Heiko Tzschätzsch1, Jing Guo1, Florian Dittmann1, Sebastian Hirsch1, Eric Barnhill1, Jürgen Braun2, and Ingolf Sack1
1Department of Radiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Synopsis
Elastography
often suffers from limited anatomical resolution due to noise and insufficient
elastic deformation. We here introduce noise-robust multifrequency wave number
inversion for multifrequency MR elastography. Compound maps of wave speed are
obtained, which reveal variations in tissue elasticity in a tomographic
fashion, i.e. an unmasked, slice-wise display of anatomical details at
pixel-wise resolution. The method is demonstrated using data from the
literature including abdominal and pelvic organs such as the liver, spleen,
uterus and cervix. Elastic parameters consistent with literature values were
obtained even in small regions with low wave amplitudes such as nucleus
pulposus and spinal cord.Background
In MR elastography
(MRE) stiffness maps are generated by local frequency estimation[1], direct Helmholtz inversion[2], finite element methods[3] or multifrequency direct inversion[4]. Latter method, multifrequency dual elastic visco
(MDEV) inversion, has been used for calculating high resolution elastograms
with pixel-wise resolved anatomical details of elasticity and viscosity[5]. Despite large improvements in the resolution
capacity of MRE by MDEV inversion, multifrequency based elastograms still
suffers from noise[6].
Purpose
To develop and test
noise-robust wave-number MDEV (k-MDEV) inversion for high resolution MRE in
abdominal organs.
Methods
k-MDEV retrieves wave
numbers (k) of multifrequency shear wave fields by first-order derivative
operators. Other than in conventional phase-gradient based MRE[7], the gradient operator is applied to plane waves
rather than to the phase of the complex field. To account for attenuation
effects, the fields are normalized by the magnitude of the waves prior to the
gradient calculation. Plane waves are obtained by conventional
spatio-directional filters. The entire processing pipline is currently in 2D.
Results
Fig.1 compares
wave speed- (c)-maps produced by classical single-frequency direct inversion,
MDEV-inversion and the proposed k-MDEV inversion in a transversal slice through
the abdomen of a healthy volunteer. Especially in deeper areas where shear
waves are more damped, the new method produces consistent c-values enabling us
to analyze multiple types of tissue from the same scan. We identified the liver
-left lobe(1), right lobe(2), caudal lobe(3)-, the spleen(4), the kidney(5),
the intervertebral disk(6), spinal cord(7), stomach, muscle, and subcutaneous
fat (numbers refer to Fig.1). Fig.2 presents a c-map of the uterine body and
cervix in a healthy volunteer. Recently MDEV-inversion based MMRE[8] found uterine tissue to be stiffer
than cervical tissue. Here, this is confirmed in the wave speed values in both
types of tissues. k-MDEV’s spatial resolution enabled the detection of c
variations in both tissues through the menstrual cycle which are mainly
attributable to periodic thickening of the functional layer[8].
Group mean
values by organ are listed in the table given in Fig.3. which includes comparisons
with c-values derived from reports in the literature. Most multifrequency MRE values
in the literature are given as magnitude |G*| and phase angle φ of the complex
shear modulus G*. For conversion to wave speed values, the relation c² = 2|G*|/ρ/(cos
φ +1) was used[9] with ρ as the tissue's density.Values
agree well across methods, as indicated by the overlap of standard deviations.
Fig.4 shows c-maps for a healthy volunteer and patients with mild (F2) and
severe fibrosis (F4). Wave speed values of liver and spleen increase with
fibrosis. Furthermore, heterogeneity of c increases from healthy liver (≈11%
variation), mild fibrosis (≈15% variation) to severe fibrosis (variation of
values ≈20%).
Discussion
and conclusion
k-MDEV processing
builds on multifrequency wave field acquisition[5], multifrequency inversion[4], gradient-based spatial phase unwrapping[10], and directional filtering[7]. The novelty of k-MDEV inversion is found in noise
treatment, both by smoothing complex-valued raw MRI data prior to phase
unwrapping and by computation of the phase gradient which does not suffer from
phase discontinuities as encountered in previous phase-gradient based MRE[1]. In its current implementation, k-MDEV is entirely
2D, which does not require high resolution in the z-direction. For 3D k-MDEV
inversion, directional filtering in the z-direction would be required, and this
would be impoverished by the small number of slices that can be acquired with
current MRE protocols tailored for abdominal imaging. We anticipate extension
of k-MDEV inversion to 3D to be possible in view of the latest developments in
full brain MRE[11], which would deliver richer frequency information
along the z axis. In summary k-MDEV inversion provides a noise-robust method
for high-resolution MRE for multiple applications in abdominal imaging.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
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