13C RF coil combination for cardiac and abdominal human and pig studies
Steffen Ringgaard1, Rolf F Schulte2, James Tropp3, Carsten Kögler4, Titus Lanz4, Miguel A Navarro5, Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen6,7, Fraser J Robb5, Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen1, and Christoffer Laustsen1

1MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, 2GE Global Research, Munich, Germany, 3GE Healthcare, Fremont, CA, United States, 4Rapid Biomedical, Rimpar, Germany, 5GE Healthcare, Cleveland, OH, United States, 6GE Healthcare, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7DTU, Copenhagen, Denmark

Synopsis

We have developed and validated a dedicated coil system for human and large animal hyperpolarised 13C measurements. The system consists of an outer two-element transmit coil and an inner 16-element receive coil. It was validated by hyperpolarised experiments in two healthy pigs using a multi-echo spiral CSI sequence. The 13C metabolic images showed good SNR and there was low noise correlation between the receive elements. Hence, the coil system is promising for future human hyperpolarised examinations.

Introduction

Hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate is a non-ionizing biomarker to monitor treatment response in various disorders, such as tumours or ischemia. However, this marker has mainly been explored in rodent models and yet has to unfold its clinical potential [1,2]. A recent study in humans for prostate cancer shows the great clinical potential [3]. Despite signal enhancements of 4-5 orders of magnitude, metabolic imaging with hyperpolarised substances still suffers from low SNR, placing tight limits on achievable resolution. Therefore, novel 13C RF coil designs optimized for the different applications are required for maximising SNR during acquisition. Whole-body scanners are optimised for proton imaging, hence requiring compatibility with proton coils and 13C transmit coils. The goal of this work was to develop, implement and evaluate a dedicated coil combination for cardiac and abdominal applications. The setup consists of a novel 13C transmit-only clamshell coil combined with two flexible paddles with each 8 receive-only 13C channels.

Materials and Methods

A bore-insertable 13C volume resonator (f0=32.12 MHz) integrated into the patient table was used for excitation (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) [3,4]. It can be opened and closed like a clamshell for convenient patient handling and has two linearly-polarised, approximately planar and rectangular elements with geometry of 28.5×28.5 cm2 using 1.9 cm wide copper stripes. A flip angle of 90° (0.5 ms block pulse) can be reached with an 8 kW broadband amplifier. Two flexible foam paddles with 8 receive channels each ensure good coverage of the object with high SNR (Rapid Biomedical, Rimpar, Germany). Each receive (Rx) element has a rectangular shape of 6×13 cm2, while the whole paddle has a geometry of 25×25 cm2. Multiple proton traps on both transmit (Tx) and Rx resonators ensure compatibility of the 13C setup with the proton body coil, which can be used for regular 1H scans. All experiments were performed on a 3T HDx whole-body MRI scanner (GE Healthcare), using modified MRI pulse sequences with postprocessing being performed in Matlab and Osirix. Two healthy 30 kg female Danish landrace pigs were sedated with an intramuscular injection of Stressnil (2.0 mg/kg bodyweight) and Midazolam (0.1 ml/kg) and anaesthetised via intravenous injection of Propofol (12 mg initial dose, 0.4 mg/kg/h for maintaining it) and Fentanyl (8 μg/kg/h) for pain relief. The pigs were intubated and mechanically ventilated (60% O2) with a respirator. Four identical samples of 600 mg of [1-13C]pyruvic acid were polarised in a SpinLab (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) for ≥2½ hours to >30% polarisation [5]. Forty mL of 240mM hyperpolarised pyruvate solution was injected into the pig via a femoral vein catheter. Metabolic images were acquired using an IDEAL spiral CSI sequence (nTE=11, ΔTE=0.9 ms, 2D multi-slice) [6]. Kidney data was acquired with TR=250 ms (dynamic acquisition with 3 s for full encoding), FOV=30×30 cm2, resolution=75×75, slice thickness=4 cm, flip angle=10°. The scan of the heart was cardiac triggered, while breathing was stopped for ~½ minute during the acquisition (FOV=24×24 cm2, resolution=60×60, oblique short-axis view, slice thickness=20 mm, flip angle=20°).

Results and Discussion

The 13C coil setup is shown in Fig. 1 and shows good interaction with the large animal model and easy installation. The 16 Rx channel show good SNR and low noise correlation (mean=13%, max=38%; min=0.32%; Fig. 2), while the multiple Rx coil elements increase the possibilities for accelerated MR acquisitions via parallel imaging. Kidney and heart images are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The setup proved to be robust and handling convenient, hence well suited for future clinical studies as well.

Acknowledgements

Co-funding from BMBF grant #13EZ1114

References

[1]Kurhanewicz J, et al. Neoplasia 2011;13:81.

[2]Rider OJ, et al. J Card Magn Reson 2013;15:93.

[3]Nelson SJ, et al. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:198ra108.

[4] Tropp J, et al. J Magn Reson 2011;208:171.

[5]Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, et al. NMR Biomed 2011;24:927.

[6]Wiesinger F, et al. Magn Reson Med. 2012;68:8.

Figures

Fig. 1: 13C coil setup consisting of clamshell transmit-only (Tx) and two 8-channel receive (Rx) coils positioned around the animal.

Fig. 2: Noise correlation of 16-channel 13C receive coil. Channels 1-8 and 9-16 are in top and bottom paddles, respectively. Mean correlation was 13%, max=38% and min=0.32%.

Fig. 3: Kidney metabolic images overlaid on 1H images. The first set of images was acquired 20 s after injection and there were 5 s between each time step. Pyruvate and alanine are clearly seen in the kidneys, while there is no lactate build-up.

Fig. 4: Heart metabolic images overlaid on 1H images. BC: bicarbonate; Pyr: pyruvate; Ala: alanine; Pyr-H: pyruvate hydrate; Lac: lactate. The first set of images was acquired 20 s after injection and there were 5 s between each time step.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
2152