David Otto Brunner1, Benjamin Sporrer2, Christian Vogt3, Jonas Reber1, Josip Marjanovic1, Luca Bettini2, Lianbo Wu2, Thomas Burger2, Gerhard Troester3, Qiuting Huang2, and Klaas P Pruessmann1
1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3Electronics Laboratory and Wearable Computing Group, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Synopsis
RF receivers placed directly on coil in
conjunction with fibre-optical data transmission can provide various advantages
for the design of array coils in terms of avoidance of dangerous sheath
currents, common-mode noise and unwanted coil to coil interactions, as well as
reduction of cable weight and routing problems. This helps to further increase
channel counts but also usability or even wear-ability of RF receive arrays.
Here we present first results from coil designs employing fully integrated (in
130 nm CMOS technology) digital receivers with a form factor and power
requirements to be placed directly on the coil footpoint.Introduction
Digitization
of NMR RF signals directly at the feedpoint of the coil in conjunction with
optical or wireless data transmission resolves many technical, usability,
safety and cost problems in high channel count arrays involved with cable routing
to an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) located either in the technical room,
at the magnet or even in the bore [1, 2]. Cable weight and space requirements
are obviously reduced as well as signal losses, coupling and interference along
the signal lines. Furthermore omitting common-mode currents during both
transmission and reception by broadcasting the digitized data fiber-optically directly
from the coil conductor is pivoting for coil design. These currents (see
Fig. 1.a) not only represent one of the major safety risks during RF
transmission but also an unwanted source of noise and signal coupling. Thus
cable routing and trapping are found to be one of the most difficult and substantial
problems faced in practical implementations of RF coil arrays having to meet SNR,
space, weight and usability requirements. The electromagnetic effects of the
cabling can mostly not be incorporated comprehensively in existing full-wave simulations,
particularly not for all potential scenarios during usage. Finding a viable solution
therefore mostly resides to experience and extensive testing.
Alternatively analogue optical transmission has been proposed [3] but
modulators or lasers achieving the required noise figures and dynamic range are
often confounded by their use of magnetic parts or employ potentially harmful amounts
of optical power.
Here
we implement an entire receiver that is placed directly on the coil element and
sends the digital data via low power optical links (Fig. 1.b). The ADC and
its acquisition chain were integrated in two Application Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASIC) to meet the space and power constraints in conjunction with the
set requirements carrier frequency, bandwidth, noise figure and dynamic range
for operation at 1.5 to 7T.
Methods
The
RF signal from the coil is routed fully differentially [4] and digitized by two
custom ICs, one for preamplification and one for digitization and digital
filtering for frequencies of 1.5 T to 7 T systems. The ASICs are implemented
in a 130 nm standard CMOS process. The preamplifier is a novel
differential design offering a low-impedance input for array decoupling [5] and
a high degree of common-mode-rejection. The receiver IC comprises mixer, local
oscillator (LO), filtering, gain scaling, a sigma-delta ADC and decimation. The
data is then serialized off-chip and transmitted over a fiber-optic link employing
a custom, non-magnetic, micro-manufactured electro-optical VCSEL laser
transmitter and photodiode receiver for receiving control signals. The
preamplifier, the receiver, electro-optical input/output and the biasing system
were mounted on a rigid-flex foldable PCB (Fig. 2) forming a general
purpose acquisition module. Coil specific circuitry for tuning, matching and detuning
were implemented on separate low-loss substrates.
Results
The prototype (Fig. 2) confirmed the
targeted specifications [6] of a minimum noise figure below 1.2 dB and an
instantaneous dynamic range exceeding 130 dB/√Hz using only 284 mA over
3.3 V of supply current. First imaging results were obtained at 3T using a
standard, gradient-echo sequence connecting the receiver to the RX port of the volume
head coil for in-vivo imaging and a custom surface coil (similar to Fig. 4)
for imaging a grapefruit and a pineapple (Fig. 3).
Discussion
A
coil array receiver system comprising custom integrated circuits for RF signal
detection directly on-coil has been implemented, including custom design of the
key integrated circuits. The resulting small form factor, low power consumption
and sheath current suppression enable lighter, safer and cheaper receiver
arrays with higher channel counts. Consequently arrays with higher performance
offering better usability or even wearability can be constructed from this
platform. Furthermore, the realized fully differential analogue signal pathways
offer a high degree of common-mode rejection and mostly load independent
balancing which drastically simplifies coil design. Compared to HBT/HEMT
processes typically employed for high-fidelity mixed-signal applications, the standard
CMOS process of 130 nm offers a low volume threshold and comparably low lot
production cost which is required to meet the quantities for MRI applications. Nevertheless
sufficient analogue signal performance is obtained for digitizing the RF
signals of receiver arrays directly on each coil element.
Acknowledgements
NanoTera Initiative, Wearable MRI ProjectReferences
[1]
Reber et al. ISMRM 2014, [2] Tang W, MRM 2015, [3] G.P. Koste et al, ISMRM 2005,
[4] Hoult DI, emagRes 2011 [5] Roemer P et al, MRM 1990 [6] B. Sporrer, et al.,
“Integrated CMOS Receiver for Wearable Coil Arrays in MRI,” Proc. IEEE Design,
Automation & Test Europe
Conf.
& Exhibition, pp. 1689–1694, Mar. 2015.