Efficient quiet multiband accelerated HARDI fetal Diffusion
Jana Maria Hutter1, J-Donald Tournier1, Anthony N Price1, Lucilio Cordero Grande1, Emer Judith Hughes1, Kelly Pegoretti1, Laura McCabe1, Mary Rutherford1, and Joseph V Hajnal1

1Centre for the developing brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Synopsis

Fetal diffusion MRI analysis is often limited by the ability of the conventional ssEPI to allow an efficient, high-resolution acquisition, able to produce multi-shell high angular resolution dMRI data as required by advanced analysis tools. This abstract presents a novel, multiband accelerated, sinusoidal, quiet and efficient ssEPI acquisition. The first results on 3 fetuses with 54 directions show promising data quality and significantly decreased scan time.

Introduction:

Fetal diffusion weighted MRI (dMRI) is inherently prone to motion artifacts due to maternal respiratory motion and fetal movements. Single-shot EPI (ssEPI) with slice encoding times of << 1 s and its resulting capacity to freeze intra-slice motion is often the method of choice. Its efficiency and achievable resolution depends critically on the achieved echo spacing, limited by gradient properties such as gradient rise time and amplitude. Specifically for fetal MRI, safety considerations such as limited PNS and acoustic noise place restrictions on gradient rise times and thus render the acquisition inherently inefficient. Therefore, most published fetal diffusion studies [J,O,R] are limited to a low number of diffusion directions, long acquisition times or multiple repetitions to allow for motion correction. This abstract develops a novel highly efficient quiet fetal diffusion acquisition, including multiband slice acceleration and quiet sinusoidal EPI readout gradients to allow for a faster and more efficient fetal dMRI acquisition with higher angular resolution.

Methods:

The dSE-MRI sequence was modified to include a merged crusher strategy for the excitation slice refocusing gradients and the butterfly gradients around the refocusing pulse, and a sinusoidal read-out [S] with gradual ramp up and down-times.. These modifications ensure the read-out produces a single frequency, which can be placed away from gradient resonant modes. The acoustic output of the sequence was thus reduced from 109 dB(A) using manufacturers settings to 102 dB(A), allowing safe operation over a longer scan time. This sequence was combined with in-house implemented blipped caipi multiband 4 acceleration [P]. Fetal dSE-EPI data was acquired from 3 fetuses on a clinical 3T Philips Achieva scanner using the 32-channel cardiac coil after informed consent was obtained from the mothers. Further parameters for the example case shown include FOV 320mm x 320mm x 96mm, moderate partial Fourier of 0.803, Multiband 4, Caipirinha shift ½ FOV, TA 3:48, 54 directions (50 b=500, 4 b0s), resolution 2.5 x 2.5 x 4mm, TE=140ms, TR=4000s, transverse orientation, phase encoding AP. The in-plane FOV was chosen to allow for coverage of typical maternal sizes as observed in our institution till term and to avoid wrapping of EPI distortions in AP direction, whereas the FOV in the through-plane direction was deliberately oversampled to allow for fetal movement. B0 shimming was performed using an in-house image-based shim tool and an optimised SPIR fat saturation method was used to suppress maternal fat. The resulting dMRI data was processed to correct for fetal motion using an in-house build software. First, a spherical harmonic fit to the data was performed per voxel using a method robust to outliers, from which each volume was predicted; each original volume was then registered to its corresponding prediction using rigid-body registration (IRTK) . The process was repeated 3 times to ensure convergence. The corrected images were then processed using standard DTI methods as implemented in MRtrix3.

Results and Discussion:

Using multiband 4 acceleration reduced the scan time for constant TR from 15:12 to 3:48. Furthermore, the simultaneous acquisition of multiple slices with the same motion state will facilitate later registration approaches, as specifically required for fetal data [P]. The TR and slice sampling density remain to be optimised to ensure the both dense spatial coverage and temporal efficiency are achieved. This will facilitate full motion correction and isotropic reconstruction while delivering the angular sampling on multiple shells necessary for a full connectome analysis.  Further directions for exploration include the extension to multi-shell acquisitions, further increases in the resolution as well as improvements in the post-processing pipeline.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge funding from the MRC strategic funds, GSTT BRC and the ERC funded dHCP.

References

[O] Oubel, MIA 2012: 16(2), 28 [R] Righini, AJNR 24:799, 2003 [J] Jiang 2009 [P] Price, ISMRM Multiband Workshop 2015 [S] Schmitter, MAGMA 21:317, 2008:21:31

Figures

Fig.1: Sequence diagram of the quiet multiband diffusion-weighted Spin Echo sequence

Fig.2: Fetal dMRI data a) b=0, b=500 from a quiet sinusoidal based EPI sequence with 54 directions acquired in 3:48.

Fig. 3: Analysis result for the data presented in Fig.1, showing a) ADC maps, b) Fractional anisotropy and c) directionally encoded colour (DEC) map showing fibre orientation



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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