Oscillatory shear strain impacts metastatic cancer cell spread
Marlies Christina Hoelzl1, Marco Fiorito2, Ondrej Holub3, Gilbert Fruhwirth4, and Ralph Sinkus1

1Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, 2Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, 3London, United Kingdom, 4Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, Lodnon, United Kingdom

Synopsis

Major reasons of cancer related deaths are repercussion of the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumour site and an outgrowth at the secondary metastatic site. The microenvironment where the cancer cells reside with various signals, are central factors to provide cancer cell spread throughout the body; signals can be (bio)chemical or mechanical nature. Translation of mechanical forces, displacements and deformations into biochemical signals (i.e. mechanotransduction) affects their adhesion, spread and survival. We show here, that focussed shear waves operating at specific frequency and amplitude affects the metastatic behaviour of cancer cells by reducing the invasive behaviour and growth.

Purpose

To evaluate a non-invasive treatment to alter cancer cell motility by inducing focused shear waves at specific frequencies and amplitudes.

Introduction

The main cause of cancer mortality is metastasis, microenvironmental signals play a key role in this process, with such signals being (bio)chemical and mechanical in nature. Work has shown that mechanical forces (stresses), displacements (shear) and deformations can translate into biochemical signals affecting cancer cell survival. [1,2] Here we study a novel approach of utilizing oscillatory low frequency shear waves to non-invasively impact cancer cell metastasis, which we validate in vitro with the aim of going in vivo to observe changes in metastatic potential.

Material & Methods

MDA-MB231, metastatic human breast cancer cell line, was used for all experiments. Spheroids, used in the experimental set-up, mimic the behaviour and cell signalling of a solid tumour in the body. The formation of the spheroid was obtained using the spinning method in combination with the Corning® Ultra-Low Attachment Plates; every spheroid starts with 500 cells. After culturing the cells for 4 days spheroids were embedded into a bovine collagen type1 layer placed in a 2 well µ-plate at the position of highest shear stress (Fig.A, B). The 3-hour shaking treatment (frequency: 10Hz; displacement: 150µm) happened 14 hours after spheroid embedding. Spheroids were monitored over 3 days by taking pictures with a microscope. Magnetic resonance elastography was used to characterise the stiffness of bovine collagen type 1 to enable optimization (COMSOL 5.1 Multiphysics software) of the excitating frequency for generation of maximum shear stress pattern. Due to the simulation the spheroid was positioned in the area of the highest impact.

Results

Images C,D (taken at 56hs) show the impact on the metastatic spread of the spheroid after exposing it to a shear strain of 0.65 throughout 3 hours. Those spheroids which were exposed to the oscillatory shear strain showed 56 hours after the insult reduced cell spread behaviour (i.e. fewer cells) in comparison to the control spheroids. Detailed analysis showed that the shear stress also influences the ability of cell spread regarding the distance to the spheroid itself (E). Cells in the control are able to move further away from the spheroid than cells of the shaken one at the same timepoint. Additionally, treated spheroids start with a lower number of invasive cells in comparison to the control spheroid; this trend continues over the monitored time.

Discussion & Conclusions

The experiments showed that inducing shear stress over 3 hours impacts the behaviour of tumour cell spheroids in their ability of cancer cell spread. After the treatment the shaken spheroid starts with a reduced number of invading cells, in comparison to the control spheroid. After 24 and 32 hours the shaken spheroid appears to have a higher or same amount of cells, which left the spheroid, than the non-shaken one. This is due to the fact that the shaking not only causes inhibitory effects on the metastatic behaviour, but also a delay of progress in terms of the spheroid growth itself; the control spheroid reached a size where invasive cells are part of the spheroid and do not count as metastatic cells anymore. In conclusion we could show that altering the environment of the spheroid by inducing shear stress can cause an inhibitory effect on the cell spread of tumour spheroid. MR-Elastography allowed characterization of the gel properties and validation of the numerically calculated shear strain pattern.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded/supported by Cancer Research UK, Cancer Imaging Centre, Medical Engineering Initiative, EPSRC Pioneering research and skills, Medical Research Council and Department of Health. This research was funded/supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health

References

[1] Cheng, PlosOne2009;4(2):e4632

[2] Polacheck, PNAS 2014;11(7) no. 72447–2452

Figures

(A) Set-up of the embedded spheroid (side view), (B) shear strain distribution in the well (top view) , (C,D) control spheroid vs shaken spheroid after 56 hours and (E) average distance of invading cells relative to the spheroid surface as a function of time.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
2813