Filiz Yetisir1, Bastien Guerin2, Lawrence Wald2,3, and Elfar Adalsteinsson1,3
1Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States, 2Dept.of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States, 3Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences Technology, Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Cambridge, MA, United States
Synopsis
In this work, we propose a pTX safety workflow
that will enable high duty cycle imaging at high field systems. Several SAR and B1+
calibration steps are suggested for a complete analysis including modeling the
TX array, testing it over time and different loads and finding a safety margin
to account for RF system imperfections. Good qualitative agreement was achieved
between the simulated and measured B1+ maps for the TX
array. 11% and 6° standard deviation was observed in the magnitude and the
relative phase maps over time. A maximum difference of 16% was observed between
offline and online calculated local SAR values due to RF system imperfections.Target Audience
MR physicists, ultra-high field & parallel transmission users.
Purpose
Use of parallel transmit (pTx) requires
careful monitoring of the RF waveform as well as global and local SAR, especially
at high fields and high duty-cycles. Commonly, electromagnetic simulations of
the TX arrays have been used to calculate local SAR [1,2,3]. Comprehensive RF
safety concepts were proposed using power calibration matrices [3] or active
decoupling for load compensation of the TX array [4]. In this work we propose a
pTx workflow that checks B
1+ and SAR variations against the normal test-retest
variability of the pTx system to guarantee safe pTx imaging even at high
duty-cycle.
Methods
The proposed workflow is summarized in Fig.1.
Experiments were done on a 7T Siemens scanner.
TX array model: First, we
model our 8 channel transceiver array in the EM field simulator HFSS (Fig.2).
The model of the array is loaded with a spherical phantom and it is tuned and
matched to approximately the measured S-parameters of the physical array (S
ii
< -20 dB). Experimental and simulated transmit fields are then compared and
global scale factors (GSF) as well as global phase offsets (GPO) are determined
for each channel to account for coil losses and uncalibrated phase paths that are
not modeled in the HFSS model, such as the interface box between the coil and
the RF power amplifiers (Steps 1-3). The remaining mismatch in the B
1+
maps after the application of GSFs and GPOs can be translated into a safety margin
on the SAR limit using [5]. The B
1+ maps are
measured at different times to ensure stability of the array over time (test-retest
over time, Step 4).
Load sensitivity: Next, the array is loaded with
another phantom that is significantly different in dimensions and shape than
the sphere (elliptical phantom in Fig.2). Then GSFs and GPOs of the sphere are
used in comparing the simulated and measured B
1+
maps of the new phantom (Steps 5-7). If the difference between those is
smaller than the test-retest variability of the B
1+ maps,
the workflow continues otherwise it stops.
Patient body variability:
Because patient-specific body models are currently impractical to use, various
body models in various positions are simulated to generate different sets of
VOPs [6] which then can be conservatively used to monitor SAR (Step 8).
System
imperfections: The SAR calculated online using measured RF waveforms and
the SAR calculated offline using demanded RF waveforms are then compared for
various random complex RF pulses and a statistical safety margin to account for
RF system imperfections is determined (Step 9).
Before each pTX session:
the GSFs and GPOs of the sphere phantom should be compared to the stored values
to detect unexpected changes in the TX array or the scanner hardware. (Steps
10,11).
Results/Discussion
Fig.2 shows good qualitative correlation
between the magnitude and the relative phases of the simulated and experimental
B
1+ maps for all channels. The standard deviations of the
GSFs and the GPOs are shown in Table.1. The GSFs are highly sensitive to the
position of the phantom with respect to the array (up to 11% std), hence to
check for their stability over time it is important to place the phantom at the
same position every time (See Fig.2 for a 3D holder to be used for future
studies). The fact that the actual versus the demanded RF waveforms are different
lead to a maximum of 16% difference between the offline and the online
calculated 10s average local SAR values for our system (Fig.3). A similar
analysis can be carried out for 6 min. average local SAR and a corresponding
safety factor can be applied to the SAR limit in order to have an uninterrupted
scan. Future work includes the implementation of the load sensitivity steps. Furthermore,
temperature measurements [1] or MR thermometry [7] can be used as an extra
validation step for the TX array model.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by R01 EB017337, R01 EB006847, P41EB015896 and Siemens MR.
Also Hans-Peter Fautz and Josef Pfeuffer are acknowledged.References
[1] Cloos et al., ISMRM 2010;p3871 [2] Deniz
et al., ISMRM 2014;p4929 [3] Deniz et al., MRM 2015;00:00-00 [4] Graesslin et
al., MRM 2015;74:589-598 [5] Guillaume
et al., ISMRM 2015;p1862 [6] Eichfelder et al. MRM 2011;66:1468-1476 [7] Deniz et al., ISMRM 2014;p4894