Takahiko Kaneda1, Kazuya Oshinomi1, Naoki Ohno2, Toshiaki Miyati2, and Toru Yamamoto3
1Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 2Division of Health sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan, 3Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Synopsis
Evidence that the
magnetic field distortion of an artificial knee joint and an Elgiloy rod in ppm
unit does not change at 0.4-T and 3.0-T MRI was demonstrated. The
susceptibility of Elgiloy and Ti alloy rods was derived from the magnetic
distortion maps and the value of Ti alloy rod especially agreed with the known
susceptibility of its material. The obtained value of the magnetic field
distortion is quantitatively reliable.Purpopse
Metallic implants like artificial knee joint distort magnetic field of
MRI and this distortion causes artifacts
which prevent proper diagnosis. Since most of
implants are paramagnetic, the magnetic field distortion ($$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$) does not
depend on the magnetic field of MR scanner ($$$B_{0}$$$). Although artifacts of implants are dependent on pulse sequence and the
$$$B_{0}$$$, the $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ maps of
metallic implants would enable comprehensive comparison of various implants. In
this study, we confirmed that the $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ of metallic materials
does not change at 0.4 and 3.0 T. We also derived the susceptibility of a metallic rod from the
$$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ map and compared its value with the known susceptibility of
the material.
Materials
and Methods
The $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ maps of metallic
samples were obtained by using gradient echo imaging with 2 different TEs. 3D imaging was employed to get rid of slice
deformation due to magnetic field distortion and the phase at each voxel was
calculated from real and imaginary images. Each sample was placed at the center
of the phantom composed of agar (1wt.%) in a lower half volume and water in an upper
half one. After imaging of the phantom with a sample, the sample was removed
and the empty phantom was also imaged to obtain the intrinsic phase due to the
magnetic distortion of the empty phantom itself.
This intrinsic phase was subtracted from the phase obtained from
the phantom with a sample, and this subtracted phase
$$$\phi$$$ was used to
calculate the $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ using the equation $$$\triangle B = \phi/\left(\gamma TE\right)$$$ where
$$$\gamma$$$ is the gyromagnetic ratio. To compare the
magnetic field distortion at different filed strength of $$$B_{0}$$$, an
artificial knee joint and a metallic rod
(diameter = 3.0 mm, length = 20 mm) made of Elgiloy (Co-Cr-Ni alloy) were imaged at 0.4 and 3.0 T MRI
with a spatial resolution of 2×2×2 mm
3 and
imaging parameters shown in Table 1. The difference of 2 TEs at 0.4 T was set to be 7.5 (3.0/0.4) times larger than that at 3.0 T in order to obtain the almost the same $$$\phi$$$.
The susceptibility
$$$χ$$$ of material of a rod embedded in water whose susceptibility $$$(χ_w)$$$ is -0.9×10
-5 in SI unit can be expressed by the following equation derived from a theoretical
magnetic field of a thin rod aligned to $$$B_{0}$$$. $$χ-χ_w=\frac{∆B(r)×4π×L}{B_0×V×[\frac{1}{(r-L⁄2)^2}-\frac{1}{(r+L⁄2)^2}]} (1)$$ The L and V are a length and a volume of the rod respectively, r is
a distance from the center of the rod; Eq. 1 is applicable for a position on a
line parallel to $$$B_{0}$$$ and crossing the center of the rod. To obtain
the value of
$$$ χ$$$,
$$$\triangle B$$$ of Elgiloy
and Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) rods (diameter = 1.6 mm,
length = 39 mm) were mapped at 3.0 T.
Results
and Discussion
The $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ of an artificial knee (Fig.1)
and an Elgiloy rod did not differ for the magnetic field strength as the theoretical $$$\triangle B$$$ is proportional to
$$$χB_{0}$$$. The deficit area of the $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ map (Fig. 1) is determined by the image with a larger TE due to phase
dispersion in a voxel. This phase dispersion is proportional to $$$TE ×
B_{0}$$$: 8.8
(22 ms×0.4 T) and 15 (5 ms×3.0 T). Therefore, the deficit area in
Fig. 1 is larger for 3.0 T than for 0.4 T. On the other hand, the contours at
3.0 T was smoother than that at 0.4 T (Fig. 1). This is because of the better
SNR at 3.0 T. The SNR of 3D imaging is roughly proportional to NEX, $$$B_{0}$$$ and square root of the number of slices: 8.7 and 29 at 0.4 and 3.0 T,
respectively. Although the lower T1 value at lower magnetic fields has advantage
with regard to the SNR, the SNR at 3.0 T is still larger than at 0.4 T. The
deficit area and the SNR of the magnetic distortion mapping counteract along
with the magnetic field of MRI. The magnetic field distortion of an Elgiloy rod
extended to the wider area than that of a Ti alloy rod (Fig. 2). The susceptibility value of
was calculated as 2.6×10
-3 for Elgiloy and 1.9×10
-4 for Ti alloy. In particular,
the susceptibility of Ti-6Al-4V has
been precisely measured using magnetometers as 1.8 ×10
-4 [2] that almost agrees with the obtained value in this
study. The magnetic field distortion mapping is reliable within 6%.
Conclusions
We demonstrated that the $$$\triangle B/B_{0}$$$ of a metallic sample does not depend on the
magnetic field strength of MRI. The obtained value of the magnetic field
distortion is quantitatively reliable.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
1. Schenck J F:The role of magnetic susceptibility in
magnetic resonance imaging:MRI magnetic compatibility of first and second
kinds. The Medical Physics 1996;23.6:815-850.
2. ASM : Titanium Ti-6Al-4V(Grade5), Annealed-ASM
Material Data. http;//asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=MTP641.2015 (accessed 2015-1109)