Karim Snoussi1,2, Joseph S. Gillen1,2, Michael Schär1,2, Vincent O. Boer3, Richard A.E. Edden1,2, and Peter B. Barker1,2
1Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, 2Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States, 3Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Synopsis
Suppression of extra cranial
lipid signals is a significant challenge for MR
spectroscopy at high field. This study describes the use
of a crusher coil in a volumetric proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI)
sequence for 7T. It is shown in vivo
that the application of the crusher coil improves the spin-echo 7T EPSI
sequence and allows to record high quality spectroscopic imaging data with
extended 3D coverage and low RF power deposition.Purpose
Suppression of the extra cranial lipid signal poses
challenges for MRSI at 7T. Aside from restricting coverage to avoid exciting
peri-cranial lipids using PRESS localization, most lipid suppression methods
are based on either short TI inversion recovery (STIR), or spatially/frequency
selective saturation of the lipid resonances followed by their dephasing (1,2).
In this work, a surface gradient ‘crusher’ coil (3) was implemented to improve the
lipid suppression in a volumetric proton echo-planar spectroscopic
imaging (EPSI) sequence design at 7T.
Methods
All experiments
were performed using a Philips Achieva 7T scanner equipped with a dual-transmit
system and a 16-channel receive coil. The crusher coil (Fig. 1) placed inside the 16-channel receive coil (3) was interfaced to one of the scanner’s (unused) B0 shim
amplifiers which provided a pulsed current of 7A. A single, unbalanced pulse (Fig.
2) applied during the sequence TE was used to generate local inhomogeneous
magnetic fields in the outer layer of the head, and therefore dephase the
coherence of the lipid signals. Both gradient echo MRI and spectroscopic imaging
datasets were acquired.
The EPSI sequence adapted from (4) was comprised of 4 CHESS pulses for water suppression
(bandwidth 200 Hz), and an inferior saturation band followed by a
slice-selective spin-echo with EPSI readout. Phase-encoding was achieved in 2
directions to provide with full 3D coverage. The water signal
was acquired by an interleaved, small flip angle (20°) minimum TE gradient-echo
EPSI readout. The 80 mm slab excitation was prescribed in an orientation
parallel to the anterior-posterior commissure line. Scan
parameters include TR/TE 1710/35 ms, acquisition matrix 50x50x18, FOV
280x280x180 mm3, nominal voxel 5.6x5.6x10 mm3. The spectral bandwidth for EPSI readout was 2466 Hz.
Sequence SAR was < 46% of the FDA limit. The EPSI scan time was 25 min.
All spectra were
processed using MIDAS (5).
Two
methods of lipid suppression were compared: one using a STIR sequence (TI 250 ms), or using the pulsed crusher coil. To calibrate the required depth of crushing, gradient-echo MR scans (Fig. 3) were
performed with different duration pulses.
Results
Gradient echo images
without (Fig. 3A) and with application (Fig. 3B,C) of the crusher coil pulses in
a normal volunteer (age 32 years, male) show the lipid suppression performance.
With a 2 ms pulse (Fig. 3C), it can be seen that there is appreciable
suppression of cortical brain tissue, and it was determined that a pulse
duration of between 0.5 to 1.0 ms gave optimal performance.
Three
EPSI spectra at 7T in a normal volunteer (age 35 years, female)
are displayed in Figure 4 from both central and peripheral voxel locations
using a 0.75ms crusher pulse duration. Lipid contamination was reduced by a factor of
approximately 35 compared to the scan without lipid suppression.
Well-resolved peaks from NAA 2.01 ppm, tCr 3.03 ppm, tCho 3.19 ppm and tCr 3.92
ppm are observed with good SNR from the nominal 0.3 ml voxels. Field
inhomogeneity was less than 20 Hz over the whole volume of the EPSI slab. With
respect to no lipid suppression, STIR reduces lipid contamination by a factor
1.5, the crusher coil by a factor 35 and both methods combined (STIR + crusher
coil) by a factor 72 (Fig. 5).
Discussion
Use of a surface crusher coil for lipid suppression
at 7T has a number of advantages compared to conventional lipid suppression
methods; no RF pulses are involved, so sequence SAR is reduced. There is no
dependence of lipid T1 (unlike the STIR method) and also no
dependence on variations in RF pulse flip angles (which can affect both STIR
and OVS methods). Unlike the IR method, brain magnetization is also unaltered,
so long as the crusher pulse is properly calibrated. The minimum sequence TR is
also reduced somewhat, since there is no TI (or OVS) time period, the crusher
pulse being applied during the sequence TE. The crusher coil does require
additional hardware and has to be placed inside the receive coil array;
however, with correct design, the coil has little effect on both transmit B1
level or receiver coil SNR.
The crusher coil also has fixed geometry, which, in
combination with the varying head sizes and shapes, may result in variable
performance in different subjects. Therefore it is important to carefully
position each subject within the coil, and run rapid gradient-echo images in
order to calibrate the optimum pulse duration and/or amplitude. Crusher coils
have previously been implemented for conventional single-slice MRSI at 7T (3);
this abstract demonstrates that the method can be readily adapted to use for
volumetric EPSI at 7T with extended brain coverage.
Acknowledgements
Supported by NIH R01MH096263 and P41EB015909. References
1. Balchandani et al. MRM 59:980–988 (2008). 2. Henning
et al. NMR Biomed. 22:683-696 (2009). 3. Boer et al. MRM 73:2062-2068
(2015). 4. Maudsley et al. MRM 61:548-59
(2009). 5. Maudsley et al. NMR Biomed.
19:492-503 (2006).