MR Probe Design with On-Coil Digital Receiver
David Otto Brunner1, Benjamin Sporrer2, Christian Vogt3, Jonas Reber1, Josip Marjanovic1, Luca Bettini2, Lianbo Wu2, Thomas Burger2, Gerhard Troester3, Qiuting Huang2, and Klaas P Pruessmann1

1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3Electronics Laboratory and Wearable Computing Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Synopsis

RF receivers placed directly on coil in conjunction with fibre-optical data transmission can provide various advantages for the design of array coils in terms of avoidance of dangerous sheath currents, common-mode noise and unwanted coil to coil interactions, as well as reduction of cable weight and routing problems. This helps to further increase channel counts but also usability or even wear-ability of RF receive arrays. Here we present first results from coil designs employing fully integrated (in 130 nm CMOS technology) digital receivers with a form factor and power requirements to be placed directly on the coil footpoint.

Introduction

Digitization of NMR RF signals directly at the feedpoint of the coil in conjunction with optical or wireless data transmission resolves many technical, usability, safety and cost problems in high channel count arrays involved with cable routing to an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) located either in the technical room, at the magnet or even in the bore [1, 2]. Cable weight and space requirements are obviously reduced as well as signal losses, coupling and interference along the signal lines. Furthermore omitting common-mode currents during both transmission and reception by broadcasting the digitized data fiber-optically directly from the coil conductor is pivoting for coil design. These currents (see Fig. 1.a) not only represent one of the major safety risks during RF transmission but also an unwanted source of noise and signal coupling. Thus cable routing and trapping are found to be one of the most difficult and substantial problems faced in practical implementations of RF coil arrays having to meet SNR, space, weight and usability requirements. The electromagnetic effects of the cabling can mostly not be incorporated comprehensively in existing full-wave simulations, particularly not for all potential scenarios during usage. Finding a viable solution therefore mostly resides to experience and extensive testing. Alternatively analogue optical transmission has been proposed [3] but modulators or lasers achieving the required noise figures and dynamic range are often confounded by their use of magnetic parts or employ potentially harmful amounts of optical power. Here we implement an entire receiver that is placed directly on the coil element and sends the digital data via low power optical links (Fig. 1.b). The ADC and its acquisition chain were integrated in two Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) to meet the space and power constraints in conjunction with the set requirements carrier frequency, bandwidth, noise figure and dynamic range for operation at 1.5 to 7T.

Methods

The RF signal from the coil is routed fully differentially [4] and digitized by two custom ICs, one for preamplification and one for digitization and digital filtering for frequencies of 1.5 T to 7 T systems. The ASICs are implemented in a 130 nm standard CMOS process. The preamplifier is a novel differential design offering a low-impedance input for array decoupling [5] and a high degree of common-mode-rejection. The receiver IC comprises mixer, local oscillator (LO), filtering, gain scaling, a sigma-delta ADC and decimation. The data is then serialized off-chip and transmitted over a fiber-optic link employing a custom, non-magnetic, micro-manufactured electro-optical VCSEL laser transmitter and photodiode receiver for receiving control signals. The preamplifier, the receiver, electro-optical input/output and the biasing system were mounted on a rigid-flex foldable PCB (Fig. 2) forming a general purpose acquisition module. Coil specific circuitry for tuning, matching and detuning were implemented on separate low-loss substrates.

Results

The prototype (Fig. 2) confirmed the targeted specifications [6] of a minimum noise figure below 1.2 dB and an instantaneous dynamic range exceeding 130 dB/√Hz using only 284 mA over 3.3 V of supply current. First imaging results were obtained at 3T using a standard, gradient-echo sequence connecting the receiver to the RX port of the volume head coil for in-vivo imaging and a custom surface coil (similar to Fig. 4) for imaging a grapefruit and a pineapple (Fig. 3).

Discussion

A coil array receiver system comprising custom integrated circuits for RF signal detection directly on-coil has been implemented, including custom design of the key integrated circuits. The resulting small form factor, low power consumption and sheath current suppression enable lighter, safer and cheaper receiver arrays with higher channel counts. Consequently arrays with higher performance offering better usability or even wearability can be constructed from this platform. Furthermore, the realized fully differential analogue signal pathways offer a high degree of common-mode rejection and mostly load independent balancing which drastically simplifies coil design. Compared to HBT/HEMT processes typically employed for high-fidelity mixed-signal applications, the standard CMOS process of 130 nm offers a low volume threshold and comparably low lot production cost which is required to meet the quantities for MRI applications. Nevertheless sufficient analogue signal performance is obtained for digitizing the RF signals of receiver arrays directly on each coil element.

Acknowledgements

NanoTera Initiative, Wearable MRI Project

References

[1] Reber et al. ISMRM 2014, [2] Tang W, MRM 2015, [3] G.P. Koste et al, ISMRM 2005, [4] Hoult DI, emagRes 2011 [5] Roemer P et al, MRM 1990 [6] B. Sporrer, et al., “Integrated CMOS Receiver for Wearable Coil Arrays in MRI,” Proc. IEEE Design, Automation & Test Europe Conf. & Exhibition, pp. 1689–1694, Mar. 2015.

Figures

Figure 1: Schematic overview of a traditional receiver system (a). The balancing of the matching circuit must avoid common-mode noise entering signal-ended signal lines. High-voltage RF traps must be introduced to suppress dangerous sheath currents (red arrows). The new topology (b) employs an integrated receiver and optical data transmission directly on the coil element. In conjunction with its fully differential signal pathways common-mode issues are inherently solved.

Figure 2: Packaged receiver IC comprising gain scaling, filtering, analogue-to-digital conversion and digital decimation. The fully differential LNA was manufactured in a separate package using the same 130 nm CMOS process. The receiver was assembled on a rigid-flex board with fiber lasers and diodes for high-speed communication. The coil conductors are attached by a fully differential tuning, matching and active detuning circuit board made on low-loss substrate (not shown).

Figure 3: Imaging results using the on-coil receiver module. a) Gradient echo image of a human head using a commercial T/R volume head coil attached to the receiver. b) Standard gradient echo image of a grapefruit (0.7 mm in-plane, 1.2 mm slice) obtained with a custom, receive only surface coil (7x8 cm2) with the novel receiver on-coil placed on top of the object. c) same setup and parameters imaging a pine apple. No coil sensitivity correction has been applied to b) and c).

Figure 4: Example implementation of the receiver on a test coil. The coil conductor is connected via a coil specific board hosting the tuning, matching and detuning RF electronics. The tune and match board is connected to the receiver board via solder pads. The fiber-optics part of the receiver is folded on top of the receiver board by the flex section reducing space requirements.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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