Rita Schmidt1, Wouter M. Teeuwisse1, and Andrew Webb1
1Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Synopsis
At ultrahigh field
(≥7T) cavity- and waveguide-based RF coils become possible to construct, and
have the advantage that simple designs can be used. One such design uses materials with a high dielectric
constant. So far only completely circular structures have been produced; to
improve the usability of such a dielectric resonator, it is important to be
able to design a splittable and easily detunable resonator. In this work, we tested
designs that allow splitting of the cylinder to sections, while maintaining the
circularly polarized RF field. In-vivo measurements of the knee at 7 Tesla
showed the feasibility of this approach. Introduction
At ultrahigh field
(≥7T) cavity- and waveguide-based RF coils become possible to construct, and
have the advantage that simple designs with intrinsically homogeneous modes can
be used. One such design uses materials with a high
dielectric constant: in these designs the lowest frequency modes are suitable
for MRI
1-5. So far only completely circular structures have been
produced, and in order to improve the usability of such a dielectric resonator
(DR) both in terms of patient comfort as well as being able to integrate
receive coil arrays, it is important to be able to design a splittable and
easily detunable resonator. However, splitting a DR breaks the symmetry and the
possibility to create circularly polarized RF field distribution is lost. In
this work, we performed electromagnetic (EM) simulations, and constructed and tested initial designs that
allow splitting of the cylinder to two or more sections, while maintaining the
circularly polarized RF field. In-vivo measurements of the knee at 7 Tesla
showed the feasibility of this approach
Methods
3D EM simulations were
performed using finite integration technique (FIT) software (CST Microwave
Studio, Darmstadt, Germany) to investigate the properties of the DR and the dimensions
of the additional copper connectors required to achieve a circularly polarized
B
1+ field in the homogenous HEM
11 mode
3.
In these simulations an annular cylinder was cut into two and four sections:
the dimensions were 121 mm outer diameter, 75 mm inner diameter, height 90 mm,
with relative permittivity (ε
r) of water: a phantom of the same
electrical properties as muscle was used. Based upon the results of the
simulations, the dimensions of the copper connectors (providing a pathway for
the otherwise disrupted electric field) were 5 mm diameter and 12 mm length (on
each side); six such connectors were built on each side of the structure. In-vivo
images of the knee of a volunteer were acquired on a Philips Achieva 7 T MRI
system. Imaging parameters: gradient echo: FOV 26x24 cm
2, spatial resolution 1.0 x 1.0 x 3.0 mm
3,
TR/TE 300/2.9 ms; three-point Dixon: FOV
26 x 18 cm
2, spatial
resolution 1.0 x 0.7 x 7.0 mm
3, TE
1 2.4 ms, ΔTE 0.33 ms, 3 echoes, TR 300 ms.
Results
Figure 1 shows
electromagnetic simulations of the modal eigenvalues demonstrating that the
symmetry of the HEM mode is broken in the disconnected two halves, and the
corresponding two-fold broken symmetry for the disconnected four quarters. The symmetry of the HEM
11 mode is
recovered when the copper connectors with optimized dimensions are added for both the two- and four-section setups. Figure
2 shows the constructed two-half splittable DR. Water-tight copper connectors
are implemented using copper coated neoprene foam to allow for a flexible contact when the two
halves are pressed together. Network analyzer plots of the connected and
disconnected halves were used to confirm the connections. Two
critically-coupled impedance matching loops, placed at 90° with
respect to one another, were used to couple energy into the frequency
degenerate HEM modes. S
11, S
22 and S
21
measurements all gave values less than -20 dB. Figure 3 shows the results from
in-vivo scanning of the knee of a volunteer with the splittable design. Good
fat/water separation is achieved in the Dixon images, allowing clear
visualization of the cartilage layer.
Conclusions
A new design is
demonstrated which can produce a homogeneous circularly polarized B
1+
field from a splittable dielectric resonator. The two-section design is
required for patient positioning and comfort. The four-section design can be
used for situations in which active detuning is required. In this case a simple
arrangement using PIN diodes allows connections to be made electronically. It
should be noted that a four-section (or greater number) design is necessary
since all modes are destroyed when the sections are disconnected, as shown in
Figure 1. Although other methods of active detuning have been shown for DRs
2,
this one is much more effective and easier to implement.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
[1] Wen H. et.al. J.Magn.Reson.
1996; 110: 117–123, [2] Haines K. et al. J.Magn.Reson, 2009; 200:
349-353. [3]
Aussenhofer S.A., Webb A.G. Magn. Reson. Med. 2012;
68: 1325-1331, [4] Lu J,Zhang X, Rutt B. Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 2013; 21: 4376. [5] Aussenhofer S.A., Webb A.G. Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 2014;
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