Effect of window length on quasi-periodic pattern template correlation with fMRI data
Anzar Abbas1, Waqas Majeed2, Garth Thompson3, and Shella Keilholz4

1Neuroscience Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, 2School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 3Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, 4Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States

Synopsis

Quasi-periodic patterns that include alternation between the default mode and task positive networks are known to occur in humans and their templates can be acquired using a previously developed QPP-finding algorithm. The algorithm, however, relies on a user-specified window length for the QPP, the optimal size of which is not known. We apply the QPP algorithm on rsfMRI scans using varying window lengths and compare properties of observed QPP templates. Our results indicate an optimal window length adequately depicting QPP occurrences in human functional data. This will allow us to accurately characterize QPPs and study how they may be affecting functional connectivity measurements and brain function.

Introduction

Continuous quasi-periodic transitions between the default mode network (DMN) and the task positive network (TPN) are known to occur in the human brain and have been shown to correlate with infraslow electrical activity1–3. Considering the functional significance of the networks comprising of these quasi-periodic patterns (QPPs)4, the QPPs themselves could be serving an important functional role. However, the algorithm used for detection of these patterns is dependent on user-input, the most influential of which is the specified length of the QPP. Here we investigate the effect on observed QPP templates with varying window lengths of QPPs.

Methods

8 resting state MRI scans were collected and preprocessed according to Thompson et al.4 and masks for DMN and TPN were obtained. Functional data was concatenated into one timeseries and the QPP-finding algorithm described in Majeed et al.2 was applied repeatedly for different QPP window lengths with the same starting point. The resulting QPP templates’ correlation strength with the functional timeseries was measured for 20 window lengths ranging from 3.6 to 72 seconds. First, we compared the relative DMN and TPN activation seen within the different QPP templates observed. Next, the average correlation strength of each QPP template observed was compared to the window length assigned for that template. Finally, we compared sliding-window correlation vectors of the QPP with the functional data for the different window lengths used.

Results

Observing DMN and TPN activation over the course of QPPs with different lengths shows that an ideal QPP template depicting an alternation between DMN and TPN occurring at a ~20 second window length (Figure 1c), though similar alternation is present in most longer window lengths. Figure 2 shows that there is an overall negative relationship between the window length and correlation strength, with correlation decreasing as window length increases. This result is further evident by observing the correlation between QPP and the concatenated time courses from all subjects for different window lengths, as Figure 3 shows. There is decreasing correlation magnitude with increasing window length.

Discussion

Corresponding propagation of DMN and TPN signals between QPP templates of different lengths in Figure 1 shows that a similar pattern is identified by the QPP algorithm regardless of window length used. For longer window lengths (> 15 seconds), there is almost always a transition between DMN and TPN domination. This transition is most isolated from other random events at a ~20 second template. Though longer window lengths show a network switch, occurrence of random events around the network switch may be responsible for reduced QPP correlation with functional scan. Figure 2 shows that the correlation strength depicts an overall decrease as the window length increases. However, a plateau in correlation strength is observed around the 18–21 second range, which further indicates that this might be an ideal window length to observe a complete network transition while obtaining high correlation. Strong peaks seen in the longest window lengths in Figure 3 may be occurring due to close proximity to defined static starting point for QPP algorithm, which could mean that a single subject is driving the QPP template. This can be addressed by obtaining QPP templates using multiple starting points and using hierarchical clustering to obtain a uniform QPP template representative of the entire concatenated matrix. Overall reduction in correlation vector amplitude reflects the negative relationship of window length and correlation.

Conclusion

Our results help further understanding of QPP properties, the estimated time frame of QPP occurrence in humans, and how they can be adequately identified in functional data. Windows of less than 20s typically do not contain a complete pattern; longer windows tend to contain repeated patterns, demonstrating that the pattern itself is relatively invariant to the window length chosen. Previous work looking at DMN and TPN dynamics has shown that relative activation of these networks can influence attention levels and task performance in humans4. QPPs may be playing a role in the underlying organization of these networks and could themselves play a role in attention and task performance.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

1. Majeed W, Magnuson M, Keilholz S. Spatiotemporal dynamics of low frequency fluctuations in BOLD fMRI of the rat. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;30:384-393.

2. Majeed W, Magnuson M, Hasenkamp W, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of low frequency BOLD fluctuations in rats and humans. Neuroimage 2011;54:1140-1150.

3. Thompson G, Pan W, Magnuson M, et al. Quasi-periodic patterns (QPP): Large-scale dynamics in resting state fMRI that correlate with local infraslow electrical activity. Neuroimage 2014;84:1018-1031.

4. Thompson G, Magnuson M, Merritt M, et al. Short-Time Windows of Correlation Between Large-Scale Functional Brain Networks Predict Vigilance Intraindividually and Interindividually. Hum Brain Mapp 2012;34:3280-3298.

Figures

Figure 1: Relative activation of DMN and TPN within QPP templates of varying length. (a–j) depict network propagations for QPPs of varying length. (c) shows a full propagation of network switch, a pattern that is observed also in longer window lengths but with surrounding random activity.

Figure 2: Average correlation of QPP template with functional data with standard error bars compared to increasing QPP window length defined in QPP algorithm. Plot shows a negative relationship between increasing window length and QPP correlation.

Figure 3: QPP correlation vectors for all window lengths analyzed and the total number of QPP instances for each window length. There is a negative relationship seen between the amplitude of the correlation vector with increasing window lengths, while the total number of QPP instances does not significantly change.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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