Marlies Christina Hoelzl1, Marco Fiorito2, Ondrej Holub3, Gilbert Fruhwirth4, and Ralph Sinkus1
1Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, 2Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, 3London, United Kingdom, 4Imaging Chemistry and Biology, King's College London, Lodnon, United Kingdom
Synopsis
Major reasons of cancer related deaths are repercussion of the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumour
site and an outgrowth at the secondary metastatic site. The microenvironment
where the cancer cells reside with various signals, are central factors to
provide cancer cell spread throughout the body; signals can be (bio)chemical
or mechanical nature. Translation of mechanical forces, displacements and
deformations into biochemical signals (i.e. mechanotransduction) affects their
adhesion, spread and survival.
We show here, that focussed
shear waves operating at specific frequency and amplitude affects the
metastatic behaviour of cancer cells by reducing the invasive behaviour and
growth. Purpose
To evaluate a non-invasive treatment to alter cancer cell motility by inducing focused shear waves at specific
frequencies and amplitudes.
Introduction
The main cause of cancer mortality is
metastasis, microenvironmental signals play a key role in this process, with
such signals being (bio)chemical and mechanical in nature. Work has shown that
mechanical forces (stresses), displacements (shear) and deformations can
translate into biochemical signals affecting cancer cell survival. [1,2]
Here we study a novel approach of utilizing
oscillatory low frequency shear waves to non-invasively impact cancer cell
metastasis, which we validate in vitro
with the aim of going in vivo to
observe changes in metastatic potential.
Material & Methods
MDA-MB231, metastatic human breast cancer
cell line, was used for all experiments. Spheroids, used in the experimental
set-up, mimic the behaviour and cell signalling of a solid tumour in the body.
The formation of the spheroid was obtained using the spinning method in
combination with the Corning® Ultra-Low Attachment Plates; every spheroid
starts with 500 cells. After culturing the cells for 4 days spheroids were embedded
into a bovine collagen type1 layer placed in a 2 well µ-plate at the position
of highest shear stress (Fig.A, B). The 3-hour shaking treatment (frequency:
10Hz; displacement: 150µm) happened 14 hours after spheroid embedding. Spheroids
were monitored over 3 days by taking pictures with a microscope. Magnetic
resonance elastography was used to characterise the stiffness of bovine
collagen type 1 to enable optimization (COMSOL 5.1 Multiphysics software) of
the excitating frequency for generation of maximum shear stress pattern.
Due to the simulation the spheroid was positioned
in the area of the highest impact.
Results
Images
C,D (taken at 56hs) show the impact on the metastatic spread of the spheroid after
exposing it to a shear strain of 0.65 throughout 3 hours. Those spheroids which
were exposed to the oscillatory shear strain showed 56 hours after the insult reduced
cell spread behaviour (i.e. fewer cells) in comparison to the control spheroids.
Detailed analysis showed that the shear stress also influences the ability of
cell spread regarding the distance to the spheroid itself (E). Cells in the
control are able to move further away from the spheroid than cells of the
shaken one at the same timepoint. Additionally, treated spheroids start with a
lower number of invasive cells in comparison to the control spheroid; this
trend continues over the monitored time.
Discussion & Conclusions
The experiments showed that inducing shear
stress over 3 hours impacts the behaviour of tumour cell spheroids in their
ability of cancer cell spread. After the treatment the shaken spheroid starts with
a reduced number of invading cells, in comparison to the control spheroid.
After 24 and 32 hours the shaken spheroid appears to have a higher or same
amount of cells, which left the spheroid, than the non-shaken one. This is due
to the fact that the shaking not only causes inhibitory effects on the
metastatic behaviour, but also a delay of progress in terms of the spheroid
growth itself; the control spheroid reached a size where invasive cells are
part of the spheroid and do not count as metastatic cells anymore.
In conclusion we could show that altering the
environment of the spheroid by inducing shear stress can cause an inhibitory
effect on the cell spread of tumour spheroid. MR-Elastography allowed
characterization of the gel properties and validation of the numerically
calculated shear strain pattern.
Acknowledgements
This
research was funded/supported by Cancer Research UK, Cancer Imaging Centre,
Medical Engineering Initiative, EPSRC Pioneering research and skills, Medical
Research Council and Department of Health. This research was funded/supported by the
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based
at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London. The
views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the
NHS, the NIHR or the Department of HealthReferences
[1] Cheng, PlosOne2009;4(2):e4632
[2] Polacheck, PNAS 2014;11(7) no. 72447–2452