Synopsis
MR spectroscopy (MRS) profits from ultra-high field
(UHF) with higher SNR and enhanced spectral resolution. However, the higher
demand on bandwidth of RF pulses together with power limitations complicate the
utilization of localization sequences such as PRESS or STEAM. A semi-LASER
sequence appears to be a suitable candidate for UHF MRS if properly optimized. We
aimed to implement selective GOIA refocusing pulses and optimize the gradient
scheme to yield shortest echo time possible on a volume coil. Our semi-LASER
sequence outperformed the conventional sequences in terms of SNR and chemical
shift displacement artifact and proved to be applicable at UHF.Introduction
Higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and enhanced spectral resolution
at ultra-high fields (UHF) allow shorter acquisition times or smaller detection
volumes. However, the increased chemical shift dispersion sets a higher demand
on the bandwidth (BW) of radiofrequency (RF) pulses to avoid excessive chemical
shift displacement errors. Moreover, the power limitation of the RF pulses and
gradients is more pronounced on UHF systems. Semi-localized by adiabatic
selective refocusing (semi-LASER) sequences
1,2 are a promising
approach to overcome some of these UHF limitations. Semi-LASER sequences
feature several advantages over other localization schemes. They possess lower
chemical shift displacement errors (CSDE) than PRESS and do not sacrifice half
of the signal as STEAM. In clinical practice, volume coils are used for brain
MRI or MR spectroscopy (MRS). Previous semi-LASER implementations at 7T using
volume coils were limited, due to the relatively low B
1+ possible
with volume coils, requiring either longer minimum echo times
1 or utilization
of B
1+ field focusing
3. We aimed to improve a semi-LASER
sequence for use with volume coils at 7T with the shortest possible echo time
(TE) to also detect strongly J-coupled metabolites.
Methods
For slice-selective excitation a Shinnar-Le-Roux-optimized 90° pulse
was used. The conventional adiabatic full passage (AFP) refocusing pulses
(duration 10ms, BW 2.5kHz)
1 were replaced with shorter Gradient Offset
Independent Adiabatic (GOIA) pulses (duration 3.5ms, BW 10kHz) based on WURST
amplitude modulation with an order of W(16,4)
4,5. The crusher
gradients lengths and amplitudes were optimized for use at 7T.
We
have measured RF pulse profile of the GOIA-W(16,4) pulse. Phantom tests were
carried out prior to
in vivo measurements on a Magnetom 7T (Siemens Healthcare,
Erlangen, Germany) scanner and 32-channel head coil (Nova Medical, Wilmington,
USA) using a spherical phantom with a
diameter of 16 cm that was filled with brain metabolites (NAA, creatine, choline,
glutamate, lactate) in a phosphate-buffered solution at physiological pH and
concentration. Conventional PRESS localization with Mao refocusing pulses
(duration 6ms, BW 1.2kHz), STEAM with Hermite pulses (duration 4ms, BW 1.6kHz)
6
and semi-LASER with GOIA refocusing were compared in terms of SNR. Three healthy
volunteers were measured with VOIs (2x2x2cm
3) placed in the parietal
region and the following parameters: TR, 6 s; 32 averages; WET water
suppression; EXOR phase cycling; readout
BW 2.7 kHz; scan time 3:12 min; TE
PRESS, 30ms; TE
STEAM,
12ms; TM
STEAM, 8ms; TE
s-LASER, 26ms.
Results
GOIA-W(16,4) provides excellent selection profiles even at short
duration (Figure 1). The crusher gradient amplitudes were set to 15mT/m and
25mT/m (Figure 2) with a total length of 1ms to destroy any spurious signal.
The minimal TE of 26ms was achieved with the given sequence parameters. The NAA
amplitudes
in vivo were 2.5 times higher
for semi-LASER compared to STEAM and PRESS. In addition, the signal of strongly
coupled glutamate was 2.3 times higher than glutamate measured with STEAM and 9
times higher than for PRESS (Figure 3). The SNR is summarized in Figure 4 for
phantom and
in vivo. The sequence
parameters resulted in a CSDE of 50% for PRESS, 37% for STEAM and only 6% for
semi-LASER over a 2 ppm range (i.e., Cr at 4ppm to NAA at 2ppm).
Discussion and Conclusion
GOIA pulses based on WURST modulation provide excellent profile
features while maintaining high BW with shorter pulses and at lower RF power requirements.
SNR is increased compared to other common localization techniques. The
obstacles of MRS at UHF are
observable in PRESS spectra (Figure 3), where the insufficient power of the
pulses causes comparable signal intensities to STEAM and unbalanced gradients give
rise to artifacts in 2-3ppm region (Figure 3, red arrows). Moreover, the low BW
of pulses leads to huge CSDE. The semi-LASER sequence proved to be a well suitable
localization technique for UHF capable of detecting strongly coupled systems due
to inherent J-refocusing and reduced SNR loss due to T
2 relaxation (i.e.,
signal decays with much slower T
2rho during spin-locking). Overlapping
of adjacent crusher gradients and implementation of asymmetric excitation
pulses would further shorten the minimum TE of our semi-LASER sequence down to
~20ms.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
1.
Scheenen, T., Heerschap, A., Klomp, D., 2008. Towards
1 H-MRSI of the human brain at 7T with slice-selective adiabatic refocusing
pulses. MAGMA 95–101. doi:10.1007/s10334-007-0094-y
2.
Scheenen, T.W.J., Klomp,
D.W.J., Wijnen, J.P., Heerschap, A., 2008. Short echo time 1H-MRSI of the human
brain at 3T with minimal chemical shift displacement errors using adiabatic
refocusing pulses. Magn. Reson. Med. 59, 1–6. doi:10.1002/mrm.21302
3.
Boer, V.O., van Lier, a. L.H.M.W., Hoogduin, J.M.,
Wijnen, J.P., Luijten, P.R., Klomp, D.W.J., 2011. 7-T 1H
MRS with adiabatic refocusing at short TE using radiofrequency focusing with a
dual-channel volume transmit coil. NMR Biomed. 24, 1038–1046. doi:10.1002/nbm.1641
4.
Andronesi, O.C., Ramadan, S.,
Ratai, E.-M., Jennings, D., Mountford, C.E., Sorensen, a G., 2010.
Spectroscopic imaging with improved gradient modulated constant adiabaticity
pulses on high-field clinical scanners. J. Magn. Reson. 203, 283–93.
doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2010.01.010
5.
Bogner, W., Chmelik, M., Andronesi, O.C., Sorensen, a
G., Trattnig, S., Gruber, S., 2011. In vivo 31P spectroscopy by
fully adiabatic extended image selected in vivo spectroscopy: a comparison
between 3 T and 7 T. Magn. Reson. Med. 66, 923–30. doi:10.1002/mrm.22897
6.
Gajdošík, M., Chadzynski, G.L., Hangel, G., Mlynárik,
V., Chmelík, M., Valkovi, L., Trattnig, S., Kr, M., 2015. Ultrashort-TE
stimulated echo acquisition mode ( STEAM ) improves the quantification of
lipids and fatty acid chain unsaturation in the human liver at 7T 1283–1293.
doi:10.1002/nbm.3382