Numerical Comparison of Stacked and Planar Coil Reception Arrays for Prostate MRI at 3 T
Jorge Chacon-Caldera1, Javier Uranga Solchanga1, Paulina Koziol1,2, and Lothar R Schad1

1Computer Assisted Medical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany, 2Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland

Synopsis

Prostate MRI is commonly performed using endorectal coils which are invasive. This is done since body planar arrays are not sensitive enough for prostate imaging. Increasing sensitivity of an array for deep structures in the body is not trivial. In this study, we extended the traditional stacked figure-8 and single loop quadrature pair to add more single loop coils and enhanced the sensitivity at the depth of the prostate without increasing the field over a larger lateral area. We compared these arrays to classical planar approaches and found a factor 1.35 increase in maximum localized |B1-| using numerical simulations.

PURPOSE

Prostate cancer is an important cause of death amongst males. Its detection using MRI commonly involves the use of endorectal coils which are invasive to patients. This is necessary to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within the prostate which is deep in the middle of the pelvic cavity. During signal reception for a given system, patient and protocol, the SNR is proportional to the absolute reception magnetic field (|B1-|) of the array given by a weighted |B1-| sum of the coil elements[1]. |B1-| has a strong distance dependence from an evaluated point to a coil element. This distance is increased quickly due to a lateral element placement in planar arrays which are currently the non-invasive standard in body imaging. In planar arrays, the main SNR gain is achieved superficially over a large field-of-view. Recent studies have demonstrated improved SNR by stacking loops and dipoles at 7 T[2] but dipoles could have impractical dimensions at 3 T (ideally, length ∝ λ). In this study, the principle of a traditional quadrature stacked figure-8 (F8) and single loop (SL) coil is extended to multiple SL elements. This was performed to increase |B1-| at the depth of the prostate. We compared these arrays to standard planar arrays.

METHODS

Numerical simulations at 123.25 MHz were performed using the finite difference time domain method (CST MWS, Darmstadt, Germany). Stacks of one F8 and one, two and three SL coils were simulated and compared to planar arrays of two, three, four, and five SL coils using a cubic phantom of 50x50x50cm³ with ε = 34 and σ = 0.4 S/m. Figure 1 shows the simulated and compared arrays. In all arrays, the nearest coil was placed 10 mm above the phantom and additional coils were placed 1 mm above the nearest neighbor. The overlaps were experimentally optimized. Coils were simulated using perfect electrical conductors. The wires were 2 mm in diameter and the tape had 3 mm thickness and 0.1 mm in height. The elements in planar arrays were arranged in standard patterns and had 32 mm in radius[3]. The F8 loops had radii of 65 mm[4] and the SL had the following dimensions: 1SL: 80x80 mm², 2SL and 3SL: 50x80 mm². For the evaluation as a receiving array, the maximum |B1-| values were evaluated 10 cm inside the phantom. Additionally, the |B1-| was normalized to 1 W accepted power to use as figure of merit (|B1-|norm). The maximum coupling between coils was evaluated using the scatter parameters (S-parameters).

RESULTS

All stacked arrays yielded greater values of both |B1-| and |B1-|norm (see Fig. 2). F8+3SL provided the highest |B1-| = 3.38e-7 T. This was a factor 1.35 increase compared to 3SL which yielded the highest |B1-| of all the planar arrays (2.51e-7 T). The gain in |B1-|norm was a factor 1.11 of the best performing stacked array (2.77e-7 T) compared to 3SL which yielded 2.49e-7 T under this metric. Furthermore, all the stacked coil arrays showed better decoupling per number of coils except for F8+3SL (-5.9 dB) compared to 4SL (-9.5 dB). Fig. 3 shows the higher localized |B1-| yielded by the stacked arrays.

DISCUSSION

The complexity to increase SNR at a deep point of interest adding coil elements laterally has been demonstrated e.g. in the center of a body sized phantom, a factor 1.03 increase was found when using 128 elements instead of 32[3]. To our knowledge, more SL elements were added to the classical F8 and SL quadrature pair for the first time yielding good results for the depth of the prostate. It was also shown that the |B1-| is more focused using the stacked arrays which is beneficial for the small size of the prostate. All of the tested stacked arrays performed better than 3SL which was the best planar array in both metrics. It has been previously demonstrated that the quadrature F8 and SL provides higher SNR that 2 SL coils for cardiac imaging[5]; our results predict the same pattern for the prostate and additional gains in SNR with added SL coils. Finally, the stacked arrays presented could be used as elements and multiple F8+2SL or F8+3SL arrays could be built and placed around the body for the use of parallel imaging.

CONCLUSION

The combination of an F8 stacked on 2 and 3 SL coils provided a higher maximum |B1-| than standard approaches. This and the possibility of quadrature detection can considerably increase the local SNR compared to planar arrays at 3 T for the imaging of the prostate.

Acknowledgements

The first author acknowledges funding from the DAAD Research Scholarship 57076385

References

1. Wright SM, et al. Theory and Application of Array Coils in MR Spectroscopy. NRM Biomed. 1997;10:394-410.

2. Voogt IJ, et al. Combined 8-channel transceiver fractionated dipole antenna array with a 16-channel loop coil receive array for body imagingat 7 Tesla. In Proc. ISMRM. 2015;23:0631.

3. Hardy CJ, et al. 128-Channel Body MRI With a Flexible High-Density Receiver-Coil Array. JMRI. 2008; 28:1219-1225.

4. Kumar A, et al. Optimized quadrature surface coil designs. MAGMA. 2008;21:41-52.

5. Ouhlous M, et al. Quadrature Coil Design for High-Resolution Carotid Artery Imaging Scores Better Than a DualPhased-Array Coil Design With the Same Volume Coverage. JMRI. 2007;25:1079-1084.

Figures

Figure 1. Evaluated planar (top) and stacked (bottom) coil arrays shown in the x-z plane. The x plane is from left to right and z is from top to bottom.

Figure 2. Summary of the results showing the maximum field strengths created by the arrays, the maximum coupling given by the highest S-parameter value between two elements (Smax) and the number of coils (Ncoils) per evaluated array. The marks show the greater values of |B1-| and |B1-|norm for the Stacked (*) and Planar (x) arrays.

Figure 3. Profiles through the maximum |B1-| values at the center of the phantom in the z-axis and at 10 cm depth. The stacked coil arrays (F8+2SL and F8+3SL) show a narrower field distribution with a higher maximum than the planar arrays (SL3, SL4 and SL5). This is ideal for prostate imaging.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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