Metabolic profiling of normal hepatocyte and hepatocarcinoma cell lines related to metastasis potentials by 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics
Yang Chen1, Jianghua Feng1, Naishun Liao2, Ying Su3, Changyan Zou3, and Zhong Chen1

1Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, People's Republic of, 2The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, MengChao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China, People's Republic of, 3Laboratory of Radiobiology, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, China, People's Republic of

Synopsis

To explore metabolic characteristics of hepatocarcinoma cell lines associated with different metastasis potentials, 1H NMR-based metabolomics conjugated with multivariate statistical analysis were performed to determine the molecular mechanisms of metastasis. Characteristic metabolites from both cell extracts and cultured medium were identified. Our results provide evidences that cells with different metastasis potentials exhibit different levels of glucose consumption, as well as the products of some intermediates of glycolysis.

Background

Hepatic carcinoma causes death mainly by disseminated metastasis progression from the organ being confined.1 Prognostic diagnosis of different metastasis stages which are closely related to cellular metabolism is a major challenge.2,3 Metabolomics analysis based on 1H NMR spectroscopy could provide ability to quantify specific alterations related to metastasis potentials of different cell lines.4-6

Purpose

We explored metabolic characteristics of normal hepatocyte and hepatocarcinoma cell lines related to different metastasis potentials with ultimate goal of determining the molecular mechanisms of metastasis.

Methods

We have performed NMR-based metabolic analysis of normal hepatocyte LO2 and cell lines from hepatocarcinoma including lowly metastatic HepG2 and highly metastatic MHCC97L and MHCC97H. Combining with methods of principal component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis, cells with different metastasis potentials can be separated according to their metabolic profiles.

Results

We determined the characteristic metabolites with statistically significance level of P<0.05 or P<0.01 between normal and cancer cell lines (Fig. 1). There were several common characteristic metabolites between normal and lowly and between normal and highly metastatic cell lines, including valine, lactate, acetate, proline, phosphocholine, and glucose, but no characteristic metabolite was identified for highly metastatic cell lines (Fig. 2&3). The results showed that there was a significant difference in the glucose consumption of different metastatic cells. Higher metastatic cells tended to cause higher level of glycolysis as well as relative products of intermediates. Meanwhile, the cultured medium was also analyzed and the characteristic metabolites obtained from cultured medium were further confirmed by excluding the discriminary metabolites associated with pure medium. Four classifiers based on the medium-derived characteristic metabolites were established by support vector machines to identify normal and cancer cell lines and achieved great diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of >93% (Fig. 4). Specifically, to identify normal and highly metastatic cell lines, both of the obtained sensitivities and specificities reached 100%. Such results provided evidence that metabolic analysis of cultured medium could be a valid method to understand metabolic alterations associated with different metastatic cells.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that 1H NMR spectroscopy has potential use in metastasis progression of hepatic carcinoma and will be helpful for the determination of metabolic markers for hepatic carcinoma identification. We also notice the extension scope of the proposed characteristic metabolites between different tumors. Future work should be placed on this subject including the spread of proposed characteristic metabolites between different tumors in the potential clinical study.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81272581), Science Research Foundation of Ministry of Health & United Fujian Provincial Health and Education Project for Tackling the Key Research (WKJ-FJ-05), and the Fundamental Research Funds for Xiamen University (201412G012).

References

[1] Kailavasan M, Rehman I, Reynolds S, et al. NMR-based evaluation of the metabolic profile and response to dichloroacetate of human prostate cancer cells. NMR Biomed. 2014; 27(5): 610-616.

[2] Issaq HJ, Van QN, Waybright TJ, et al. Analytical and statistical approaches to metabolomics research. J Sep Sci. 2009; 32(13): 2183-2199.

[3] Robertson CL, Saraswati M, Fiskum G. Mitochondrial dysfunction early after traumatic brain injury in immature rats. J Neurochem. 2007; 101:1248-1257.

[4] Florian CL, Pietsch T, Noble M, et al. Metabolic studies of human primitive neuroectodermal tumour cells by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Br J Cancer. 1997; 75(7): 1007-1013.

[5] Miroslava CC, Ian CC, Adrian SC, et al. 1H NMR metabolomics combined with gene expression analysis for the determination of major metabolic differences between subtypes of breast cell lines. Chem Sci. 2011; 2: 2263-2270.

[6] Shao W, Gu J, Huang C, et al. Malignancy-associated metabolic profiling of human glioma cell lines using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Mol Cancer. 2014; 13: 197-208.

Figures

Fig. 1. Representative 1H NMR spectra obtained for extracts of cell lines. (A) normal LO2, (B) lowly metastatic HepG2, (C) highly metastatic MHCC97L, and (D) highly metastatic MHCC97H.

Fig. 2. Score plots for PCA analysis of cell extracts from normal hepatocyte and hepatocarcinoma cell lines. (A) normal LO2 versus the other three cancer cell lines; (B~G) pair-wise groups associated with different metastasis potentials.

Fig. 3. Score and loading plots for OPLS-DA analysis of cell extracts. (A) normal LO2 versus the other three cancer cell lines; (B) normal LO2 versus lowly metastatic HepG2; (C) normal LO2 versus highly metastatic MHCC97L; (D) normal LO2 versus highly metastatic MHCC97H.

Fig. 4. ROC analysis of medium-derived characteristic metabolites. (A) normal LO2 versus the other three cell lines; (B) normal LO2 versus lowly metastatic HepG2; (C) normal LO2 versus highly metastatic MHCC97L (and MHCC97H). Areas under the curve were 0.996, 0.987, and 1.000 for classifier (A), (B), and (C), respectively.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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