Magnetohydrodynamic force created by the interaction of JLF and static magnetic field (Bo) of the MRI scanner4, diffusion, and drift effects may be sufficiently large to dominate the ΦLF measurements, which are close to the phase measurement noise level of MRI scanners5. These flow effects should be investigated in detail in order to master the physics of ΦLF measurements even with homogenous Agarose gel phantoms.
1. Mandija S, Van Lier ALHMW, Katscher U, Petrov PI, Neggers SFW, Luijten PR, Van den Berg CAT. A geometrical shift results in erroneous appearance of low frequency tissue eddy current induced phase maps. Magn Reson Med. 2016;76,(3):905-912.
2. Oran ÖF, İder YZ. Feasibility of conductivity imaging using subject eddy currents induced by switching of MRI gradients. Magn Reson Med. 2017;77(5):1926-1937.
3. Eyüboğlu BM, Eroğlu HH, Sadighi MS. An induced current magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (ICMREIT) pulse sequence based on monopolar slice selection gradient pulses. Turkish Patent Institute Pending Patent P17/0601.
4. Balasubramanian M, Mulkern RV, Wells WM, Sundaram P, Orbach DB. Magnetic resonance imaging of ionic currents in solution: the effect of magnetohydrodynamic flow. Magn Reson Med. 2015;74(5):1145-1155.
5. Eroğlu HH. Induced current magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (ICMREIT) with low frequency switching of gradient fields [PhD thesis]. Ankara, Turkey: Grad Sc. Nat. App. Sci., Middle East Technical University, 2017.
FIG. 1. A spin echo MRI pulse sequence with a switching SS gradient (Gz) waveform. RF is the RF pulse, Gx and Gy are the read-out (RO) and the phase encoding (PE) gradients3.