Jana Maria Hutter1, J-Donald Tournier1, Anthony N Price1, Lucilio Cordero Grande1, Emer Judith Hughes1, Kelly Pegoretti1, Laura McCabe1, Mary Rutherford1, and Joseph V Hajnal1
1Centre for the developing brain, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Synopsis
Fetal diffusion MRI analysis is often limited by the ability of the
conventional ssEPI to allow an efficient, high-resolution
acquisition, able to produce multi-shell high angular resolution dMRI
data as required by advanced analysis tools. This abstract presents a
novel, multiband accelerated, sinusoidal, quiet and efficient ssEPI
acquisition. The first results on 3 fetuses with 54 directions show
promising data quality and significantly decreased scan time.Introduction:
Fetal diffusion weighted MRI (dMRI) is
inherently prone to motion artifacts due to maternal respiratory
motion and fetal movements. Single-shot EPI (ssEPI) with slice
encoding times of << 1 s and its resulting capacity to freeze
intra-slice motion is often the method of choice. Its efficiency and
achievable resolution depends critically on the achieved echo
spacing, limited by gradient properties such as gradient rise time
and amplitude. Specifically for fetal MRI, safety considerations such
as limited PNS and acoustic noise place restrictions on gradient rise
times and thus render the acquisition inherently inefficient.
Therefore, most published fetal diffusion studies [J,O,R] are limited
to a low number of diffusion directions, long acquisition times or
multiple repetitions to allow for motion correction.
This abstract develops a novel highly
efficient quiet fetal diffusion acquisition, including multiband
slice acceleration and quiet sinusoidal EPI readout gradients to
allow for a faster and more efficient fetal dMRI acquisition with
higher angular resolution.
Methods:
The dSE-MRI sequence was modified to
include a merged crusher strategy for the excitation slice refocusing
gradients and the butterfly gradients around the refocusing pulse,
and a sinusoidal read-out [S] with gradual ramp up and down-times..
These modifications ensure the read-out produces a single frequency,
which can be placed away from gradient resonant modes. The acoustic
output of the sequence was thus reduced from 109 dB(A) using
manufacturers settings to 102 dB(A), allowing safe operation over a
longer scan time. This sequence was combined with in-house
implemented blipped caipi multiband 4 acceleration [P].
Fetal dSE-EPI data was acquired from 3
fetuses on a clinical 3T Philips Achieva scanner using the 32-channel
cardiac coil after informed consent was obtained from the mothers.
Further parameters for the example case shown include FOV 320mm x
320mm x 96mm, moderate partial
Fourier of 0.803, Multiband 4,
Caipirinha shift ½ FOV, TA 3:48, 54 directions (50 b=500, 4 b0s),
resolution 2.5 x 2.5 x 4mm, TE=140ms, TR=4000s, transverse
orientation, phase encoding AP. The in-plane FOV was chosen to allow
for coverage of typical maternal sizes as
observed in our institution till
term and to avoid wrapping of EPI distortions in AP direction,
whereas the FOV in the through-plane direction was deliberately
oversampled to allow for fetal movement. B0 shimming was performed
using an in-house image-based shim tool and an optimised SPIR fat
saturation method was used to suppress maternal fat.
The resulting dMRI data was processed to
correct for fetal motion using an
in-house build software. First, a
spherical harmonic fit to the data was performed per voxel using a
method robust to outliers, from which each volume was predicted; each
original volume was then registered to its corresponding prediction
using rigid-body registration (IRTK) . The process was repeated 3
times to ensure convergence. The corrected images were then processed
using standard DTI methods as implemented in MRtrix3.
Results and Discussion:
Using multiband 4 acceleration reduced the
scan time for constant TR from 15:12 to 3:48. Furthermore, the
simultaneous acquisition of multiple slices with the same motion
state will facilitate later registration approaches, as specifically
required for fetal data [P].
The
TR and slice sampling density remain to be optimised to ensure the
both dense spatial coverage and temporal efficiency are achieved.
This will facilitate full motion correction and isotropic
reconstruction while delivering the angular sampling on multiple
shells necessary for a full connectome analysis.
Further directions for exploration include
the extension to multi-shell acquisitions, further increases in the
resolution as well as improvements in the post-processing pipeline.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge funding from the MRC
strategic funds, GSTT BRC and the ERC funded dHCP.References
[O] Oubel, MIA 2012: 16(2), 28
[R] Righini, AJNR 24:799, 2003
[J] Jiang 2009
[P] Price, ISMRM Multiband Workshop 2015 [S]
Schmitter, MAGMA 21:317, 2008:21:31