Abdominal and Body Imaging Using a 16 Channel Dipole RF Array at 7.0 T
Celal Oezerdem1, Till Huelnhagen1, Lukas Winter1, and Thoralf Niendorf1,2

1Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany, 2Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany

Synopsis

This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of abdominal imaging and parametric T2* mapping of the liver and kidney at 7.0T by employing a 16 channel electrical dipole RF array. The large field of view and rather uniform excitation field enabled by the proposed bow tie antenna array affords comprehensive anatomic coverage and enhanced spatial resolution. Our initial results suggest that high spatial resolution anatomic and functional UHF-MR can be of benefit for clinical liver and kidney imaging.

Introduction

Abdominal and body imaging examinations constitute an ever growing fraction of clinical MRI exams. Since ultrahigh field MR (UHF-MR) becomes more widespread, a range of applications established in the clinical scenario at 1.5 T and 3.0 T is in the research spotlight at 7.0 T - including abdominal imaging - with the ultimate goal to put the intrinsic sensitivity advantage at 7.0 T into clinical use. Arguably, abdominal MRI at 7.0 T earns the moniker of “advanced MR application” since some of the inherent advantages of UHF-MR are offset by RF power deposition limits, dielectric effects and transmission field non-uniformities. These practical obstacles constrain the applicability of abdominal imaging and parametric mapping commonly used for liver iron assessment and tissue characterization at lower field strengths. Transmit-receive (TX/RX) coil array designs are prudent for abdominal UHF-MR to tackle the challenge of B1-field inhomogeneities. For all these reasons, this pilot study examines the feasibility of abdominal and body imaging at 7.0 T by taking advantage of an array of 16 bow tie shaped dipole antennae1.

Methods

Volunteer experiments were performed using a 7.0 T whole body MR system (Magnetom, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). The TX/RX array used in this work consists of 16 independent building blocks each containing a bow tie shaped λ/2-dipole antenna immersed in deuterium oxide (D2O) as high dielectric medium (Fig.1). To constitute the proposed body array eight building blocks were combined to form the anterior coil section and the remaining building blocks were used to constitute the posterior coil section. The building blocks of the inferior ring were shifted 25 mm to the right side of the body for a better liver coverage. EMF simulations were performed using CST Studio Suite 2015 (CST AG, Darmstadt, Germany) with human voxel model Duke (BMI: 23.1 kg/m2) from the Virtual Family to assess the safety of the coil and for the B1+ shimming. For transmission field shaping a phase based shimming approach based on EMF simulations using an efficiency governed merit function was applied with liver being the target organ (Fig.2). High resolution anatomical images were acquired employing a T1-weighted gradient echo technique (TR=550ms, TE=3.08ms, spatial resolution=(0.3x0.3x2.5)mm3, nominal flip angle=46°, bandwidth=346Hz/pixel, 3 averages). For T2* mapping an interleaved multi shot multi echo gradient echo technique was used2 (TR=38.8ms, (TE=(2.04-10.20)ms, ΔTE=1.02ms, spatial resolution=(1.0x1.0)mm2, slice thickness 2.5mm and 4mm), nominal flip angle 20°, bandwidth= 625Hz/pixel, 4 averages). All acquisitions were conducted in end-expiratory breath held conditions. T2* maps were calculated offline using a truncated mono-exponential signal model. Prior to mapping, T2*-weighted images were de-noised3.

Results

Fig. 3 (A,B) illustrate the overall image quality and the anatomical coverage for a coronal slice across the torso and abdomen. The anatomical coverage of the array was found to be 35cm along the superior-inferior direction. Sub-millimetre details of subtle vascular structures and of the parenchyma in the liver can be observed in Fig. 3C. Besides large vessels capillaries were clearly identifiable due to the enhanced spatial spatial-resolution of (0.3x0.3x2.5)mm3 which is superior to that commonly achieved in clinical settings at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Please note that the transmission field was tailored to the liver which leaves transmission field inhomogeneities for the left kidney. Fig. 4 shows high resolution abdominal T2* maps of the liver and kidney. Mean T2* in the liver was found to be approximately 9.0±1.2ms in the parenchyma and 19.2±7.3ms in the larger vessels. Renal T2* was approximately 34.1±6.1ms in the renal cortex and 18.5±7.3ms in the renal medulla representing differences in the amount of deoxygenated blood per tissue volume for both compartments.

Discussion and Conclusions

This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of abdominal imaging and parametric T2* mapping of the liver and kidney at 7.0 T by employing a 16 channel dipole RF array. The large field of view and rather uniform excitation field enabled by the proposed bow tie antenna array affords comprehensive anatomic coverage and enhanced spatial resolution. The static offline B1+ shimming approach used here was dedicated to the liver so that excitation field inhomogeneities remained for the kidney. This constraint can be conveniently solved by using subject specific online B1+ shimming taking advantage of multi transmit techniques. Our initial results suggest that high spatial resolution anatomic and functional UHF-MR can be of benefit for clinical liver and kidney imaging. However, further clinical studies have to be conducted to validate the diagnostic capability of 7.0 T liver and renal imaging versus established abdominal and body imaging protocols used in day-to-day clinical routine at 1.5T or 3.0 T.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

[1] Oezerdem et al. (2015) MRM (epub ahead of print) [2] Hezel et al. (2012) PLoS One 7(12):e52324, [3] Manjon et al. (2010) J Magn Reson Imaging 31(1):192.

Figures

Figure 1: Assembly of the 16 channel dipole RF array consisting of 16 building blocks placed on a mannequin: The calculated phase setting for B1+ shimming was incorporated using phase shifting coaxial cables.

Figure 2: EMF simulation using the human voxel model Duke: Simulated B1+ field distribution in an axial slice through liver.The applied phase setting was optimized for the liver using an efficieny governed merit function.


Figure 3: High spatial resolution coronal slice through liver, kidneys, spleen and spine showing the extended FOV of the RF array. (A): T2* weighted anatomical image (1.0x1.0x4.0)mm3. (B): T1-weighted anatomical image (0.3x0.3x2.5)mm3. (C): Zoomed view of the region marked in red. Submillimeter vessel structures are recognizable in liver and kidney.

Figure 3: High resolution abdominal T2*-maps revealing subtle anatomical structures: (A) Coronal slice showing liver and kidneys ((1.0x1.0x4.0)mm3). (B) Axial slice through the liver ((1.0x1.0x2.5)mm3). Besides two minor signal drops on the left kidney and in the vicinity of the spine, homogeneous T2*-maps were obtained using the proposed RF array.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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