Steffen Ringgaard1, Rolf F Schulte2, James Tropp3, Carsten Kögler4, Titus Lanz4, Miguel A Navarro5, Jan Henrik Ardenkjaer-Larsen6,7, Fraser J Robb5, Hans Stødkilde-Jørgensen1, and Christoffer Laustsen1
1MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, 2GE Global Research, Munich, Germany, 3GE Healthcare, Fremont, CA, United States, 4Rapid Biomedical, Rimpar, Germany, 5GE Healthcare, Cleveland, OH, United States, 6GE Healthcare, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7DTU, Copenhagen, Denmark
Synopsis
We
have developed and validated a dedicated coil system for human and large animal
hyperpolarised 13C measurements. The system consists of an outer two-element
transmit coil and an inner 16-element receive coil. It was validated by
hyperpolarised experiments in two healthy pigs using a multi-echo spiral CSI
sequence. The 13C metabolic images showed good SNR and there was low noise
correlation between the receive elements. Hence, the coil system is promising
for future human hyperpolarised examinations.Introduction
Hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate is a non-ionizing
biomarker to monitor treatment response in various disorders, such as tumours
or ischemia. However, this marker has mainly been explored in rodent models and
yet has to unfold its clinical potential [1,2]. A recent study in humans for
prostate cancer shows the great clinical potential [3]. Despite signal
enhancements of 4-5 orders of magnitude, metabolic imaging with hyperpolarised
substances still suffers from low SNR, placing tight limits on achievable
resolution. Therefore, novel 13C RF coil designs optimized for the different
applications are required for maximising SNR during acquisition. Whole-body
scanners are optimised for proton imaging, hence requiring compatibility with
proton coils and 13C transmit coils. The goal of this work was to develop,
implement and evaluate a dedicated coil combination for cardiac and abdominal
applications. The setup consists of a novel 13C transmit-only clamshell coil
combined with two flexible paddles with each 8 receive-only 13C channels.
Materials and Methods
A
bore-insertable 13C volume resonator (f0=32.12 MHz) integrated into the patient
table was used for excitation (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) [3,4]. It can
be opened and closed like a clamshell for convenient patient handling and has
two linearly-polarised, approximately planar and rectangular elements with
geometry of 28.5×28.5 cm
2 using 1.9 cm wide copper stripes. A flip angle
of 90° (0.5 ms block pulse) can be reached with an 8 kW broadband amplifier.
Two
flexible foam paddles with 8 receive channels each ensure good coverage of the
object with high SNR (Rapid Biomedical, Rimpar, Germany). Each receive (Rx)
element has a rectangular shape of 6×13 cm
2, while the whole paddle
has a geometry of 25×25 cm
2. Multiple proton traps on both transmit
(Tx) and Rx resonators ensure compatibility of the 13C setup with the proton
body coil, which can be used for regular 1H scans. All experiments were
performed on a 3T HDx whole-body MRI scanner (GE Healthcare), using modified
MRI pulse sequences with postprocessing being performed in Matlab and Osirix.
Two
healthy 30 kg female Danish landrace pigs were sedated with an intramuscular
injection of Stressnil (2.0 mg/kg bodyweight) and Midazolam (0.1 ml/kg) and
anaesthetised via intravenous injection of Propofol (12 mg initial dose, 0.4
mg/kg/h for maintaining it) and Fentanyl (8 μg/kg/h) for pain relief. The pigs
were intubated and mechanically ventilated (60% O
2) with a respirator. Four
identical samples of 600 mg of [1-13C]pyruvic acid were polarised in a SpinLab
(GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) for ≥2½
hours to >30% polarisation [5]. Forty mL of 240mM hyperpolarised pyruvate
solution was injected into the pig via a femoral vein catheter. Metabolic images
were acquired using an IDEAL spiral CSI sequence (nTE=11, ΔTE=0.9
ms, 2D multi-slice) [6]. Kidney data was acquired with TR=250 ms (dynamic
acquisition with 3 s for full encoding), FOV=30×30 cm
2, resolution=75×75,
slice thickness=4 cm, flip angle=10°. The scan of the heart was cardiac
triggered, while breathing was stopped for ~½ minute during the acquisition (FOV=24×24
cm
2, resolution=60×60, oblique short-axis view, slice thickness=20 mm,
flip angle=20°).
Results and Discussion
The 13C coil setup is shown in Fig. 1 and shows
good interaction with the large animal model and easy installation. The 16 Rx
channel show good SNR and low noise correlation (mean=13%, max=38%; min=0.32%;
Fig. 2), while the multiple Rx coil elements increase the possibilities for accelerated
MR acquisitions via parallel imaging. Kidney and heart images are shown in
Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The setup proved to be robust and handling convenient,
hence well suited for future clinical studies as well.
Acknowledgements
Co-funding from BMBF
grant #13EZ1114References
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