Modular 7 Tesla transmit/receive arrays designed using thin very high permittivity dielectric resonator antennas
Thomas O'Reilly1, Thomas Ruytenberg1, Bart Steensma2, Alexander Raaijmakers2, and Andrew Webb1

1Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, 2Utrecht Medical Centre, Utrecth, Netherlands

Synopsis

A transmit/receive dielectric resonator antenna array has been designed for operation at 7 Tesla. By using very thin high permittivity material the inter-element coupling is very low, allowing small resonators to be placed very close to one another. An eight-element array has been simulated and constructed, and in vivo images of the extremities acquired.

Introduction

Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are simple to construct elements which can be used in the design of MRI transmit arrays. Previous implementations of DRAs in MRI have utilized the TE01 mode of large and relatively heavy cylindrical dielectric resonators with a relative permittivity of ~1701. By using materials with much higher permittivity, not only can the DRA be made much thinner and lighter, but also more of the magnetic field can be coupled into the body. Since the electric field is mostly contained within the resonator and the magnetic field of the TE01 mode emanates normal to the major surface of the resonator there is consequently very little coupling between adjacently placed DRAs. In this work we design transmit arrays for body and extremity imaging at 7 Tesla.

Methods

The DRAs were constructed from 5 mm thick Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) (TRS Technologies, State College, PA, USA) with a relative permittivity of ~1070. Simulations (CST Microwave Studio, Darmstadt, Germany) were used to determine the exact size of each rectangular element such that the frequency of the TE01 mode was at 298.1 MHz when loaded with a tissue-equivalent phantom. The length and width of the DRAs were determined to be 90 mm and 44 mm respectively (Figure 2). Each DRA weighed 185 grams. B1+ and SAR values were also determined in these simulations. The RF signal is coupled into the DRA using a small (inner diameter 11 mm, outer diameter 15 mm), critically-coupled resonant loop with a balanced matching network positioned 15 mm above the face of the DRA (Figure 2). Tuning and impedance matching was performed for each element placed on a saline phantom (70 mmol NaCl). An eight-element circular transmit/receive array was constructed with the DRAs spaced 5 mm apart. Images were obtained using a Phillips 7T MRI system (Philips Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands) with eight 2 kW amplifiers. The driving signals for each element to produce a homogeneous transmit field were determined using a phase optimization program.

Results

The S11 measurement for each of the eight individual elements, loaded with the saline phantom, was lower than -20 dB at 298.1 MHz. Coupling between adjacent antennas spaced 5 mm apart was less than -17 dB, and less than -19 dB when placed on the thigh. Turbo spin echo images were obtained from the right knee of a healthy volunteer (Figure 3). A B1 magnitude of 24 μT was achieved at the center of the knee using a transmit power for each element of 435 W. The dark spot visible in the femur is a SENSE reconstruction artifact that stems from destructive interference in the reference scan. Simulation results shown in Figure 4 give a B1+/√SARmax of 10 μT(W/kg)-0.5 at a distance of 7.5 mm below the center of the resonator and 1 μT(W/kg)-0.5 at 23.5 mm.

Conclusion

DRAs are a simple-to-construct design for use in modular transmit arrays for imaging in ultra high-field MRI. The very low coupling seen between closely spaced DRAs allows them to be implemented in any array configuration without the need for additional decoupling.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the NWO-STW, grant number 13783

References

1. Aussenhofer, S.N. and Webb, A.G. An eight-channel transmit/receive array of TE01 mode high permittivity ceramic resonators for human imaging at 7 T. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 243 (2014): 122-129.

Figures

Figure 1. Magnetic field distribution of the TE01 mode of a thin rectangular high permittivity dielectric resonator.

Figure 2. Left top) A single DRA with excitation loop at the top. Left bottom) 5 mm thick PZT block. Right) Assembled linear four element DRA array.

Figure 3. TSE image (TE 25.6 ms, TR 2000 ms, echo train length 4, FOV = 13 x 13 cm, in-plane resolution 0.3 x 0.3 mm, 3 mm slice thickness) of the right knee of a healthy volunteer.

Figure 4. Simulation of the B1+ / (SARmax)½ distribution in a uniform phantom (εr = 34, σ = 0.4 S/m) along the center of a single DRA with 1 watt accepted input power, SAR values are averaged over 10 grams.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
0393