Celal Oezerdem1, Till Huelnhagen1, Lukas Winter1, and Thoralf Niendorf1,2
1Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany, 2Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
Synopsis
This
pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of abdominal imaging and parametric T2*
mapping of the liver and kidney at 7.0T by employing a 16 channel electrical dipole RF
array. The
large field of view and rather uniform excitation field enabled by the proposed
bow tie antenna array affords comprehensive anatomic coverage and enhanced spatial resolution. Our initial results suggest that high spatial
resolution anatomic and functional UHF-MR can be of benefit for clinical liver and
kidney imaging.
Introduction
Abdominal and body imaging examinations constitute an ever growing
fraction of clinical MRI exams. Since ultrahigh field MR (UHF-MR) becomes more
widespread, a range of applications established in the clinical scenario at 1.5
T and 3.0 T is in the research spotlight at 7.0 T - including abdominal imaging
- with the ultimate goal to put the intrinsic sensitivity advantage at 7.0 T into
clinical use. Arguably, abdominal MRI at 7.0 T earns the moniker of “advanced
MR application” since some of the inherent advantages of UHF-MR are offset by RF
power deposition limits, dielectric effects and transmission field
non-uniformities. These practical
obstacles constrain the applicability of abdominal imaging and parametric
mapping commonly used for liver iron assessment and tissue characterization at
lower field strengths. Transmit-receive (TX/RX) coil array designs are prudent for abdominal UHF-MR
to tackle the challenge of B
1-field inhomogeneities. For all these
reasons, this pilot study examines the feasibility of abdominal and body imaging
at 7.0 T by taking advantage of an array of 16 bow tie shaped dipole antennae
1.
Methods
Volunteer experiments were performed using a 7.0 T whole body MR system
(Magnetom, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The TX/RX array used in this work consists
of 16 independent building blocks each containing a bow tie shaped λ/2-dipole
antenna immersed in deuterium oxide (D
2O) as high dielectric medium
(Fig.1). To constitute the proposed body array eight building blocks were
combined to form the anterior coil section and the remaining building blocks
were used to constitute the posterior coil section. The building blocks of the
inferior ring were shifted 25 mm to the right side of the body for a better
liver coverage. EMF simulations were performed using CST Studio Suite 2015 (CST
AG, Darmstadt, Germany) with human voxel model Duke (BMI: 23.1 kg/m
2) from the
Virtual Family to assess the safety of the coil and for the B
1+
shimming. For transmission field shaping a phase based shimming approach based
on EMF simulations using an efficiency governed merit function was applied with
liver being the target organ
(Fig.2).
High resolution anatomical images were acquired employing a T
1-weighted
gradient echo technique (TR=550ms, TE=3.08ms, spatial resolution=(0.3x0.3x2.5)mm
3,
nominal flip angle=46°,
bandwidth=346Hz/pixel, 3 averages). For T
2* mapping an interleaved
multi shot multi echo gradient echo technique was used
2 (TR=38.8ms, (TE=(2.04-10.20)ms,
ΔTE=1.02ms, spatial resolution=(1.0x1.0)mm
2, slice thickness 2.5mm
and 4mm), nominal flip angle 20°, bandwidth= 625Hz/pixel, 4 averages). All
acquisitions were conducted in end-expiratory breath held conditions. T
2*
maps were calculated offline using a truncated mono-exponential signal model.
Prior to mapping, T
2*-weighted images were de-noised
3.
Results
Fig. 3 (A,B) illustrate the overall image quality and the anatomical
coverage for a coronal slice across the torso and abdomen. The anatomical
coverage of the array was found to be 35cm along the superior-inferior
direction. Sub-millimetre details of subtle vascular structures and of the
parenchyma in the liver can be observed in
Fig. 3C. Besides large vessels capillaries
were clearly identifiable due to the enhanced spatial spatial-resolution of
(0.3x0.3x2.5)mm
3 which is superior to that commonly achieved in
clinical settings at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Please note that the transmission field
was tailored to the liver which leaves transmission field inhomogeneities for
the left kidney.
Fig. 4 shows high resolution abdominal T
2* maps of the
liver and kidney. Mean T
2* in the liver was found to be
approximately 9.0±1.2ms in the parenchyma and 19.2±7.3ms in the larger vessels.
Renal T
2* was approximately 34.1±6.1ms in the renal cortex
and 18.5±7.3ms in the renal medulla representing differences in the amount of
deoxygenated blood per tissue volume for both compartments.
Discussion and Conclusions
This
pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of abdominal imaging and parametric T
2*
mapping of the liver and kidney at 7.0 T by employing a 16 channel dipole RF
array. The large field of view and rather uniform excitation field enabled by
the proposed bow tie antenna array affords comprehensive anatomic coverage and
enhanced spatial resolution. The static offline B
1+
shimming approach used here was dedicated to the liver so that excitation field
inhomogeneities remained for the kidney. This constraint can be conveniently
solved by using subject specific online B
1+ shimming taking
advantage of multi transmit techniques. Our initial results suggest
that high spatial resolution anatomic and functional UHF-MR can be of benefit
for clinical liver and kidney imaging. However, further clinical studies have
to be conducted to validate the diagnostic capability of 7.0 T liver and renal imaging
versus established abdominal and body imaging protocols used in day-to-day
clinical routine at 1.5T or 3.0 T.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
[1] Oezerdem et al. (2015) MRM (epub ahead of print) [2] Hezel et al. (2012) PLoS
One 7(12):e52324,
[3]
Manjon et al. (2010) J Magn Reson Imaging 31(1):192.