Jan-Willem Beenakker1, Joep Wezel1, Gregorius Luyten1, Andrew Webb1, and Peter Boernert1,2
1Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, 2Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany
Synopsis
MRI is becoming
an increasingly valuable non-invasive tool in ocular tumour assessment and
treatment planning. ophthalmology. High resolution images acquired at high
field provide multi-dimensional information on tumour size. However, image
quality is often compromised by eye motion which is often triggered by gradient
noise In the present work the use of magnetization prepared 3D Zero Echo Time
imaging (ZTE) is proposed, enabling for almost silent volumetric scanning at isotropic
resolution. An initial validation showing the potential of the ZTE approach at
7T for is shown in volunteers and tumour patients.Introduction
In recent years
MRI has become a valuable imaging modality within ophthalmology, as it is able
to non-invasively image parts of the eye which are not accessible with optical
techniques
1-3. One of the key applications of ocular MRI is
providing accurate three-dimensional geometric measures on the location,
geometry and size of tumours: these measures determine the choice of optimal
treatment. Accurate size measurements require very high spatial resolution, and
so ocular imaging benefits from high field MRI due to the increased SNR available.
However, one of the main challenges is eye-motion, as this results in
significant image artifacts, which mask any extrascleral extension of the
tumour. Different strategies have been developed to reduce the amount of motion
artefacts, including cued-blinking protocols which consist of a regular pause
in the scan during which the subject can blink. These strategies resolve most
of the motion-artifacts, but the sudden increase of acoustic noise at
the beginning of each acquisition-block tends to introduce unconscious eye-blinks.
In this study we
evaluated the use of 3D Zero Echo Time (ZTE)-imaging
4,5 to visualize the eye
for three main reasons. First, ZTE sequences have a very low acoustic noise level,
which significantly increases patient comfort and decreases the involuntary
blink reflexes. Second, they have the potential to visualize bony structures
surrounding the eye, which can aid in radiotherapy planning. Finally, the
inherent 3D nature of the sequence is advantageous in terms of the highly irregular
shape of the tumour which require multiple cuts in different orientations to
assess the optimal treatment. “Native ZTE” produces relatively poor image
contrast, and to overcome the intrinsic contrast limitations, different
magnetization-prepared contrast manipulation schemes were applied to image the
eye silently (Figure 1).
Methods
Three healthy subjects and two patients with an intra-ocular tumour
(uveal melanoma)
were examined on a Philips Achieva 7 Tesla whole-body magnet using a
custom-built eye-coil1. In addition to the standard clinical eye-protocol,
1,2 3D radial FID-sampling ZTE-scans were acquired with a TR of 2 ms,
a TE of 80 µs, a flip angle of 2°, an isotropic voxel
size of 1 mm
3 and a field-of-view of 120 x 120 x 120 mm
3,
resulting in a total scanning time of 1:03 minutes for native ZTE (proton
density, PD) contrast. Three different magnetization preparation modules were
used before the ZTE readout. First, a
spectral inversion recovery
(SPIR) pulse was repeated every 100 ms to suppress fat. Second, a T2-preparation
module with a TE of 40 ms using two 180
o RF pulses to minimize first
order B1+effects, repeated every 900 ms resulting in a
slightly longer scan time of 1:55 minutes. Finally a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery
(FLAIR) contrast was introduced using an inversion time of 1280 ms. The corresponding
prepulse was repeated every 3 seconds to allow for sufficient time for T
1
relaxation, resulting in a total scan time of 6 minutes.
Results
All volunteers
and especially the patients reported a much more comfortable experience during
the ZTE scans, with much less propensity to blink due to the almost silent
nature of the scans. Figure 2 show images from one of the uveal melanoma patients.
Magnetization prepared ZTE images with different contrasts are shown, together
with one image from a conventional imaging sequence. The SPIR-prepared ZTE is
not particularly useful in measuring tumour size due to lack of contrast, but
it is very useful for investigating diseases of the optic nerve since the
combination of SPIR+ZTE gives good visualization of the optic nerve (Figure 3).
The MTC-effect associated with the frequent applications of off-resonant RF
pulses also introduces contrast between the lens and the vitreous humour. The
T2-prepulse and ZTE readout gives the highest contrast, as shown in Figures 2
and 4. In addition there is significant contrast between the vitreous humour
and retinal fluid. Figures 3-5 further underline the additional advantage 3D ZTE
offers i.e. the isotropic spatial resolution. Reformatting in any desired orientation
is possible after scanning allowing an detailed inspection and a simplified
workflow for treatment planning.
Discussion
In conclusion,
magnetization-prepared 3D ZTE schemes in combination with localised receive
technology at high field could be very useful to improve diagnosis, therapy
decision and comfort of ocular tumour patients. In terms of future applications
to radiotherapy planning, the potential to see bony structures surrounding the
orbit using ZTE would be very advantageous.
Acknowledgements
This work was funded under the EUREKA programme of the European Union, "Natural peripheral vision"References
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