Pierre Balthazar Lechene1, Joe Corea1, Anita Flynn1, Michael Lustig1, and Ana Arias1
1EECS, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
Synopsis
Close proximity of MRI receive coils to the patient
can allow an increase of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Integrating the coils
into garments that tightly conform to the body can provide such proximity. This
work develops flexible printed MRI coils on a mesh with the potential to be
integrated into garments. The dielectric used in the coil’s capacitors is
optimized to provide SNR within 91% of conventional coils. Encapsulation enhances
the coils mechanical robustness, allowing bending below 1mm of radius of
curvature. It is shown that, by cutting and sewing, the coils can be tailored
to intimately fit a brassiere cup. Introduction
Close proximity of printed flexible MRI receive coils
to the patient’s body can allow an increase of SNR in images compared to rigid
coils
1,2. Such proximity could be achieved by tightly integrating the coils
into garments that can intimately conform to complex body shapes. Printed coils
for garment integration would need to demonstrate good imaging quality,
flexibility and be compatible with garment manufacturing processes. In previous works,
fully printed MRI coils were demonstrated with a focus on the silver inks
3. Despite
an order of magnitude improvement of the conductivity of the deposited metal,
the coils unloaded quality-factor (Q) stagnated at 20, indicating that the
dielectric was the main source of losses. While the plastic substrate can be
used as the dielectric, printing the dielectric from an ink provides more
freedom to optimize the substrate for specific needs. In this work, we investigate
the properties of a new dielectric ink to improve the imaging quality and the
mechanical flexibility of our printed MRI coils. By printing on a mesh
substrate, the coils can then be cut and sewn to conform to complex curved
shapes such as a brassiere breast cup.
Methods
Our coils are fabricated by screen-printing three
patterned layers: a bottom layer of silver (Dupont 5064H) forms the conductive loop
of the coil, a dielectric layer forms the separator of the capacitors and a
final layer of silver completes the capacitors. The resonance frequency of the
coil is tuned by adjusting the length of the overlapping capacitor sections.
Two substrates are used, polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and a mesh of
polyether ether ketone (PEEK). For the dielectric, two inks are compared, Creative Materials CM 116-20 which was used previously
3 and poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS, Sylgard
184). The dielectrics are compared by measuring their dielectric loss tangent
4.
They are included in test coils made with copper foil
and then in printed coils.
The coils loaded Q-factor is measured on a conductive 0.68 S/m phantom
5. To
test the mechanical stability of the silver-PDMS stack, layers of silver on
top of PDMS are bent along rods of diminishing radius from 2 cm to 1mm. The resistance of the silver lines is
measured before and after bending with a Keithley 2400. A top encapsulation
layer is realized by blade-coating PDMS.
Results
PDMS offers an order of magnitude improvement in the
loss tangent at 127 MHz over the previous dielectric ink (Table 1). This
improvement translates to the copper foil coils which have unloaded Q-factors
of 175 for the PDMS compared to 20 for the previous ink. In printed coils, the
difference narrows to unloaded Q values of 70 and 17 respectively. This
suggests that the conductivity of the silver ink becomes the main source of
losses for the PDMS coil, while the dielectric is limiting for the CM 116-20
one. Once loaded, the Q-factors of the coils equal 10.7 with the PDMS one and
6.7 with the previous ink. In scans of a phantom on a Siemens 3T Trio scanner, the
PDMS coil provides 91 % of the SNR obtained from a state-of-the-art control
coil composed of copper foil and porcelain capacitor (Fig. 1). Coils printed on
PET and PEEK-mesh have the same Q-factors in all situation. However, bending
tests indicate that the maximum bending radius without any resistivity increase
of silver laying on PDMS is 6 mm on PET and 8 mm on PEEK-mesh. Encapsulating
the top silver with another layer of PDMS mitigates this failure and allows to
bend to radiuses below 1 mm on both substrates without electrical loss. Encapsulation does not
significantly modify the Q-factor or resonance frequency of the coils. PEEK-mesh offers
the advantage of letting the silver ink permeate through its pores (Fig. 2),
thus providing excellent electrical contact between the recto and the verso of
the mesh. Two separate traces can be electrically connected by superposing them
and stitching them together. Conductive epoxy (Chemtronix CW2400) can also be
used to strengthen the contact. An overlap of 5 mm is enough to provide
excellent electrical contact and mechanical stability, withstanding bending
radius of 1mm without incurring losses. Cutting and sewing can be used to tailor
the coils to fit a brassiere breast cup (Fig. 3).
Conclusion and Outlook
By improving the
dielectric ink, we were able to print robust flexible coils offering 91% of the
SNR of conventional coils. Printing on a PEEK-mesh substrate allows to tailor the
coils to fit complex shapes, opening the way for integration of printed coils
in garments.
Acknowledgements
This work was made possible with funding from GE, NIH R21 EB015628, NIH R01 EB019241, the Hellman
Fellowship, the Okawa Fellowship, the Bakar Fellowshp, and the Sloan Research Fellowship.References
1.J. Corea et. al, Screen Printed Flexible 2-Channel
Receive Coil Array, ISMRM 2012
2.J. Corea et. al, Design and Implementation of Flexible
Printed Receive Coils Arrays. ISMRM 2013
3. B. Lechene et al., Materials
for printed MRI surface coils: towards better image quality and coil
flexibility, ISMRM 2015
4. IPC TM-650 Test Method
5. C. Hayes et al., Noise Performance of Surface Coils
for Magnetic-Resonance Imaging at 1.5-T. Med Phys 1985; 12, 604-607