Rene Bastkowski1, Kilian Weiss1,2, David Maintz1, and Daniel Giese1
1Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 2Philips Healthcare, Hamburg, Germany
Synopsis
A novel method based on
single-voxel-spectroscopy (PRESS) for the analysis and correction of
eddy-current induced artefacts in spiral phase-contrast MRI is presented. It is
demonstrated, that 0th and 1st order corrections result in residual background
offsets of less than 0.5cm/s, inherently correcting for geometrical
misalignments between flow acquisitions as well as 2nd order spatial phase
offsets. The method does not require special hardware and can be applied as a
pre-scan.Purpose
Although
spiral phase contrast (PC) imaging has several advantages over Cartesian PC, namely
its optimum k-space coverage, shorter echo times and robustness against motion
artefact, its wide-spread use is often limited by its sensitivity to system
imperfections including eddy currents (1). The objective of
this work was to analyze and correct for eddy-current related artefacts in
spiral PC using a Point RESolved Spectroscopy (PRESS) (2) acquisition technique.
Methods
Data
of a static phantom was acquired from an axial slice using
a spiral gradient-echo PC sequence on a 3T MRI system (Philips Healthcare,
Best, The Netherlands) with following parameters: FOV: 288x288 mm
2, slice thickness: 10mm, in-plane resolution: 1x1mm
2, TE/TR = 2.8/2500
ms, interleaves:10, read-out time: 5 ms, in-plane (AP) velocity encoding, venc=50cm/s.
All system-related pre-emphasis corrections were kept unchanged, i.e. turned on.
To measure the eddy current related phase evolution following the bipolar
velocity encoding gradient used in the PC sequence a pre-scan based on five
voxels (10x10x10 mm3) at five locations (isocenter, ±60mm in AP and RL)
using a PRESS sequence with and without the bipolar velocity encoding gradient
during the FID acquisition was acquired. Second order spherical harmonic basis
functions were fitted to the spatially distributed phase evolutions. The effects
were also modeled using Bloch simulations. Acquired PC data were corrected by
subtracting the 0
th order phase and subsequently correcting the
k-space grid. Results were compared to a widely used image-based correction
method (3)
consisting of a higher order weighted fit of the static background offset .
Results
Figure1 shows the PC sequence diagram along the flow
encoding direction with the measured phase deviations (b-d) during the read-out.
Figure2 shows up-scaled phase difference images in a measured and simulated static
water phantom. The magnitude difference (d) shows a geometrical shift between simulated data without and with 0
th
& 1
st order eddy currents. Measured uncorrected
PC results along with images corrected using the presented method to the 0
th
and 1
st spatial order in a structural water phantom are shown in Figure3.
The magnitude difference images between the flow and non-flow encoded images
are shown as well as up-scaled PC images. A geometrical misalignment similar to
the simulation results is observed in (a). The
PC root-mean-squared-deviation (RMSD) calculated in measured and simulated data
following the proposed correction up to the 1
st order or an
image-based correction up to the 2
nd order are shown in Figure4. A
decrease from 9.00 % to 0.56 % or to 0.60% of the applied venc is achieved for
the proposed or the image-based correction method respectively.
Discussion
The observed exponentially decaying phase offset (approx. time constant:
0.17 ms) and an oscillatory 1
st order term (approx. frequency: 0.6kHz,
ascribed to mechanical system vibrations) are in line with previous findings
using a magnetic field monitoring device (4). The correction
results as well as the simulations consistently show that the main offsets in
the reconstructed image can be attributed to the temporally decaying spatial 0
th
order term. The presented method was initially applied in static phantoms
and eddy-current steady-state effects were avoided using long TRs. The method was
performed as a pre-scan and necessitates, similarly to an image-based correction,
static tissue in the image. In contrast to an image-based correction however,
the SNR or the presence of artefacts in the reconstructed image is irrelevant. Phase
offsets through 2
nd order spherical harmonics showed no significant
effect in the reconstructed image.
Conclusion
A
simple, hardware-independent, eddy-current mapping technique is presented and
applied to spiral PC. It is shown that spatially constant (0
th
order) eddy-currents can lead to spatially quadratic phase offsets and to
geometrical distortions. In contrast to the presented method, a quadratic phase fit is therefore necessary to achieve
similar correction results. The
presented method successfully corrects distortions and velocity offsets are
reduced to a residual of under 1% of the used venc.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
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