Thomas O'Reilly1, Thomas Ruytenberg1, Bart Steensma2, Alexander Raaijmakers2, and Andrew Webb1
1Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, 2Utrecht Medical Centre, Utrecth, Netherlands
Synopsis
A
transmit/receive dielectric resonator antenna array has been designed for
operation at 7 Tesla. By using very thin high permittivity material the
inter-element coupling is very low, allowing small resonators to be placed very
close to one another. An eight-element array has been simulated and constructed,
and in vivo images of the extremities acquired.Introduction
Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are
simple to construct elements which can be used in the design of MRI transmit
arrays. Previous implementations of DRAs in MRI have utilized the TE
01
mode of large and relatively heavy cylindrical dielectric resonators with a
relative permittivity of ~170
1.
By using materials with much higher permittivity, not only can the DRA be made
much thinner and lighter, but also more of the magnetic field can be coupled
into the body. Since the electric field is mostly contained within the
resonator and the magnetic field of the TE
01 mode emanates normal to
the major surface of the resonator there is consequently very little coupling between
adjacently placed DRAs. In this work we design transmit arrays for body and
extremity imaging at 7 Tesla.
Methods
The DRAs were constructed from 5 mm thick Lead
Zirconate Titanate (PZT) (TRS Technologies, State College, PA, USA) with a
relative permittivity of ~1070. Simulations (CST Microwave Studio, Darmstadt,
Germany) were used to determine the exact size of each rectangular element such
that the frequency of the TE01 mode was at 298.1 MHz when loaded
with a tissue-equivalent phantom. The length and width of the DRAs were determined
to be 90 mm and 44 mm respectively (Figure 2). Each DRA
weighed 185 grams. B
1+ and SAR values were also determined
in these simulations.
The RF signal is coupled into the DRA using
a small (inner diameter 11 mm, outer diameter 15 mm), critically-coupled resonant
loop with a balanced matching network positioned 15 mm above the face of the
DRA (Figure 2). Tuning and impedance matching was performed for each element placed
on a saline phantom (70 mmol NaCl).
An eight-element circular transmit/receive array
was constructed with the DRAs spaced 5 mm apart. Images were obtained using a
Phillips 7T MRI system (Philips Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Best, the
Netherlands) with eight 2 kW amplifiers. The driving signals for each element to
produce a homogeneous transmit field were determined using a phase optimization
program.
Results
The S
11 measurement for each of
the eight individual elements, loaded with the saline phantom, was lower than
-20 dB at 298.1 MHz. Coupling between adjacent antennas spaced 5 mm apart was less
than -17 dB, and less than -19 dB when placed on the thigh.
Turbo spin echo images were obtained from
the right knee of a healthy volunteer (Figure 3). A B
1 magnitude of
24 μT was achieved at the center of the knee using
a transmit power for each element of 435 W. The dark spot visible in the femur
is a SENSE reconstruction artifact that stems from destructive interference in
the reference scan.
Simulation results shown in Figure 4 give a
B
1+/√SARmax
of 10 μT(W/kg)
-0.5 at a distance of 7.5 mm below the center of
the resonator and 1 μT(W/kg)
-0.5 at 23.5 mm.
Conclusion
DRAs are a simple-to-construct design for
use in modular transmit arrays for imaging in ultra high-field MRI. The very
low coupling seen between closely spaced DRAs allows them to be implemented in
any array configuration without the need for additional decoupling.
Acknowledgements
This
work was funded by the NWO-STW, grant number 13783References
1. Aussenhofer,
S.N. and Webb, A.G. An eight-channel transmit/receive array of TE01
mode high permittivity ceramic resonators for human imaging at 7 T. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 243
(2014): 122-129.