Jeehun Kim1 and Jongho Lee1
1Laboratory for Imaging Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul national university, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
Synopsis
In
this study, we propose a new fast acquisition trajectory, Dual Echo Trajectory
(DuET), to accelerate spin echo imaging. The proposed method allowed a 2-fold
increase in acquisition speed with minimum image artifacts. Introduction
Spin
echo imaging, due to its robustness to field inhomogeneity and chemical shifts,
is one of the most commonly used imaging method in clinic. Despite the popularity,
it acquires a single line of k-space per excitation and is slow. To accelerate
the data acquisition, several methods such as Fast Spin Echo (FSE)
1,
Gradient echo And Spin Echo (GRASE)
2, parallel imaging
3,
compressed sensing
4, and MR fingerprinting
5 have been
proposed. Among them, the GRASE method acquires multiple echoes (typically
three echoes) per excitation and, therefore, accelerates the total scan time by
the number of echoes. However, due to significant phase difference between
echoes acquired in different positions, GRASE images suffer from artifacts. In
this study, we propose a new fast acquisition trajectory, Dual Echo Trajectory
(DuET), which acquires two partial echoes immediately before and after the spin
echo time (Figure 1) to accelerate data acquisition and minimize phase
difference between two echoes.
Pulse
Sequence Design and Reconstruction
The readout of the
conventional spin echo sequence was modified to acquire two partial echoes in a
single excitation. The two partial echoes were positioned symmetrically around
the spin echo time, and a gap time (Δt), the time difference between the spin echo time
and the partial echo center (Fig. 1a), was minimized. As a result, both echoes
closely resembled spin echo signals, reducing image artifacts. Between the two
echoes, a phase encoding gradient was added to acquire different lines of
k-space in each echo, thus accelerating the image acquisition by a factor of 2.
To minimize potential artifacts from the gap, phase encoding of the two echoes
were ordered as shown in Figure 1b; the former echoes filled the central portion
of the k-space whereas the latter echoes filled up the rest (Fig. 1 b). The remaining
k-space areas (white areas in Fig. 1b) were completed using a modified version
of the partial-k-space reconstruction method using a projection onto convex
sets (POCS) algorithm.
6Data
Acquisition
The proposed method and
conventional spin echo imaging method were used to acquire the same slice in a healthy
subject using a 3T scanner. For both scans, an off-resonance RF pulse was used
to saturate fat signal to avoid artifacts in the proposed method. The scan
parameters were as follows: single slice, FOV = 256 × 256 mm
2, resolution
= 1 × 1 mm
2, slice thickness = 5 mm, TR/TE = 600/13 ms, gap time Δt = 0.45 ms, and center strip width = 40 samples. Prior
to data acquisition, a few dummy TR was acquired to avoid non steady-state
artifacts. Scan time was 2.56 minutes for the conventional spin echo imaging
and 1.31 minutes for DuET.
Results
Figure
2 shows a reference conventional spin echo image (Fig. 2a), a DuET image (Fig.
2b), and their difference image in percent errors (Fig. 2c). The image
difference was on average 2.5 percent in most areas except for the areas of inherent
reconstruction error in the partial k-space reconstruction (e.g. vessels). No
additional SNR loss occurred compared to single dimension partial k-space
acquisition by the same data proportion.
Discussion
In
this work, we demonstrated the potentials of using DuET in accelerating the spin
echo sequence. The two echoes have spin echo like characteristics and provide
high quality images. The method is also compatible with other fast imaging
methods such as FSE, GRAPPA and SENSE for further acceleration. The future work
includes reduction of reconstruction error by refining phase encoding orders to
reduce phase discontinuity.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Brain Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2015M3C7A1031969).References
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