MJ Negahdar1, Robert Bert2, and Amir Amini1
1Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States, 2Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
Synopsis
To determine
feasibility of 4D spiral flow in measurement and visualization of CSF flow in
the cervical spine, 5 normal volunteers underwent both a 4D spiral flow and a
4D conventional flow. Results indicate that 4D spiral flow achieved highly
accurate flow waveforms with a substantial reduction in total scan time. Introduction
Phase Contrast MRI is
widely used to noninvasively measure blood velocity and flow, in vivo
1.
4D flow MRI can derive all velocity components within a 3D imaged volume in a
single acquisition resulting in shorter total scan times compared to 3D flow
imaging which requires separate 3D scans for each flow direction
2.
The velocity field can then be used to obtain flow pattern, wall shear stress,
vascular compliance, blood pressure, and other hemodynamic information. The
translation of 4D phase Contrast MRI has been delayed to clinical practice by
its relatively long scan time. Spiral k-pace trajectory has been utilized in 4D
flow imaging to reduce scan time
3. In this work, we investigated
application of 4D spiral flow to imaging of low flow rate CSF flow in the
cervical spine of normal volunteers.
Material and Methods
Five normal volunteers were scanned with
an axial field of view which spanned C
2 to C
6 using 4D
flow MRI. Two 4D flow MRI techniques were utilized for data acquisition,
conventional 4D Cartesian and 4D Spiral (using a stack of spiral trajectories
in k-space) [3]. MR imaging was performed on a Philips Achiva 1.5T scanner
(Philips Healthcare, Best, NL) using a 16 element NeroVascular coil. Typical scan
parameters were as follows: FOV =160*160 (varied with patient size) volume
thickness = 8cm, TR = 10 ms, TE = 5.7ms, temporal resolution =79 ms, tip angle
= 6
o, Venc = 15 cm/s for all 3 directions, in plane resolutions = 1.8*1.8
mm, slice thickness = 4mm, number of cardiac phases = 12, and matrix size=88*88.
For 4D spiral flow 36 spiral interleaves has been used to cover the k-space,
all parameters were identical other than TR = 12ms, TE = 4.5 ms, number of
cardiac phases = 20. All 4D flow results
were visualized with GTFlow (GyroTools, Zurich, Swizerland).
Results
Figure 1 shows velocity
profiles in axial slices at C
2 and C
3 levels overlaid on velocity vector plots
of a sagittal resliced image at peak
systolic and diastole times. Using particle tracking, the motion of each voxel
is traceable which is beneficial in patients with CSF flow abnormalities. Figure 2 shows flow waveform averaged in 4
cervical locations (C
2-C
5) using the two 4D flow techniques in one normal volunteer. Results show good
agreement between the two methods however Spiral 4D flow has mild
underestimation in flow measurement in comparison with the conventional method.
On the other hand, Spiral 4D flow achieves better temporal resolution (20
phases vs. 12 phases) in a ~20% reduced scan time (15:36 minutes vs. 19:06
minutes).
Discussion
In this abstract, we
have reported initial results of using 4D Spiral flow in assessment of CSF flow
in normal subjects. Results were compared with 4D Conventional flow and shown
to be similar though with substantial savings in scan time.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
1. N. J. Pelc, et
al., Magn Reson Q, vol. 10, pp. 125-47, Sep 1994.
2. M. Markl, et
al., J Magn Reson Imaging, vol. 36, pp. 1015-36, Nov 2012.
3. MJ Negahdar,
et al., Magn Reson, 2015 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25636.