Fabian Kording1, Christian Ruprecht1, Bjoern Schoennagel1, Mathias Kladeck Kladeck1, Jin Yamamura1, Gerhard Adam1, Juliane Goebel2,3, Kai Nassenstein2, Stefan Maderwald3, Harald Quick3,4, and Oliver Kraff3
1Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 2Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, 3Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, 4High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, Essen, Germany
Synopsis
Cardiac
synchronization for magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high-field MRI remains
a challenge as disturbances in the inherent electrical measurement of the ECG
increase with field strength. An ultrasound transducer and transmission line
was developed and the feasibility of Doppler Ultrasound as an alternative
method for cardiac synchronization was evaluated in terms of safety concerns, signal
and image quality. The transmission line and transducer did not disturb the
transmit RF field or image homogeneity and were approved for RF safety. Doppler
Ultrasound was successfully applied for cardiac synchronization without signal
disturbances and represents a promising alternative for ultra-high field CMR.Introduction
A prerequisite
for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is adequate synchronization of image acquisition with the
cardiac cycle, usually achieved using the spatio-temporal information of an
electrocardiogram (ECG). However, ECG
is an inherently electrical measurement and distortions increase with higher magnetic
field strengths, mainly caused by the magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) effect that
occurs when a conductive fluid such as blood travels through a magnetic field1.
Hence, ECG triggered CMR is limited by R-wave misregistration. Doppler ultrasound
(DUS), on the other hand, is a promising alternative as it measures the
physiological motion of the heart rather than electrical activation2.
Therefore, it is not objected to MHD effects and does not interact with the image
acquisition. However, the aluminum coating of the transducer and connecting
cable, placed directly underneath a transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) RF coil, may
introduce safety concerns at 7T. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the
feasibility of DUS for CMR image synchronization at 7T.
Materials and
Methods
A custom
build cardiotocograph was used to derive DUS signals (Fig. 1). Since
common-mode currents affect image homogeneity and may cause serious patient
burns3, six cable traps tuned to 297 MHz were placed within the
first 60 cm (each cable trap placed every 10 cm) of the transmission line connecting
the ultrasound transducer. To evaluate potential distortions of the transmit RF
field, large field-of-view coronal gradient echo images4 and DREAM flip
angle (FA) maps5 were acquired in a large elliptic body phantom containing
tissue-simulating liquid. In addition, potential effects on the H- and
especially SAR-relevant E-field distribution by the transducer or transmission
line were measured with field probes (H3DV7 and ES3DV2, SPEAG, Zurich,
Switzerland) outside the MR system using a computer-controlled positioning
device and the same 8-channel RF Tx/Rx body coil as used for MR imaging (Fig. 2).
Line plots (3 mm step size, 71 data points) were acquired close to the phantom
surface (1 cm distance), with and without transducer and transmission line
present. Cardiac MRI was performed at a 7T whole-body research system (Magnetom
7T, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Germany) in 3 healthy subjects after signing
informed consent. The ultrasound transducer made out of one single ceramic
(radius = 5 mm) was placed in an apical location under the RF coil to record
transmitral flow. The E-wave in early diastole was selected as a trigger time
point. For validation of the trigger signal, ECG, pulse, and DUS signals were
recorded simultaneously outside of the MR room and compared in terms of RR
interval length and time delay. Breath hold 2D cine FLASH sequences (matrix: 240x240,
voxel size: 1.5×1.5×3.0 mm3, single slice, 25 phases, TR/TE
40.9/4.76 ms) were acquired in short axis and four chamber view. To assess the
image quality, endocardial blurring (EB) was measured in the left ventricle as
a mean over all cardiac phases.
Results
No signs of common-mode currents were visible along
the transducer and transmission line
in the gradient echo images (Fig. 2 A,B). Moreover, the B1 maps remained
unaffected by the transducer and transmission line (Fig. 2 C, D). The measured
E-and H-field distribution at the test bench yielded high agreement with maximal
differences in the E-field of 0.75 V/m and 6 mA/m for the H-field,
corresponding to a maximal change of 5 % with and without transducer and transmission line (Fig.2 F).
As a consequence, no interferences were observed between DUS and MRI during CMR
imaging. The validation of the DUS trigger signal resulted in a high correlation
to the ECG signal of r = 0.99 with a p-value of 0.9 and a mean difference in
RR-interval length between ECG and DUS of 0.1±1 ms (Fig.3). The DUS signal
showed a mean time delay compared to the R-wave of 516±20 ms and a similar variation
of 51 ms. The DUS signal was not disturbed by RF pulses or gradients during
image acquisition. Exemplary in vivo images are shown in Fig. 4 with a
corresponding plot over all cardiac phases with marked EB (yellow). Analysis of
endocardial blurring between ventricular blood and myocardium resulted in
3.4±0.8 pixel.
Discussion and Conclusion
Doppler Ultrasound was
applied as a new trigger method in cardiac MRI at 7T. The DUS transmission line
and transducer were approved for RF safety and successfully tested for CMR image synchronization at 7T. As the DUS signal remained unaffected by the MHD
effect and electromagnetic interferences, it represents a promising alternative
for ultra-high field CMR. In future, this method needs to be evaluated in more
detail in a larger patient population.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
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