Stefan HG Rietsch1,2, Stephan Orzada1, and Harald H Quick1,2
1Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, 2High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Synopsis
First steps towards
whole body imaging with remote arrays at 7T UHF MRI are currently undertaken. Parallel
transmit (pTx) capabilities of transmit arrays can be evaluated by the number
of degrees of freedom which characterize the shim capabilities. In this work,
16 different pTx arrays with different transmit elements and combinations of
transmit elements are simulated to examine inter element coupling behavior, singular values
to determine the degrees of freedom and shim capabilities. Combining dipoles
and loops seems to be the most promising approach among the investigated pTx arrays.Purpose
Radio frequency (RF)
transmit (Tx) arrays with maximum degrees of freedom are a precondition to
fully exploit parallel transmit (pTx) capabilities since they allow to trade of
homogeneous excitation, specific absorption rate (SAR) and input power
1.
Flöser et al.
2 evaluated different local and remote transmit arrays
at 7T using microstrip lines (MSL) with meanders
3 as transmit
elements. These meander elements (ME) can be used to minimize inter element
coupling depending on the application
4. In this work we simulated
and evaluated the performance of 16 remote transmit arrays with different RF
coil elements and element combinations arranged in one ring.
Material and Methods
Finite difference
time domain simulations were performed in CST Microwave Studio (CST AG,
Darmstadt, Germany) on a high performance computing cluster employing four
Nvidia Tesla M2090 graphic units for distributed computing. A cylindrical phantom
(50 cm long, 25 cm diameter) filled with tissue simulating liquid (ԑ
r = 45.3,
σ = 0.87 S/m) was positioned in the
center of each pTx array (cyan in Figure 1). The gradient shield and the
bore were also included in each simulation.
Depending on the geometric
complexity of the simulated pTx array 25.9 ± 9.0 million mesh cells
were used. Capacitor losses were included by introducing the
corresponding serial resistance in the co-simulation. Altogether 16 different
arrays with different coil elements and coil element combinations were
simulated (Figure 1A-P). This included loops (Figure 1F) with
20 cm diameter and chamfered edges, microstrip line
elements (MSL) in Figure 1Q, ME with 32.5 mm meanders (arrow in Figure 1R), ME with
50 mm size (Figure 1S), electrically shortened dipoles
(Figure 1T) all with a total length of 25 cm and self-resonant half-wavelength
dipoles (Figure 1U) with a length of 46.6 cm. The distance to the
phantom was 12 cm for the loops and 15.1 cm for all other element
types. After simulation the B
1+ fields were exported to Matlab (The MathWorks,
Inc., Natick, MA, USA) for further processing. There, a singular value decomposition was performed and the cumulated sum of singular values was calculated to
characterize the degrees of freedom for RF shimming. For each array
configuration magnitude least square shims were computed to homogenize the RF
excitation. The standard deviation of the absolute value of the reconstructed
B
1+ field is the basis of the comparison between the arrays.
Results and Discussion
Regarding the
S-parameters, a reflection of better than Sxx = -20 dB was
achieved for all elements in all arrays. Average coupling values Sxy with the
standard deviation as error bar (red in Figure 2) show optimum results for
4 and 8 short dipoles and the combination of 4 dipoles and 4 loops. The plot
also depicts maximum Sxy values (blue) between identical element types and maximum
coupling values Sxy between different element types if loops are present. As it can be
seen, the maximum Sxy never occurred between different element types. To evaluate
the degrees of freedom for each array, the cumulative sum of singular values
1
was calculated (Figure 3). Each 8 channel array outperforms every 4
channel design as it can be expected. If the shielded elements are compared,
the ME with 50 mm meanders performs best, followed by the ME with
32.5 mm meanders and the MSL independent of the configuration (4, 8
elements or a combination with loops). The highest values are reached for the
combination of 4 dipoles and 4 loops followed by the same setup but with
shortened dipoles. This matches the observations of the
accessible shimming homogeneity (Figure 4). Here, the lowest standard
deviation of a magnitude least square shim is obtained for 4 dipoles and 4
loops followed by 4 shortened dipoles combined with 4 loops. If MSL, ME 32.5
and ME 50.0 are compared (Figure 4), in each case, 8 elements allow for a
higher shim homogeneity than either 4 of those elements, 4 loops or the
combination of 4 elements and 4 loops. This is not true for dipoles
and electrically shortened dipoles. Consequently, a combination of dipoles and
loops seems to outperform the other investigated arrays regarding pTx
capabilities.
Conclusion
Concerning the
maximum shim homogeneity of the compared single row pTx arrays, a combination
of dipoles and loops, followed by a combination of electrically shortened dipoles
and loops, seems to be most promising. Further work will include investigations
with an appropriate human voxel model and validation of SAR efficiency which
becomes important en route to in vivo applications.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
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