Ouri Cohen1,2, Mathieu Sarracanie1,3, Matthew S. Rosen1,3, and Jerome L. Ackerman1,2
1Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Charlestown, MA, United States, 2Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, 3Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
Synopsis
In this work we demonstrate an in vivo human brain application of a previously described schedule optimization method for rapid MR Fingerprinting. The method is validated in a phantom by comparison to a spin-echo sequence. The optimized schedule allowed acquisition of a single slice in 2.4 seconds without the use of any k-space undersampling. Introduction
Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) uses a random set of flip angles
(FA) and repetition times (TR) to simultaneously sensitize a scan to multiple
tissue properties [1]. In previous work we described an optimization method
that allows significant reduction (2 orders of magnitude) in the required
number of acquisitions [2]. In this work we demonstrate an application of our
method using a Cartesian, fully sampled, gradient-echo planar imaging sequence
to acquire multiple tissue maps from a single slice on a clinical 1.5 T scanner in 2.4 seconds. To our knowledge, this represents the fastest scan time yet achieved by an MRF acquisition. We validate the proposed method in a phantom and
demonstrate the utility of the method in a healthy human volunteer.
Methods
A FA/TR schedule of length N=16 was generated using the optimization
method previously described [2]. The EPI sequence was modified, as shown in
Figure 1, with the excitation α
i and delays TR
(i)
set according to the optimized schedule. All experiments were conducted on a
1.5T Siemens Avanto scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using a
32-channel head coil. A phantom composed of vials with varying concentrations
of doped water was used to mimic the different tissue parameters in the human
brain. The phantom was scanned with the following acquisition parameters:
FOV=240×240 mm
2, Slice thickness=5 mm, matrix size=128×128 and receiver
bandwidth=1536 Hz/pixel. Total scan time was 2.4 seconds for the N=16 schedule
used. The T
1/T
2 maps obtained were validated by
comparison with a spin-echo sequence with varying TE (=6,12,24,36,72,144 and
200ms) and TR (=50, 100,200,400,600,800,1000,1200,1600,2000,2400 and 3200ms)
times where the T
1/T
2 maps were extracted by a 3-point fitting
of the acquired data to the signal equation. To measure the agreement between
the two sequences, the coefficient of determination (R
2) was calculated.
For the in vivo experiments a healthy 31 year old male subject was recruited
and provided informed IRB-approved consent. The subject was scanned using the
same acquisition parameters as the phantom. The tissue maps were reconstructed
by matching to a pre-computed dictionary as with standard MRF [1].
Results
The proton density, T
1,T
2
and B
0 maps for the phantom are shown in Figure 2a-d. The T
1/T
2
values obtained with the proposed sequence versus the spin echo sequence are
shown in Figure 3. The computed R
2 for the T
1/T
2
maps was 0.96/0.90, indicating strong correlation between the two acquisition
methods. Tissue maps for the healthy volunteer are shown in Figure 3.
Discussion
Contrary to other MRF sequences that heavily undersample (up to 1/48th) k-space, in this sequence a full Cartesian k-space sampling was used. This feature of the proposed sequence is highly beneficial in that:
i) reconstruction is simplified (simple Fourier transform rather than regridding),
ii) undersampling artifacts are avoided and
iii) further acceleration by undersampling is readily achievable using parallel imaging and and/or simultaneous multi-slice methods [3]. A limitation of the proposed sequence, however, is its sensitivity to field inhomogeneities that is common to EPI which requires care when porting this sequence to higher fields. Nevertheless, since EPI based sequences have been successfully used at high fields (7T) [4] this sequence is likely to work as well.
Conclusion
We have demonstrated and validated an in vivo application of our optimized MRF sequence on a clinical scanner. The scan time achieved by this method is, to our knowledge, the fastest yet obtained for an MRF sequence. Potential applications of this method include clinical imaging of pediatric patients and imaging of dynamic processes such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
[1] Ma et al, Nature, 2013; 495:187-192, [2] Cohen et al, ISMRM 2014:
#0027, [3] Setsompop et al, Neuroimage 2012; 63: 569-580, [4] Renvall et al, ISMRM 2014 #4282