Zero Echo Time imaging of ocular tumours at 7T
Jan-Willem Beenakker1, Joep Wezel1, Gregorius Luyten1, Andrew Webb1, and Peter Boernert1,2

1Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, 2Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany

Synopsis

MRI is becoming an increasingly valuable non-invasive tool in ocular tumour assessment and treatment planning. ophthalmology. High resolution images acquired at high field provide multi-dimensional information on tumour size. However, image quality is often compromised by eye motion which is often triggered by gradient noise In the present work the use of magnetization prepared 3D Zero Echo Time imaging (ZTE) is proposed, enabling for almost silent volumetric scanning at isotropic resolution. An initial validation showing the potential of the ZTE approach at 7T for is shown in volunteers and tumour patients.

Introduction

In recent years MRI has become a valuable imaging modality within ophthalmology, as it is able to non-invasively image parts of the eye which are not accessible with optical techniques1-3. One of the key applications of ocular MRI is providing accurate three-dimensional geometric measures on the location, geometry and size of tumours: these measures determine the choice of optimal treatment. Accurate size measurements require very high spatial resolution, and so ocular imaging benefits from high field MRI due to the increased SNR available. However, one of the main challenges is eye-motion, as this results in significant image artifacts, which mask any extrascleral extension of the tumour. Different strategies have been developed to reduce the amount of motion artefacts, including cued-blinking protocols which consist of a regular pause in the scan during which the subject can blink. These strategies resolve most of the motion-artifacts, but the sudden increase of acoustic noise at the beginning of each acquisition-block tends to introduce unconscious eye-blinks. In this study we evaluated the use of 3D Zero Echo Time (ZTE)-imaging4,5 to visualize the eye for three main reasons. First, ZTE sequences have a very low acoustic noise level, which significantly increases patient comfort and decreases the involuntary blink reflexes. Second, they have the potential to visualize bony structures surrounding the eye, which can aid in radiotherapy planning. Finally, the inherent 3D nature of the sequence is advantageous in terms of the highly irregular shape of the tumour which require multiple cuts in different orientations to assess the optimal treatment. “Native ZTE” produces relatively poor image contrast, and to overcome the intrinsic contrast limitations, different magnetization-prepared contrast manipulation schemes were applied to image the eye silently (Figure 1).

Methods

Three healthy subjects and two patients with an intra-ocular tumour (uveal melanoma) were examined on a Philips Achieva 7 Tesla whole-body magnet using a custom-built eye-coil1. In addition to the standard clinical eye-protocol,1,2 3D radial FID-sampling ZTE-scans were acquired with a TR of 2 ms, a TE of 80 µs, a flip angle of 2°, an isotropic voxel size of 1 mm3 and a field-of-view of 120 x 120 x 120 mm3, resulting in a total scanning time of 1:03 minutes for native ZTE (proton density, PD) contrast. Three different magnetization preparation modules were used before the ZTE readout. First, a spectral inversion recovery (SPIR) pulse was repeated every 100 ms to suppress fat. Second, a T2-preparation module with a TE of 40 ms using two 180o RF pulses to minimize first order B1+effects, repeated every 900 ms resulting in a slightly longer scan time of 1:55 minutes. Finally a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) contrast was introduced using an inversion time of 1280 ms. The corresponding prepulse was repeated every 3 seconds to allow for sufficient time for T1 relaxation, resulting in a total scan time of 6 minutes.

Results

All volunteers and especially the patients reported a much more comfortable experience during the ZTE scans, with much less propensity to blink due to the almost silent nature of the scans. Figure 2 show images from one of the uveal melanoma patients. Magnetization prepared ZTE images with different contrasts are shown, together with one image from a conventional imaging sequence. The SPIR-prepared ZTE is not particularly useful in measuring tumour size due to lack of contrast, but it is very useful for investigating diseases of the optic nerve since the combination of SPIR+ZTE gives good visualization of the optic nerve (Figure 3). The MTC-effect associated with the frequent applications of off-resonant RF pulses also introduces contrast between the lens and the vitreous humour. The T2-prepulse and ZTE readout gives the highest contrast, as shown in Figures 2 and 4. In addition there is significant contrast between the vitreous humour and retinal fluid. Figures 3-5 further underline the additional advantage 3D ZTE offers i.e. the isotropic spatial resolution. Reformatting in any desired orientation is possible after scanning allowing an detailed inspection and a simplified workflow for treatment planning.

Discussion

In conclusion, magnetization-prepared 3D ZTE schemes in combination with localised receive technology at high field could be very useful to improve diagnosis, therapy decision and comfort of ocular tumour patients. In terms of future applications to radiotherapy planning, the potential to see bony structures surrounding the orbit using ZTE would be very advantageous.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded under the EUREKA programme of the European Union, "Natural peripheral vision"

References

1. Beenakker, J.-W. M., Shamonin, D. P., Webb, A. G., Luyten, G. P. M. & Stoel, B. C. Automated retinal topographic maps measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 56, 1033–1039 (2015).

2. Beenakker, J. W. M., van Rijn, G. A., Luyten, G. P. M. & Webb, A. G. High-resolution MRI of uveal melanoma using a microcoil phased array at 7 T. NMR Biomed. 26, 1864–1869 (2013).

3. Graessl, A. et al. Ophthalmic magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T using a 6-channel transceiver radiofrequency coil array in healthy subjects and patients with intraocular masses. Investigative Radiology 49, 260–270 (2014).

4. Hafner S. Fast imaging in liquids and solids with the Back-projection Low Angle ShoT (BLAST) technique. Magn Reson Imaging. 1994;12(7):1047-51.

5. Weiger M, Brunner DO, Dietrich BE, Müller CF, Pruessmann KP. ZTE imaging in humans. Magn Reson Med. 2013 Aug;70(2):328-32.

Figures

Figure 1. Magnetization-prepared ZTE scheme. After appropriate Mz magnetization preparation (MP) a number of ZTE profiles are measured. Shaped crusher gradients after that MP are applied which, together with the ZTE read gradient which changes only slightly from shot to shot, enables almost silent operation.

Figure 2. Images from a patient with uveal melanoma. Three different magnetization preparations with ZTE readouts are shown, together with a conventional FLAIR image (top left).

Figure 3. Successive slices from the SPIR-ZTE 3D sequence, showing good suppression of the orbital fat and visualization of the optic nerve.

Figure 4. A series of T2-weighted ZTE images from the 3D dataset showing the tumour as a dark area (white arrow) within the vitreous humour.

Figure 5. Successive T2-weighted ZTE images showing the intrinsic contrast within the eye, and a darker area corresponding to retinal fluid buildup due to a detached retina.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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