Synopsis
Traditional rotary saturation based methods requires triggered
phases to create a robust signal change, which may not be satisfied in practical
application. In this work, based on the analysis of magnetization in the double rotating frame, we proposed detecting the signal fluctuations of proposed SLOE
method by manipulating TRs, which needs no triggering. Further, a
spectral statistical test in the frequency domain was proposed and verified, which featured an enhanced
detection sensitivity than that of deviation test. Purpose
Rotary-saturation based method, such as spin-locked
rotary excitation (SLOE)
[1], detects the shift of magnetization in
the transverse plane, and has demonstrated superior sensitivity in detecting
oscillatory neuronal currents
[1-3] and magnetic nanoparticles
[4].
A key assumption in these methods is that the oscillating field should be precisely
triggered or in phase with the spin-lock periods in order to create robust
signal change in the time series. This requirement is often not satisfied in
practice, especially in vivo where
the signal of interest may process an arbitrary phase that renders the
detection sensitivity. In this work, we analyzed the time series of
rotary-saturation from an oscillatory view, based on which a new frequency domain
detection method is proposed and verified for improved sensitivity at low
field.
Methods
In the view of SLOE, a doubly rotating frame was introduced
[1,2] with the direction of lock field (
BSL)
as the longitudinal direction as illustrated in
Fig. 1. During the spin lock period, if the frequency of
oscillatory fields (
Bosc)
matches that of the spin-lock field and its phase is triggered (the initial phase
offset of
Bosc needs
to be known a priori),
Bosc will align with x’’ (
Fig. 1a) and flip the magnetization
M (shown in green) a small angle of from the
z’’ axis. Then an increase of magnetization along y’’ axis is used as the
contrast (
Mcontrast). However,
if the initial phase of
Bosc is not known so that is not triggered, then the effective
Bosc that flips the magnetization will be a cosinoidal
projection (
Fig. 1b), resulting a
changing flip angle for each
TR, which will be reflected as oscillating signal in the time series. In this
case,
Mcontrast could be considerably decreased leading to
deteriorated detection sensitivity. Instead, given its oscillating nature, a spectral
peak will be present and hence we may detect the oscillatory field by detecting
the spectral peak in the frequency domain.
Experiment
The SLOE method was implemented on a 3.0 T whole body scanner (GE
Discovery 750). Phantom study was used to verify the detection of the non-triggered
oscillatory field, where an oscillating current loop to create subtle
oscillatory fields. The single coil copper wiring was wound around a plastic
tube filled with NiCl
2 solution. A function generator was connected
to the coil to generate oscillatory field in the direction of static field. A
block-designed experiment was used with current on and off. Identical single
slice acquisition parameters were used: TE = 24 ms, slice thickness = 6 mm.
Oscillatory current of 100 Hz was used with corresponding the BSL of
2.35
μT. The magnetic field at the center of the loop was calculated due to
Biot-Savart law. To mimic non-triggered phase, a TR of 1002 ms that was not dividable
by the period of oscillatory currents was used, so that phases of oscillatory
fields will accumulate over consecutive TRs. Conventional magnitude derivation
based SLOE detection
[1] and the newly proposed spectral detection,
which performs a paired t-test on the power of different frequency components,
were performed and compared.
Results
A ROI containing 2 x 2 voxels at the center of the loop was use to
depict the time series signal. With an oscillatory field of 1 nT (
Fig. 2a), the time series signal showed
significantly higher level of oscillation in the ON block as compared to OFF
block; whereas with an oscillatory field of 0.25 nT (
Fig. 2c), the level of oscillation of the time series signal
dropped significantly due to the phase inconsistency, and traditional
derivation test may fail to for such detection. On the other hand, the spectral
component (
Fig. 2b and
Fig. 2d) showed obvious peaks at 0.2 Hz
with both levels of oscillatory field used allowing for robust detection. The
increased sensitivity of spectral detection at lower field can be seen in
Fig. 3, where the activation map was
clearly more complete with the spectral method at lower field.
Discussion
and Conclusion
Up to date, SLOE has been reported to be the most
sensitive oscillatory magnetic field detection method that features a sub-nanotesla detection sensitivity. However, the original rotary saturation methods
that are based on signal level change may fail if the phase of the oscillatory
field is not precisely known, which is usually the case in practice. In this work,
we further proposed and verified a spectral detection method that may overcome
this limitation by detecting the spectral peak related to the phase offset.
Phantom experiment demonstrated significantly improved detection sensitivity at
lower field.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
[1] Sheng J, Chai Y, Wu B, et al. Spin-locked Oscillatory Excitation (SLOE): Towards in-vivo detection of oscillating neuronal currents. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med. 2015; 2099.
[2] Witzel T, Lin F, Rosen B, et al. Stimulus-induced Rotary Saturation (SIRS): A potential method for the detection of neuronal currents with MRI. Neuroimage. 2008; 42(4): 1357-1365.
[3] Jiang X, Sheng J, Li H, et al. Detection of subnanotesla oscillatory magnetic fields using MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2015; doi: 10.1002/mrm.25553.
[4] Zhu B, Witzel T, Jiang S, et al. Selective magnetic resonance imaging of magnetic nanoparticles by acoustically induced rotary saturation. Magn Reson Med. 2014; doi: 10.1002/mrm.25522