Akira Yamada1, Yasunari Fujinaga1, Yoshihiro Kitoh2, Takeshi Suzuki1, Daisuke Komatsu1, Aya Shiobara2, Yasuo Adachi2, Atsushi Nozaki3, Yuji Iwadate3, Kazuhiko Ueda1, and Masumi Kadoya1
1Department of Radiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan, 2Division of Radiology, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan, 3GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, Japan
Synopsis
Variable quantitative hepatic imaging biomarkers including
pharmacokinetic parameters of hemodynamics and hepatocellular uptake function,
R2* and fat fraction, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), liver stiffness
were obtained from the patients with chronic hepatitis using MR imaging. The
change and interrelation of these imaging biomarkers in the course of chronic
hepatitis were evaluated quantitatively. Portal venous inflow and
hepatocellular uptake function correlated well with liver stiffness, meanwhile,
ADC showed weak correlation. Arterial compensation, decreased blood flow speed
and volume were observed in the patients with decreased portal venous inflow. No
significant correlation was observed between liver stiffness and R2* or fat
fraction.Purpose
In the course of chronic hepatitis, complex
pathological or pathophysiological change can be seen. The interrelation of
these changes, however, has not fully clarified quantitatively to date. On the
other hand, some of these changes in the liver can be evaluated quantitatively
as imaging biomarkers such as pharmacokinetic parameters of hemodynamics and
hepatocellular uptake function, R2* and fat fraction (FF), apparent diffusion
coefficient (ADC), and liver stiffness (LS) using MR imaging
1-5.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the change and interrelation of these
quantitative hepatic MR imaging biomarkers in the course of chronic hepatitis.
Methods
Consecutive 34 patients with variable stage of chronic
hepatitis who agreed to be included in this prospective clinical study approved
by institutional review board were examined by MR imaging including multi-echo
GRE (IDEAL IQ), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), MR elastography (MRE), and
gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging (EOB-MRI) using 1.5T MR scanner (GE
Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA). In dynamic study, several concentrations of EOB
diluted by normal saline were scanned together in order to evaluate contrast
enhancement quantitatively using Differential Sub-sampling with Cartesian
Ordering (DISCO) MR imaging that is a newly developed time-resolved MR imaging
sequence. Arterial inflow velocity constant (K1a), portal venous inflow
velocity constant (K1p), mean transit time (1/k2), distribution volume (Vd),
hepatocellular uptake velocity constant (Kh) , concentration of EOB at 20
minutes after administration in extracellular fluid space (E20) and in
hepatocytes (H20) were determined by compartment model analysis of EOB-DISCO-MR
imaging. R2* and FF were determined from IDEAL IQ. ADC and LS were determined
from DWI and MRE, respectively. Correlation coefficients of these hepatic MR
biomarkers were statistically examined.
Results
Statistically significant correlation was observed
in following biomarkers. K1a vs K1p: r = -0.64 (P < 0.001), K1a vs Kh: r =
-0.48 (P = 0.004), K1a vs E20: r = 0.37 (P = 0.031), K1a vs H20: r = -0.41 (P =
0.016), K1p vs Kh: r = 0.55 (P = 0.001), K1p vs 1/k2: r = -0.43 (P = 0.012), K1p
vs Vd: r = 0.45 (P = 0.008), K1p vs E20: r = -0.49 (P = 0.003), K1p vs H20: r =
0.50 (P = 0.003), K1a vs LS: r = -0.51 (P = 0.002), Kh vs E20: r = -0.64 (P
< 0.001), Kh vs H20: r = 0.81 (P < 0.001), Kh vs LS: r = -0.44 (P =
0.010), Vd vs H20: r = 0.38 (P = 0.028), E20 vs FF: r = -0.42 (P = 0.014), E20
vs R2*: r = -0.45 (P = 0.007), H20 vs LS: r = -0.50 (P = 0.003), ADC vs LS: r =
-0.35 (P = 0.041).
Discussion
Our results clarified that LS correlates
with K1p,Kh, and H20 negatively. This can be explained by that increased interstitial
matrix in space of Disse and portal hypertension caused by liver fibrosis
may disturb normal membrane transport of EOB and portal venous blood inflow
resulting in decrease of EOB concentration in hepatocytes at hepatobiliary
phase in EOB-MRI; meanwhile liver fibrosis is considered to be responsible
to increase of liver stiffness.
On the other hand, K1p correlates with K1a, 1/k2,
E20 negatively and positively with Vd. This can be explained by that decreased
portal venous blood flow may be compensated by increased arterial blood flow;
however, blood flow may be slow and decreased. Therefore, higher concentration
of EOB may remain in extracellular fluid space without taken up by hepatocytes
compared to normal hemodynamics. ADC was correlated only with LS negatively. Therefore
ADC may provide unique information of the liver fibrosis apart from
hemodynamics and hepatocellular uptake function; however the correlation was
not as strong as pharmacokinetic parameters of EOB-MRI. E20 was negatively
correlated with FF and R2*. This kind of correlation has not been reported
before. One possible explanation is that the decrease of signal intensity at
hepatobiliary phase in EOB-MRI due to fat or iron deposition may be reflected
more in extracellular contrast enhancement effect of EOB during compartment
model analysis because EOB can produce stronger contrast enhancement effect in
hepatocyte than in extracellular fluid space. No significant correlation was
seen between the degree of iron or fat content in the liver and liver
stiffness.
Conclusion
The change and interrelation of pathological and
pathophysiological change of the liver in the course of chronic hepatitis can
be evaluated quantitatively with use of hepatic MR imaging biomarkers such as
pharmacokinetic parameters of EOB, ADC, R2*, Fat fraction, and liver stiffness;
this may help non-invasive pathophysiological analysis of the liver disease in
the future.
Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
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