Parallel Transmit (pTx) Capability of Various RF Transmit Elements and Arrays at 7T UHF MRI
Stefan HG Rietsch1,2, Stephan Orzada1, and Harald H Quick1,2

1Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany, 2High Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

Synopsis

First steps towards whole body imaging with remote arrays at 7T UHF MRI are currently undertaken. Parallel transmit (pTx) capabilities of transmit arrays can be evaluated by the number of degrees of freedom which characterize the shim capabilities. In this work, 16 different pTx arrays with different transmit elements and combinations of transmit elements are simulated to examine inter element coupling behavior, singular values to determine the degrees of freedom and shim capabilities. Combining dipoles and loops seems to be the most promising approach among the investigated pTx arrays.

Purpose

Radio frequency (RF) transmit (Tx) arrays with maximum degrees of freedom are a precondition to fully exploit parallel transmit (pTx) capabilities since they allow to trade of homogeneous excitation, specific absorption rate (SAR) and input power1. Flöser et al.2 evaluated different local and remote transmit arrays at 7T using microstrip lines (MSL) with meanders3 as transmit elements. These meander elements (ME) can be used to minimize inter element coupling depending on the application4. In this work we simulated and evaluated the performance of 16 remote transmit arrays with different RF coil elements and element combinations arranged in one ring.

Material and Methods

Finite difference time domain simulations were performed in CST Microwave Studio (CST AG, Darmstadt, Germany) on a high performance computing cluster employing four Nvidia Tesla M2090 graphic units for distributed computing. A cylindrical phantom (50 cm long, 25 cm diameter) filled with tissue simulating liquid (ԑr = 45.3, σ = 0.87 S/m) was positioned in the center of each pTx array (cyan in Figure 1). The gradient shield and the bore were also included in each simulation. Depending on the geometric complexity of the simulated pTx array 25.9 ± 9.0 million mesh cells were used. Capacitor losses were included by introducing the corresponding serial resistance in the co-simulation. Altogether 16 different arrays with different coil elements and coil element combinations were simulated (Figure 1A-P). This included loops (Figure 1F) with 20 cm diameter and chamfered edges, microstrip line elements (MSL) in Figure 1Q, ME with 32.5 mm meanders (arrow in Figure 1R), ME with 50 mm size (Figure 1S), electrically shortened dipoles (Figure 1T) all with a total length of 25 cm and self-resonant half-wavelength dipoles (Figure 1U) with a length of 46.6 cm. The distance to the phantom was 12 cm for the loops and 15.1 cm for all other element types. After simulation the B1+ fields were exported to Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) for further processing. There, a singular value decomposition was performed and the cumulated sum of singular values was calculated to characterize the degrees of freedom for RF shimming. For each array configuration magnitude least square shims were computed to homogenize the RF excitation. The standard deviation of the absolute value of the reconstructed B1+ field is the basis of the comparison between the arrays.

Results and Discussion

Regarding the S-parameters, a reflection of better than Sxx = -20 dB was achieved for all elements in all arrays. Average coupling values Sxy with the standard deviation as error bar (red in Figure 2) show optimum results for 4 and 8 short dipoles and the combination of 4 dipoles and 4 loops. The plot also depicts maximum Sxy values (blue) between identical element types and maximum coupling values Sxy between different element types if loops are present. As it can be seen, the maximum Sxy never occurred between different element types. To evaluate the degrees of freedom for each array, the cumulative sum of singular values1 was calculated (Figure 3). Each 8 channel array outperforms every 4 channel design as it can be expected. If the shielded elements are compared, the ME with 50 mm meanders performs best, followed by the ME with 32.5 mm meanders and the MSL independent of the configuration (4, 8 elements or a combination with loops). The highest values are reached for the combination of 4 dipoles and 4 loops followed by the same setup but with shortened dipoles. This matches the observations of the accessible shimming homogeneity (Figure 4). Here, the lowest standard deviation of a magnitude least square shim is obtained for 4 dipoles and 4 loops followed by 4 shortened dipoles combined with 4 loops. If MSL, ME 32.5 and ME 50.0 are compared (Figure 4), in each case, 8 elements allow for a higher shim homogeneity than either 4 of those elements, 4 loops or the combination of 4 elements and 4 loops. This is not true for dipoles and electrically shortened dipoles. Consequently, a combination of dipoles and loops seems to outperform the other investigated arrays regarding pTx capabilities.

Conclusion

Concerning the maximum shim homogeneity of the compared single row pTx arrays, a combination of dipoles and loops, followed by a combination of electrically shortened dipoles and loops, seems to be most promising. Further work will include investigations with an appropriate human voxel model and validation of SAR efficiency which becomes important en route to in vivo applications.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

1. Guérin S, Gebhardt M, Serano P, Adalsteinsson E, Hamm M, Pfeuffer J, Nistler J, Wald LL. Comparison of Simulated Parallel Transmit Body Arrays at 3 T Using Excitation Uniformity, Global SAR, Local SAR, and Power Efficiency Metrics. MRM 73:1137–1150 (2015)

2. Flöser M, Bitz AK, Orzada S, Solbach K, Ladd ME. Comparison of Local and Remote Transmit Arrays for Body Imaging at 7T under Power and Local SAR Constraints. Proc. Intl. Soc. MRM 23, #550 (2015)

3. Orzada S, Bahr A, Bolz T. A novel 7 T microstrip element using meanders to enhance decoupling. Proc. Intl. Soc. MRM 16 #2979 (2008)

4. Rietsch SHG, Quick HH, Orzada S. Impact of different meander sizes on the RF transmit performance and coupling of microstrip line elements at 7 T. Med. Phys. 42, 4542-4552 (2015)

Figures

Figure 1: Simulated pTx arrays with 4 identical elements of one type (A-F), a combination (G-K) of 4 identical elements (A-E) and 4 loops (F), and arrays with 8 identical elements of one type (L-P). Figures Q-U provide a plan view of the elements used in the columns above.

Figure 2: Among the investigated pTx arrays minimum coupling is achieved for shortened dipoles. Coupling between identical elements is allways higher compared to coupling between different elements if loops are present. The array denotation is indicated on top while the capital letters below refer to the image in Figure 1.

Figure 3: The cumulative sum of singular values for the different pTx arrays indicates maximum degrees of freedom for the combination of 4 dipoles and 4 loops (highest maximum value). Regarding the shielded element types ascending capabilities can be stated for MSL (green), ME 32.5 (blue) and ME 50 (purple).

Figure 4: The B1+ standard deviation (STD) of magnitude least square shims for each array configuration (capital letters on top of plot refer to Figure 1) shows optimum performance for the combination of 4 dipoles and 4 loops followed by the combination of 4 shortened dipoles and 4 loops.



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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