Spherical droplet design and adiabatic excitation for enhanced performance and flip angle control of NMR field probes
Jennifer Nussbaum1, Simon Gross1, David O. Brunner1, Christoph Barmet1,2, Thomas Schmid1, Benjamin E. Dietrich1, Markus Weiger1, and Klaas P. Pruessmann1

1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2Skope Magnetic Resonance Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland

Synopsis

To measure the spatiotemporal magnetic field evolution during MR procedures for image reconstruction and real-time field control, best field probe performance is desired. We propose improved field probes with 19F spherical droplet samples formed and positioned with gelled deuterium oxide. It is shown that these spherical samples have an isotropic k-space range and thus de-phase less along the capillary than the common probes. Furthermore, with BIR-4 adiabatic plane rotation pulses the flip angle can be perfectly adjusted, opening a new realm of field monitoring methods.

Introduction

NMR field probes are increasingly used to measure the spatiotemporal magnetic field evolution during MR procedures1,2. The sensor heads are typically formed by enclosing a 1H or 19F NMR-active liquid in a capillary surrounded by a solenoid coil for signal excitation and detection. The sensitive volume is shaped by the solenoid's spatial transmit and receive characteristics. One key downside of this approach is that the resulting effective droplet is only softly defined, resulting in a suboptimal trade-off between signal yield and k-space range that can be covered without probe de-phasing. What is more, the inhomogeneous transmit field amplitude causes a flip angle gradient throughout the excitation volume, which reduces the SNR. For optimal performance the sensitive volume should be spherical, sharply delineated, and fully excited with uniform flip angle. In the present work this is achieved by the transition to physical droplets suspended in a gelled medium combined with adiabatic excitation. By using BIR-4 3,4 adiabatic plane rotation pulses the excitation flip angle can be exactly controlled.

Methods

19F NMR field probes with spherical sample were built according to the schematic shown in Fig. 1. The sample is a hexafluorobenzene droplet enclosed between D2O plugs in a glass capillary of either 1.3 mm or 0.8 mm inner diameter. To shape and immobilize the droplets the plugs were gelled by adding 1% Imagel 69157 (Gelita AG, Germany). Their magnetic susceptibility was matched to the droplets using MnCl2∙4H2O. The sample liquids were doped with Cr(tmhd)3 (48.7 mM) to reduce T1. To compare performance, conventional virtual droplet probes2 were built using the same sample liquid and dimensions. Probe excitation was performed alternatively with a 5 µs block pulse, a 48 µs adiabatic half-passage (AHP, 90°) and a 48 µs BIR-4 (90°) adiabatic plane rotation pulse of varying power. To include tolerance to small frequency offsets, hyperbolic secant (HSn) adiabatic pulses were used 5. Measurements were performed at 3T in a Philips Achieva MRI scanner and the 3D gradient echo images of the droplet were acquired at 4.7 T using a Bruker PharmaScan animal MRI scanner.

Results and Discussion

Figure 1 (right) illustrates the successful formation of highly spherical probe droplets as confirmed by high-resolution MRI. Due to the spherical shape of the sample the probe signals exhibit the same drop-off in all gradient directions (Fig. 2 left) which is not the case for the virtual droplet probes (Fig. 2 right). With the physical droplet the signal decay under gradients along the capillary is less steep initially and steeper towards zero, resulting in substantially greater k-space range for any given signal threshold. The impact of pulse choice is summarized in Fig. 3. We varied the B1 amplitude of the pulse and measured the initial absolute value of the FID. This results in a curve proportional to the sine of the flip angle achieved at the corresponding B1 amplitude, meaning the peak value represents 90° flip angle. Adiabatic excitation robustly yields maximum signal from sufficient B1 amplitude upwards. Conventional block pulse excitation naturally suffers from partial under- and over-flipping due to non-uniform B1, making the flip angle sensitive to the B1 amplitude (Fig.3). Importantly, the proposed physical droplet boundaries prevent expansion of the excited volume and thus deterioration of k-space range with increasing adiabaticity (Fig. 4). In the virtual droplet probe, on the other hand, enhancing B1 enlarges the excited sample volume, which results in reduced k-space range. With BIR-4 pulses any specified flip angle can be reliably induced as demonstrated in Fig. 5.

Conclusion

The trade-off between signal yield and k-space range of NMR field probes can be optimized by forming spherical fluorocarbon samples in a gelled polar medium. Sharp droplet delineation permits the use of adiabatic pulses for uniform excitation irrespective of gradient exposure. Perfect adjustment of the flip angle permits experiments with smaller flip angles and faster re-excitation. Improved field probe performance will be instrumental in the ongoing development of field cameras for system diagnostics, image reconstruction, and real-time field control.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

[1] De Zanche, N., Barmet, C., Nordmeyer-Massner, J.A., Pruessmann, K.P., 2008.NMR probes for measuring magnetic fields and field dynamics in MR systems. Magn. Reson. Med. 60, 176–186.

[2] Barmet, C., De Zanche, N., Wilm, B.J., Pruessmann, K.P., 2009. A transmit/receive system for magnetic field monitoring of in vivo MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 62, 269–276.

[3] Staewen, R.S., Johnson, A.J., Ross, B.D., Parrish, T., Merkle, H. and Garwood, M. 3D FLASH imaging using a single surface coil and a new adiabatic pulse, BIR-4. Invest. Radiol. 25, 559-567 (1990).

[4] Garwood, M. and Ke, Y. Symmetric pulses to induce arbitrary flip angles with compensation for RF inhomogeneity and resonance offsets. J. Magn. Reson. 94, 511-525 (1991).

[5] Tannús, A., & Garwood, M. (1996). Improved Performance of Frequency-Swept Pulses Using Offset-Independent Adiabaticity. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series A, 120(1), 133–137.

Figures

Figure 1: Left: Schematic of the physical droplet probes. The capillaries inner diameters are 1.3 mm/0.8 mm and the coil is a six turn solenoid formed by an enameled copper wire. Right: 3D gradient echo images of a hexafluorobenzene droplet. Top: axial view, bottom: capillary direction from left to right.

Figure 2: Dephasing of the 0.8mm diameter probe signal under a gradient (10mT/m) along and perpendicular to the capillary. The physical droplet probe (left) has isotropic performance under gradient and shows a smaller phase residual after linear regression (residual phase) along the capillary compared to the virtual droplet probe (right).

Figure 3: The B1 amplitude of the pulse was varied and the signal directly after the pulse was measured. A 5 µs block pulse results in a sinusoid signal vs B1 amplitude curve, whereas 48 µs adiabatic pulses (AHP and BIR-4) yield maximal signal from sufficient B1 amplitude upwards.

Figure 4: The left axis shows the k-values of the first zero point of the FID of a 48 µs BIR-4 pulse applied on the 0.8 mm physical droplet probe with a gradient field along the capillary. The right axis shows the signal for the given B1.

Figure 5: By adapting the phase shifts of the BIR-4 pulse the flip angle can be controlled. The x-axis shows the flip angle introduced in the pulse phase and the y-axis shows the measured flip angle.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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