Ettore Flavio Meliadò1, Alexander J.E Raaijmakers1, Matthew C. Restivo1, Matteo Maspero1, Peter R. Luijten1, and Cornelis A.T. van den Berg1
1Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Synopsis
A
reliable technique to assess the 10g averaged Specific Absorption Rate is
necessary for parallel transmit ultra-high field body MRI. We believe that the
best solution is to build a database with many different models. We have created nine dedicated body models and performed
FDTD simulations on them to evaluate the inter-subject variability for
prostate imaging at 7T using fractionated dipole antennas. Maximum SAR10g
ranges from 1.64 to 2.48W/kg with 8x1W input power. No relationship was found
between BMI and maximum
SAR10g. Intra-subject variability (caused by slight antenna
positioning variability, +/-2cm) was also investigated showing up to 67.8% SAR variability.Purpose
A reliable technique to assess the 10g averaged Specific
Absorption Rate (SAR
10g) is necessary in order to benefit from the
advantages offered by ultra-high field MRI. To increase the signal penetration
and to reduce the signal voids, 7T body imaging is done using on-body parallel
transmit arrays. The on-body operation in conjunction with the parallel
transmit drive requires careful assessment and monitoring of local SAR levels. The
SAR
10g is usually determined by simulations using generic dielectric
patient models. However, often these models do not well represent the features
of the body under consideration, and thus the assessment could be inaccurate. Currently
it is still not possible to make a real time SAR
10g assessment using
subject-specific online-generated models of subjects undergoing MRI. The aim of
this study is to build an extensive database of representative body models for
prostate imaging, that should make local SAR estimates more accurate by using
the simulation results of the body model that fits best to the imaging subject.
In this first phase we will use the database that we have obtained so far to evaluate
the inter-subject variability. In addition, we have investigated the
intra-subject variability, meaning the variation in SAR
10g level if
the array elements are placed in a slightly different position (+/- 2cm). In a
second stage, once the database has sufficient body models, we will test the
predictive value of the database. Preferably, we would find measurable features
(e.g. BMI, fat-layer thickness, coupling matrix) capable to characterize a
priori, pre-examination, the maximum SAR
10g.
Methods
A
group of 9 volunteers with Body Mass Index (BMI) from 22.5 to 28 and age
between 40 and 61 was included in this study (Table 1). Similar to [1], we have
created dedicated body models by segmentation in four tissue types (muscle,
fat, cortical bone and skin). The volunteers were scanned with at 1.5T MR
scanner (Ingenia, Philips Healthcare, The Netherlands) with mock ups of our array of eight antennas in place [2] in order
to guarantee a perfect matching between the antennas and the body surface. (Figure
1). 3D multi echo FFE images (TR/TE1/TE2 = 5.56/1.64/3.76ms) using a resolution
of 1.7x1.7x2.5mm3 were acquired. A Dixon reconstruction was
performed resulting in water/fat/IP/OP images. The Dixon fat image and the
IP/OP images were used respectively to differentiate soft and adipose tissue, and
the bone structures [3]. In order to have a correct antenna positioning on the
models, 4 MR visible markers have been placed in the corners of each element.
An automatic procedure to localize the antenna and position it in the
simulation geometry was implemented. The Medical Image Segmentation Tool Set
(ISEG, ZurichMedTech, Switzerland) was used in order to obtain the tissue type
contours and to import them into the simulation software. Electromagnetic
simulations (Sim4Life, ZurichMedTech, Switzerland), was performed on these
realistic subject-specific models in order to evaluate the E-Field
distributions used to calculate the 10g averaged Q-Matrices [4].
Afterwards, the SAR
10g distribution for prostate shimmed phase
settings was calculated for each model. To assess the impact of antenna
positioning errors (intra-subject variability), we have evaluated the SAR
10g
distribution for volunteer M04 repeatedly while moving two antennas +/- 2cm around
the correct positions.
Results&Discussion
In Figure 2 are
reported the body models and the SAR
10g distributions with 8x1W
accepted power and phase settings to give the maximum average $$$B_1^+$$$ in
the prostate region. All images show the SAR
10g distribution in the
plane where the prostate is located and the maximum value in the whole body. As
highlighted in Figure 3, in this limited group no relation was found between
BMI and maximum SAR
10g; Nevertheless, the regions with a high SAR
10g
level seem to appear in almost all models at similar anatomical locations (gluteus,
pubic region and iliac regions). It is necessary to include many more subjects
in this study to obtain more reliable statistics on maximum SAR
10g variability and correlate features (e.g. thickness of subcutaneous
fat layer) to SAR characteristics.
In Figures 4 the SAR
10g distribution
and the maximum SAR
10g value are reported where the top or bottom antenna
position is shifted +/- 2cm around the correct position. The maximum SAR
10g
variability for the indicated range of positions is about 68% on the belly and
45% on the back.
Conclusions
Maximum SAR
10g ranges from 1.64 to
2.48 W/kg with 8x1W input power. No relationship was found between BMI and maximum SAR
10g. The influence of
element placement is also investigated showing up to 67.8% SAR variability for
slightly different positioning (+/- 2cm), which should be diminished by using a
placeholder frame.
Acknowledgements
The
research leading to these results has received funding from the ARTEMIS Joint
Undertaking under grant agreement no 332933.References
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