Martin Schwartz1,2, Thomas Küstner1,2, Christian Würslin1, Petros Martirosian1, Nina F. Schwenzer3, Fritz Schick1, Bin Yang2, and Holger Schmidt3
1Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany, 2Institute of Signal Processing and System Theory, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 3Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
Synopsis
Respiratory motion-free
images are important in MRI of the human thorax and abdomen. A significant
factor is the reconstruction of these images for the application in clinical
practice. The objective of the presented work is an integration of an approved
motion correction algorithm into the clinical environment to overcome
limitations of offline reconstructed images by the utilization of external
workstations. Therefore, a reconstruction pipeline based on the open-source
framework Gadgetron with new modules for the integration of a motion correction
algorithm is demonstrated.Purpose
One
challenging task in MRI of the human thorax and abdomen is to get respiratory
motion-free images to prevent image degradation. For this reason, many
different algorithms for the detection and correction of motion-induced
artifacts were investigated over the past years
1,2,3. Most of them were
restricted to an offline reconstruction on an external workstation and thus
restricted to research purposes limiting the use in a clinical setup.
Furthermore, this offline reconstruction prevents the utilization of vendor-specific
correction methods, e.g., gradient distortion correction, and forces additional
effort for the operator after image acquisition, e.g., reading and processing
of raw data format. For the utilized algorithm
4,5, we have to
acquire a 4D motion model as fast and accurate as possible, hence the method
relies on a subsampled acquisition which demands later a Compressed Sensing
reconstruction. Due to this, a high performance of the reconstruction system is
required to ensure a fast image reconstruction. Instead of the inflexible
implementation of the reconstruction algorithm in the image calculation
environment (ICE) of the vendor system and a more comfortable handling by
starting the acquisition, viewing the results on the host system and saving
them in standard DICOM format, an external data processing with communication
to the vendor system is desired. To overcome these limitations and to provide a
more flexible implementation, the objective of this work is a smooth
integration of an approved motion correction
4,5 into the clinical
environment with the reconstruction on an external workstation via Gadgetron
6.
Methods
Acquisition: Data of a free-breathing subject is
acquired continuously based on a standard 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence with
random subsampling in phase-encoding direction and a self-navigation approach
4.
Reconstruction: The proposed reconstruction
system is based on the open-source framework Gadgetron
6, which
enables the reconstruction on powerful external workstations. Based on this
setup, new functional blocks, called Gadgets, were implemented into Gadgetron
for the motion correction system, as well as for the transmitting and receiving
of the raw k-space data in the vendor (Siemens, VB20P) reconstruction pipeline.
The motion correction system is depicted in Fig. 1. First, the navigator
signal is extracted from the incoming data stream and the respiratory gates can
be determined by different methods like equidistant gating or k-means. The
subsampled k-space is reordered and populated based on the respiratory gates
4.
The missing k-space data is calculated based on a Compressed Sensing reconstruction.
We implemented a 4D FOCUSS algorithm
4,7 with the optional extension
of the ESPReSSo constraint
8. Instead of reconstructing the image
and bypass the vendor reconstruction pipeline, the k-space data is directly
passed back to the vendor reconstruction system providing the utilization of
the vendor implemented data correction methods (Fig. 3). Therefore, the 4D k-space data
is split into individual raw data acquisitions and the incomplete data header
information is corrected (Fig. 2). For registration of the different motion
states, the vendor corrected image data is sent again to the workstation by a
new implemented image data emitter (Fig. 3), which in addition can be easily utilized
for the integration of other reconstruction procedures. The image registration itself
is implemented in a new module providing the access to the registration toolbox
elastix
9,10. The utilization of this toolbox provides a comfortable
and flexible parametrization with well-known parameter files. The proposed
system, which integrates the Gadgetron-based motion correction reconstruction
pipeline into the vendor reconstruction pipeline (ICE), was implemented on a
3 T Biograph mMR (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) and is depicted
in Fig. 3. The reconstruction setup can be parameterized by the user
interface on the scanner. The implemented Gadgetron-based motion reconstruction
pipeline containing the new modules will be made available under BSD license at:
https://sites.google.com/site/kspaceastronauts/.
Results
An exemplary coronal
acquisition, which was acquired with a total scan time of 191 s, is
depicted in Fig. 3 (right corner). Imaging parameters: matrix
size: 256x256x72, FoV = 500 x 500 mm²,
TE = 1.71 ms, TR = 3.4 ms, BW = 1030 Hz/px,
navigator period = 200 ms. The image was reconstructed by the 4D
FOCUSS algorithm without additional ESPReSSo constraint. The four respiration
states were registered by means of a non-rigid multilevel cubic B-spline
transformation of the elastix toolbox.
Conclusion
The proposed reconstruction system provides
integration of a motion correction reconstruction into clinical setting, which
enables a clinical feasible motion correction workflow resulting in improved
image quality by allowing for the utilization of the vendor-provided correction
methods. The full integration enables analysis of larger studies with better
comparability to other motion correction algorithms.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
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