The change and interrelation of quantitative hepatic MR imaging biomarkers in the course of chronic hepatitis.
Akira Yamada1, Yasunari Fujinaga1, Yoshihiro Kitoh2, Takeshi Suzuki1, Daisuke Komatsu1, Aya Shiobara2, Yasuo Adachi2, Atsushi Nozaki3, Yuji Iwadate3, Kazuhiko Ueda1, and Masumi Kadoya1

1Department of Radiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan, 2Division of Radiology, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan, 3GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, Japan

Synopsis

Variable quantitative hepatic imaging biomarkers including pharmacokinetic parameters of hemodynamics and hepatocellular uptake function, R2* and fat fraction, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), liver stiffness were obtained from the patients with chronic hepatitis using MR imaging. The change and interrelation of these imaging biomarkers in the course of chronic hepatitis were evaluated quantitatively. Portal venous inflow and hepatocellular uptake function correlated well with liver stiffness, meanwhile, ADC showed weak correlation. Arterial compensation, decreased blood flow speed and volume were observed in the patients with decreased portal venous inflow. No significant correlation was observed between liver stiffness and R2* or fat fraction.

Purpose

In the course of chronic hepatitis, complex pathological or pathophysiological change can be seen. The interrelation of these changes, however, has not fully clarified quantitatively to date. On the other hand, some of these changes in the liver can be evaluated quantitatively as imaging biomarkers such as pharmacokinetic parameters of hemodynamics and hepatocellular uptake function, R2* and fat fraction (FF), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and liver stiffness (LS) using MR imaging 1-5. The purpose of this study is to clarify the change and interrelation of these quantitative hepatic MR imaging biomarkers in the course of chronic hepatitis.

Methods

Consecutive 34 patients with variable stage of chronic hepatitis who agreed to be included in this prospective clinical study approved by institutional review board were examined by MR imaging including multi-echo GRE (IDEAL IQ), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), MR elastography (MRE), and gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR imaging (EOB-MRI) using 1.5T MR scanner (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA). In dynamic study, several concentrations of EOB diluted by normal saline were scanned together in order to evaluate contrast enhancement quantitatively using Differential Sub-sampling with Cartesian Ordering (DISCO) MR imaging that is a newly developed time-resolved MR imaging sequence. Arterial inflow velocity constant (K1a), portal venous inflow velocity constant (K1p), mean transit time (1/k2), distribution volume (Vd), hepatocellular uptake velocity constant (Kh) , concentration of EOB at 20 minutes after administration in extracellular fluid space (E20) and in hepatocytes (H20) were determined by compartment model analysis of EOB-DISCO-MR imaging. R2* and FF were determined from IDEAL IQ. ADC and LS were determined from DWI and MRE, respectively. Correlation coefficients of these hepatic MR biomarkers were statistically examined.

Results

Statistically significant correlation was observed in following biomarkers. K1a vs K1p: r = -0.64 (P < 0.001), K1a vs Kh: r = -0.48 (P = 0.004), K1a vs E20: r = 0.37 (P = 0.031), K1a vs H20: r = -0.41 (P = 0.016), K1p vs Kh: r = 0.55 (P = 0.001), K1p vs 1/k2: r = -0.43 (P = 0.012), K1p vs Vd: r = 0.45 (P = 0.008), K1p vs E20: r = -0.49 (P = 0.003), K1p vs H20: r = 0.50 (P = 0.003), K1a vs LS: r = -0.51 (P = 0.002), Kh vs E20: r = -0.64 (P < 0.001), Kh vs H20: r = 0.81 (P < 0.001), Kh vs LS: r = -0.44 (P = 0.010), Vd vs H20: r = 0.38 (P = 0.028), E20 vs FF: r = -0.42 (P = 0.014), E20 vs R2*: r = -0.45 (P = 0.007), H20 vs LS: r = -0.50 (P = 0.003), ADC vs LS: r = -0.35 (P = 0.041).

Discussion

Our results clarified that LS correlates with K1p,Kh, and H20 negatively. This can be explained by that increased interstitial matrix in space of Disse and portal hypertension caused by liver fibrosis may disturb normal membrane transport of EOB and portal venous blood inflow resulting in decrease of EOB concentration in hepatocytes at hepatobiliary phase in EOB-MRI; meanwhile liver fibrosis is considered to be responsible to increase of liver stiffness. On the other hand, K1p correlates with K1a, 1/k2, E20 negatively and positively with Vd. This can be explained by that decreased portal venous blood flow may be compensated by increased arterial blood flow; however, blood flow may be slow and decreased. Therefore, higher concentration of EOB may remain in extracellular fluid space without taken up by hepatocytes compared to normal hemodynamics. ADC was correlated only with LS negatively. Therefore ADC may provide unique information of the liver fibrosis apart from hemodynamics and hepatocellular uptake function; however the correlation was not as strong as pharmacokinetic parameters of EOB-MRI. E20 was negatively correlated with FF and R2*. This kind of correlation has not been reported before. One possible explanation is that the decrease of signal intensity at hepatobiliary phase in EOB-MRI due to fat or iron deposition may be reflected more in extracellular contrast enhancement effect of EOB during compartment model analysis because EOB can produce stronger contrast enhancement effect in hepatocyte than in extracellular fluid space. No significant correlation was seen between the degree of iron or fat content in the liver and liver stiffness.

Conclusion

The change and interrelation of pathological and pathophysiological change of the liver in the course of chronic hepatitis can be evaluated quantitatively with use of hepatic MR imaging biomarkers such as pharmacokinetic parameters of EOB, ADC, R2*, Fat fraction, and liver stiffness; this may help non-invasive pathophysiological analysis of the liver disease in the future.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

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2. Sourbron S, Sommer WH, Reiser MF, et al. Combined quantification of liver perfusion and function with dynamic gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2012 ;263(3):874-883.

3. Karçaaltincaba M, Idilman I, Celik A. Focal sparing of iron and fat in liver tissue in patients with hemosiderosis: diagnosis with combination of R2* relaxometry and proton density fat fraction calculateon by MRI. Diagn Interv Radiol 2011;17(4):323-327.

4. Watanabe H, Kanematsu M, Goshima S, et al. Staging hepatic fibrosis: comparison of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging—preliminary observations. Radiology 2011;259(1):142-150.

5. Shire NJ, Yin M, Chen J, et al. Test-retest repeatability of MR elastography for noninvasive liver fibrosiss assessment in hepatitis C. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;34(4):947-955.

Figures

Interrelation between liver stiffness (LS) and the other hepatic MR imaging biomarkers (K1p, Kh, H20, ADC).

Interrelation between portal venous inflow velocity constant (K1p) and the other hepatic MR imaging biomarkers (K1a, Kh, 1/k2, Vd).

Interrelation between concentration of EOB in extracellular fluid space (E20) or in hepatocyte (H20) at 20 minutes after administration and the other hepatic MR imaging biomarkers (R2*, Fat fraction, Kh).



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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