Spectral analysis enhances the detectability of rotary saturation contrast
Jingwei Sheng1, Yuhui Chai1, Bing Wu2, Yang Fan2, and Jia-Hong Gao1

1Center for MRI Research, Peking University, Beijing, China, People's Republic of, 2GE Healthcare MR Research China, Beijing, China, People's Republic of

Synopsis

Traditional rotary saturation based methods requires triggered phases to create a robust signal change, which may not be satisfied in practical application. In this work, based on the analysis of magnetization in the double rotating frame, we proposed detecting the signal fluctuations of proposed SLOE method by manipulating TRs, which needs no triggering. Further, a spectral statistical test in the frequency domain was proposed and verified, which featured an enhanced detection sensitivity than that of deviation test.

Purpose

Rotary-saturation based method, such as spin-locked rotary excitation (SLOE) [1], detects the shift of magnetization in the transverse plane, and has demonstrated superior sensitivity in detecting oscillatory neuronal currents [1-3] and magnetic nanoparticles [4]. A key assumption in these methods is that the oscillating field should be precisely triggered or in phase with the spin-lock periods in order to create robust signal change in the time series. This requirement is often not satisfied in practice, especially in vivo where the signal of interest may process an arbitrary phase that renders the detection sensitivity. In this work, we analyzed the time series of rotary-saturation from an oscillatory view, based on which a new frequency domain detection method is proposed and verified for improved sensitivity at low field.

Methods

In the view of SLOE, a doubly rotating frame was introduced [1,2] with the direction of lock field (BSL) as the longitudinal direction as illustrated in Fig. 1. During the spin lock period, if the frequency of oscillatory fields (Bosc) matches that of the spin-lock field and its phase is triggered (the initial phase offset of Bosc needs to be known a priori), Bosc will align with x’’ (Fig. 1a) and flip the magnetization M (shown in green) a small angle of from the z’’ axis. Then an increase of magnetization along y’’ axis is used as the contrast (Mcontrast). However, if the initial phase of Bosc is not known so that is not triggered, then the effective Bosc that flips the magnetization will be a cosinoidal projection (Fig. 1b), resulting a changing flip angle for each TR, which will be reflected as oscillating signal in the time series. In this case, Mcontrast could be considerably decreased leading to deteriorated detection sensitivity. Instead, given its oscillating nature, a spectral peak will be present and hence we may detect the oscillatory field by detecting the spectral peak in the frequency domain.

Experiment

The SLOE method was implemented on a 3.0 T whole body scanner (GE Discovery 750). Phantom study was used to verify the detection of the non-triggered oscillatory field, where an oscillating current loop to create subtle oscillatory fields. The single coil copper wiring was wound around a plastic tube filled with NiCl2 solution. A function generator was connected to the coil to generate oscillatory field in the direction of static field. A block-designed experiment was used with current on and off. Identical single slice acquisition parameters were used: TE = 24 ms, slice thickness = 6 mm. Oscillatory current of 100 Hz was used with corresponding the BSL of 2.35 μT. The magnetic field at the center of the loop was calculated due to Biot-Savart law. To mimic non-triggered phase, a TR of 1002 ms that was not dividable by the period of oscillatory currents was used, so that phases of oscillatory fields will accumulate over consecutive TRs. Conventional magnitude derivation based SLOE detection [1] and the newly proposed spectral detection, which performs a paired t-test on the power of different frequency components, were performed and compared.

Results

A ROI containing 2 x 2 voxels at the center of the loop was use to depict the time series signal. With an oscillatory field of 1 nT ( Fig. 2a), the time series signal showed significantly higher level of oscillation in the ON block as compared to OFF block; whereas with an oscillatory field of 0.25 nT (Fig. 2c), the level of oscillation of the time series signal dropped significantly due to the phase inconsistency, and traditional derivation test may fail to for such detection. On the other hand, the spectral component (Fig. 2b and Fig. 2d) showed obvious peaks at 0.2 Hz with both levels of oscillatory field used allowing for robust detection. The increased sensitivity of spectral detection at lower field can be seen in Fig. 3, where the activation map was clearly more complete with the spectral method at lower field.

Discussion and Conclusion

Up to date, SLOE has been reported to be the most sensitive oscillatory magnetic field detection method that features a sub-nanotesla detection sensitivity. However, the original rotary saturation methods that are based on signal level change may fail if the phase of the oscillatory field is not precisely known, which is usually the case in practice. In this work, we further proposed and verified a spectral detection method that may overcome this limitation by detecting the spectral peak related to the phase offset. Phantom experiment demonstrated significantly improved detection sensitivity at lower field.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

[1] Sheng J, Chai Y, Wu B, et al. Spin-locked Oscillatory Excitation (SLOE): Towards in-vivo detection of oscillating neuronal currents. Proc Intl Soc Mag Reson Med. 2015; 2099.

[2] Witzel T, Lin F, Rosen B, et al. Stimulus-induced Rotary Saturation (SIRS): A potential method for the detection of neuronal currents with MRI. Neuroimage. 2008; 42(4): 1357-1365.

[3] Jiang X, Sheng J, Li H, et al. Detection of subnanotesla oscillatory magnetic fields using MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2015; doi: 10.1002/mrm.25553.

[4] Zhu B, Witzel T, Jiang S, et al. Selective magnetic resonance imaging of magnetic nanoparticles by acoustically induced rotary saturation. Magn Reson Med. 2014; doi: 10.1002/mrm.25522

Figures

Figure 1 Behavior of magnetization in the doublely rotating frame with Bosc triggered along x’’ axis (a) and arbitary phase (b).


Figure 2 Time series and corresponding frequency spectrum in a 2 x 2 ROI with the oscillatory magnetic field of 1 nT (a, b) and 0.25 nT (c, d).

Figure 3 Sensitivities of traditional deviation test and the proposed spectrum test. The threshold of spectrum test is much higher due to its different statistical strategy.




Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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