Jonas Reber1, Josip Marjanovic1, David Otto Brunner1, Andreas Port1, and Klaas Paul Pruessmann1
1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Synopsis
With the
number of RF receive channels cable routing and data handling becomes and
increasing problem in particular for demanding applications requiring high
acquisition duty cycles and bandwidths. To overcome this we present an MR
acquisition platform that is capable of acquiring MR signal in-bore and scales
its data handling ability with the number of channel. Furthermore the system
provides ample, configurable real-time computational power for advanced in-line
data processing and low-latency applications.Introduction
The number of parallel receive channels of the newest
generation of spectrometers and simultaneously of receive array coils has
drastically increased for the benefit of better SNR yield, higher parallel
imaging acceleration and leaner clinical scanning workflow. Furthermore,
additional sensors beside RF detectors, such as magnetic field probes, motion
tracking systems etc. are increasingly integrated into the bore and coils and
require signal acquisition and data transmission out of the magnetic field. On
the downside of these trends cable routing has become an increasingly
challenging task for coil engineering and handling. In-field acquisition systems
[1,2] offer here the advantage to multiplex large numbers of receive channels onto
fiber optic connections which are lightweight and RF safe. However,
digitization of RF signals in-bore with very high dynamic range and highly
different signal levels are found to be difficult especially for ultra-high
fields.
On top of that the data flow is ever increasing by sequences
requiring very high read-out bandwidth and duty cycles. Therefore high channel
counts are often inflicted with data flow and handling problems. Hence
spectrometer platforms targeted for very high channel counts must scale
similarly the provided data handling and real-time computing power.
For pushing the limits of MR acquisition speed and SNR there
is therefore a need for data acquisition and real-time high-speed processing
systems with scalable channel counts and corresponding data handling capabilities
operating in-bore but delivering state-of-the art signal quality also at high fields.
In this work we present a novel scalable and modular spectrometer hardware platform
with configurable, high-dynamic range in-bore receivers offering vast,
programmable real-time computing power.
Methods
The basic building block (Fig. 1) of the host unit consist
of a National Instruments (Austin, Texas) FlexRIO® Kintex® 7 PXIe platform used
for software control, mass storage and commodity IO tasks. These units are as
such parallelizable via custom PXIe links such that the whole platform of the
spectrometer can be simply stacked.
To each FlexRIO® module (of up to 8 can be hosted in a
chassis) a custom built data collection and processing unit based on a Zynq®-7000
SoC (Xilinx, San Jose, USA) is connected. This unit connects via 4x7Gbs +
4x1Gbs run-time configurable and re-routable high-speed optical communication
lanes and precision clock reference signals to programmable, low-power FPGA
units which are MR compatible. Up to 4 of the latter units can be connected to
a single Zynq unit and operated fully in parallel.
The in-bore units can be equipped with up to 16 broadband in-field
receive channels [1]. The 14 bit/125MSps ADC channels can be equipped with
high-dynamic range RF frontends on miniature mezzanine board modules.
.
For initial demonstration MR signals have been acquired from
a standard 8-channel head coil (Philips, Best, Netherlands) using clinical
sequences. The receiver was operated in-bore and synchronized to the clinical MR
console by a TTL trigger and by parsing the RF excitation pulses for phase
alignment of the acquired profiles.
Results
The novel RF front-ends of the in-bore units can be
modularly equipped for 1.5-11.7T. They provide a variable gain from -15 to 45
dB. The ADC provides a SNR dynamic range of 94.6 dB at 1 MHz bandwidth, an SFDR of 96.9 dB and can acquire a bandwidth of 1 MHz with 100% duty cycle. The total clock
jitter of the digitizer was 540 fs. 1 W per channel are required in full
operation.
Images shown in Figs. 3 and 4 show no visible artefacts
attributed to signal digitization or spurious signals form the in-field
circuitry.
Discussion
The presented RF receiver offers an analogue signal performance
that are on par with out-field digitizer units in compact, low-power, MR
compatible modules. The broadband direct-undersampling architecture in
conjunction with the modular analogue front-end allows for fast adaptation to
multiple frequencies and signal levels dependent on the application. In
conjunction with the freely programmable digital system the modules form a MR
compatible high-performance platform for various applications.
The data routing and collection scheme offers vast,
configurable real-time computing power and can in principle handle, process and
store data from arbitrary amount of channels at full rate, dynamic range and
duty cycle. These real-time computing capabilities will be essential for
enabling very large channel counts for keeping data flow, storage and
reconstruction tractable by customized, in-line data preprocessing.
Acknowledgements
NanoTera initiative, Wearable MRI project.References
1) Reber J et al. In-Bore Broadband Array Receivers with
Optical Transmission, Proc ISMRM 619 2015.
2) Tang W et
al, A HOME-BUILT DIGITAL OPTICAL MRI CONSOLE USING HIGH-SPEED SERIAL LINKS,Magn
Reson Med 2015