Francesco Santini1,2, Mathieu D Santin3, Paulo Loureiro de Sousa4, and Oliver Bieri1,2
1Radiological Physics, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, 3Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France, 4CNRS, ICube Laboratory, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Synopsis
This work presents a method to combine the signal from multiple coils in order to obtain a coherent phase image. The methods is agnostic to the acquisition protocol and the coil geometry, and does not require operator interaction.Purpose
Phase
imaging is especially important at high to ultra high field
strengths, both to map local field inhomogeneities and to highlight
important anatomical structures (e.g. with Susceptibility Weighted
Imaging, SWI). Although nowadays multiple coils are commonly used for
MR image acquisition, accurate phase combination is not yet generally
offered by the generic reconstruction pipeline of commercial
scanners. The reason is that the various receiver coils experience
different phase sensitivities due to their geometry, and the complex
data need to be manipulated before combination in order to avoid
destructive interferences. Last year, a generic framework was
presented by Santini et al.
1 that allowed phase
reconstruction for arbitrary sequences without any user interaction
or prior knowledge, termed Generic Referenceless Phase Combination
(GRPC). While the solution was optimal in a mathematical sense, the
most robust embodiment was implementing a constant phase correction,
therefore not taking into account spatial variations. In this work,
we use the zeroth-order GRPC method as a first step of the
correction, and then apply an additional correction as proposed by
Parker et al.
2. The method is demonstrated in the brain
and in the abdomen using two different acquisition sequences and the quality of the reconstruction of the two
steps is compared by using a quality of phase matching metric
3.
Methods
The two-step GRPC
correction was implemented as a generic functor of the reconstruction
pipeline of a commercial 3T scanner by separately performing two
correction step. The first step was a zeroth-order correction
(removal of average coil phase) for preliminary coil rephasing.
Subsequently, the rephased images were processed through a modified
Parker virtual coil approach
2 by filtering the difference
between the true coils and the rephased complex sum with a 21x21 2D
gaussian low-pass filter. The reconstruction was applied to two
different sequences, a gradient echo and a balanced steady-state free
precession. Images were acquired on a healthy volunteer in the
abdomen with a 18-channel body array together with an integrated
spine coil (matrix size 256x154x1, resolution 1.6x1.6x5mm
3, GRE TR/TE
15/3.6ms, bSSFP TR/TE 4.2/2.1ms), and in the head with 20- and a
64-channel coils (matrix size 192x192x1, resolution 1.0x1.0x5mm
3, GRE
TR/TE 45/4.7ms, bSSFP TR/TE 4.6/2.3ms). In the reconstructed complex
images, the quality of phase matching (Q) map was calculated
pixelwise according to the formula: $$Q(x,y)=\frac{||\sum
I_c(x,y)||}{\sum||I_c(x,y)||}$$, where
Ic
is the complex signal intensity detected by each coil
c. The
median value of Q was calculated on each map (only in the portion of
the images where the signal level is above the noise).
Results
The correction
produced artifact-free phase images for all location and coils (Fig.
1). The phase images produced by GRPC and 2-step correction appear
similar, however a lower noise level is recognizable in the two-pass
images (Fig. 2). Quantitatively, the Quality of phase matching maps
(Q-maps) showed important differences between the two methods (Fig.
3). The median Q values across the different coils and position
averaged 0.56±0.19 for GRPC and 0.95±0.06 for the two-step
correction (Fig. 4).
Discussion
For the combination
of multi-element coils, both the GRPC and the proposed method deliver
consistent phase images. However, the addition of the second step
greatly increases the phase matching with which the coil elements
sum, meaning that the coil sum constructively over the whole field of
view. This increases the signal level in the combined image and has a
noticeable impact on the signal-to-noise of the phase images. This
method was used to implement a very generic reconstruction functor,
which could be applied to any combination of protocol parameters and
delivered fast reconstruction seamlessly at the scanner console,
without need for external postprocessing. We showed that the method
works equally well, and without operator interaction, with different
coils and type of acquisition sequences.
Conclusion
The addition of a
second processing step to the GRPC method is beneficial to delivering
accurate phase images from multi-element coils.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
1. Santini F, Ganter
C, Ehses Ph, et al., A Generic Referenceless Phase Combination (GRPC)
Method: Application at High and Ultra-High Fields, Proceedings of the
ISMRM 2015
2. Parker DL, Payne
A, Todd N, Hadley JR. Phase reconstruction from multiple coil data
using a virtual reference coil. Magn. Reson. Med. 2014;72:563–569
3. Robinson SD,
Bogner W, Dymerska B, et al, COMbining Phased Array Data Using
Offsets from a Short Echo-Time Reference Scan (COMPOSER), Proceedings
of the ISMRM 2015