Natenael B. Semmineh1, Kelly Gardner1, Jerrold L. Boxerman2, and C. Chad Quarles1
1Imaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States, 2Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
Synopsis
Brain tumor DSC-MRI
studies can be confounded by T1 and T2*
effects that occur when the contrast agent extravasates. Traditionally a
combination of CA pre-loading and leakage correction techniques are used to minimize
T1 leakage effects, but currently there is no consensus on the most
robust dosing scheme. Using simulations we demonstrate that pre-load dosing
schemes significantly alter blood volume estimates. This computational approach
is being utilized to identify a CA dosing scheme that minimizes total CA dose
and yields robust CBV measures across a range of physical,
physiological and pulse sequence parameters.Introduction
The use of
DSC-MRI for the assessment of tumor perfusion can be confounded when the blood
brain barrier is disrupted, which can result in additional extravascular T
1
and T
2*contrast agent (CA) leakage effects [1,2]. Unless corrected
for leakage effects confound the reliable measure of cerebral blood volume
(CBV) [1]. One strategy to reduce T
1 leakage effects is through the
use of a pre-load of contrast agent. Numerous pre-load dosing schemes have been
used with varying contrast agent doses (up to 2.5 times the recommended dose)
and times between the pre-load and primary bolus injection. Given the recent
reports of toxicity and prolonged accumulation of Gd-based CAs there is a push
to minimize the total dose a patient receives.
All of these factors make it challenging to standardize DSC-MRI methods
because the reliability of the CBV measures derived from different pre-load
dosing schemes is unknown and practically difficult to assess in vivo. The goal of this study is to leverage
our recently proposed DSC-MRI simulation toolbox to investigate the influence
of pre-load dosing dosing schemes on the reliability of DSC-MRI data.
Methods
To replicate in vivo DSC-MRI signal from a representative tumor ROI we used an efficient computational approach termed the Finite
Perturber Finite Difference Method (FPFDM) based on a 3D tissue
structure composed of packed ellipsoids and a fractal based vascular tree [3]. Representative
in vivo physical and physiological
parameters data such as, v
e ,CBV (v
p), CBF, K
trans
along with simulated AIF were used as an input in pharmacokinetic two
compartmental model to compute the vascular and extravascular extracellular
space CA concentration (C
p
and C
e) time curves. The resulting C
p and C
e
curves, the simulated tissue structures were then used to compute simulated ΔR
2*
time curves using the FPFDM. The DSC-MRI signal was
then calculated using the computed ΔR
1 and ΔR
2* time curves [3]. The Weisskoff
method is then applied to correct for T
1 and T
2* leakage
effects [1]. The corrected ΔR
2* time
curves were used to calculate CBV values and compared with CBV values
calculated for tissues with no CA leakage (K
trans = 0). To
demonstrate the influence of CA dosing scheme the simulation was repeated for
five pre-load and bolus injection combinations (full dose followed by full dose,
half dose followed by full dose, no pre-load followed by full dose, half dose
followed by half dose and a quarter dose followed by three quarter dose).
Results
Figure 1A shows an example model tissue consisting of
packed ellipsoid cells and fractal vascular tree. Figure 1B shows FPFDM computed ΔR
2*
time series without T
1
effects for each dose combination. These
curves illustrate that increasing the pre-load and total dose yields greater T
2*
leakage effects. Figure 1C shows the
computed DSC-MRI signals, reflecting both the T
1 and T
2*
changes. As expected the no pre load
case (0-1) exhibits a significant T
1 leakage effect as indicated by
the signal over shot whereas the T
1 effect is reduced and T
2*
effects are enhanced as the pre-load concentration increases (e.g. 1-1). Figure 1D shows the ΔR
2*
time curves computed using
these signals. Figure 1E shows ΔR
2*
time curves corrected for
leakage effects using the Weisskoff model. Corrected curves exhibit the expected
decrease in leakage effects. The corrected ΔR
2*
time curves are used to
calculate CBV values for each case and were compared with the respective CBV
values calculated from ΔR
2* time curves with no leakage effects (Figure 1F). This preliminary analysis
indicates that a dosing scheme using a full pre load followed by a full dose
bolus injection yield the most accurate CBV values (-4.8%) whereas the no pre-load
approach leads to the least accurate CBV estimate (-63.5%).
Discussion/ Conclusion
For a fixed
physiological, physical and pulse sequence parameters as well as CA leakage
correction techniques, the preliminary computational results presented herein
indicate that DSC-MRI data is significantly influence by CA dosing scheme. We
are currently performing a systematic investigation across a wide range of
physical, physiological and pulse sequence parameters in order to fully
characterize which dosing scheme yields the most accurate DSC-MRI data.
Acknowledgements
NCI R01 CA158079References
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Maps Corrected for Contrast Agent Extravasation Significantly Correlate with
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2006;27(4):859-867.
2. Paulson ES, Schmainda KM. Comparison of Dynamic Susceptibility-weighted
Contrast-enhanced MR Methods: Recommendations for Measuring Relative Cerebral
Blood Volume in Brain Tumors. Radiology 2008;249(2):601-613.
3. Semmineh NB, Xu J, Boxerman JL, Delaney GW, Cleary PW, Gore JC, et
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2014;9(1):e84764.