Quantitative MRI and optoacoustic imaging tracks treatment response in tumor
Prashant Chandrasekharan1, Ghayathri Balasundaram1, Amalina Binte Ebrahim Attia1, Chris Jun Hui Ho1, Xuan Vinh To1, Hui Chien Tay1, Kai Hsiang Chuang1, and Malini Olivo1

1A*STAR, Singapore Bio Imaging Consortium, Singapore, Singapore

Synopsis

Quantification of oxygenation or hypoxia in a tumor plays a key role in the treatment response and the overall survival of glioma patient. This work illustrates a preclinical study with the use of multimodal imaging technique to correlate tumor oxygenation and blood perfusion, as well as to assess the changes involved in the perturbation of the tumor system using a vascular disruptive agent.

Purpose

Vascular Disruptive Agent (VDA) is a new strategy for slowing down tumor growth by interfering with angiogenesis. Traditionally, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI and T2/T2* measures were used to infer perfusion and oxygenation changes, respectively. However they are not quantitative and not specific. To understand the time-course perturbation of tumor perfusion and oxygenation by VDA we applied quantitative arterial spin labelling (ASL) perfusion MRI and oxy-haemoglobin mapping using multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) on an orthotopic glioma model in mouse.

Methods

Orthotopic model was developed by stereotaxic injection of U87MG glioma cells in the brain of nude mice. MRI and MSOT imaging were done before and after tumor implantation. MRI was acquired on a 7T (Bruker Biospin GmbH, 72 mm volume coil with a phase array mouse brain coil) scanner which included T2 weighted fast spin echo imaging for tumor volume (TR/TE=2300/33 ms), T2* mapping obtained using multi-echo gradient echo sequence (TR=900 ms/TE=2.3/NE=12). T1 mapping by inversion recovery single-shot SE-EPI with 7 inversion times (TIs) ranging from 10 to 8000 ms (TR/TE = 10000/20 ms), and pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) with a labelling offset = 12 mm, labelling duration = 1600 ms, a post-labelling delay (PLD) of 50 ms. Perfusion was quantified by a kinetic model together with T1 map 1, 2. MSOT (iThera Medical GmbH) was used to detect the oxy-haemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) in the infra-red range. Vascular disruptive agent (CA4P) was injected at a dose of 30 mg/Kg intravenous and the treatment response was monitored for 1 hour continuously and 6 hours afterward to determine the hypoxic effect.

Results

ASL perfusion revealed a core/rim configuration of the growing tumor (Figure A,B,C) , with greater perfusion forming the rim of the tumor and gradually decreased towards the core (Figure D,E,F). Similarly, the sO2 (oxygen saturation), calculated as HbO2/ (HbO2+Hb), was higher in the rim of the tumor, showing a coupling of perfusion and sO2 (Figure B,C,F). After VDA treatment, tumor perfusion increased especially at the rim of tumor (Figure G,H). 6 h after the treatment, perfusion was reduced and became hypoxic as determined from the MSOT (Figure H inset).

Discussion

In this work, we demonstrated coupling of tumor perfusion and oxygenation before and after VDA treatment. The acute increase of perfusion surrounding the glioma (Figure G,H) may be indicative of a hyperaemia process due to vascular disruption 3, followed by an haemorrhage in tumor resulting in hypoxia. Nonetheless, DCE-MRI suggested that perfusion returned to normal 24h after the CA4P treatment while metabolism remained reduced 4. Therefore, it will be interesting to evaluate whether there is uncoupling in perfusion and metabolism in longer time frame. Recently, Rich et al 5 reported BOLD signal changes correlated with optoacoustic imaging. Our perfusion and T2* measure was also consistent with the Hb measure by MSOT, suggesting that multimodal imaging approach may serve as a surrogate indicator of oxygenation.

Conclusion

Multi-modal molecular imaging using MRI and optoacoustic tomography can provide quantitative information on macroscopic changes in treatment response. This will facilitate our understanding of the drug mechanisms and translation in human.

Acknowledgements

No acknowledgement found.

References

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[2] Hong X, To XV, Teh I, Soh JR, Chuang K-H. Evaluation of EPI distortion correction methods for quantitative MRI of the brain at high magnetic field. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2015;33:1098-105.

[3] Gridelli C, Rossi A, Maione P, Rossi E, Castaldo V, Sacco PC, et al. Vascular Disrupting Agents: A Novel Mechanism of Action in the Battle Against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. The Oncologist. 2009;14:612-20.

[4] Bohndiek SE, Kettunen MI, Hu D-e, Witney TH, Kennedy BWC, Gallagher FA, et al. Detection of Tumor Response to a Vascular Disrupting Agent by Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 2010;9:3278-88.

[5] Rich LJ, Seshadri M. Photoacoustic Imaging of Vascular Hemodynamics: Validation with Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent MR Imaging. Radiology. 2015;275:110-8.

Figures

Figure (A) perfusion map of mouse brain showing tumor (B) &(C) show %Hb and %HbO2 images of brain showing tumor (D) T2* value along the diameter of the tumor (E) Perfusion values along the diameter of the tumor (F) Hb and HBO2 values along the diameter of the tumor (G) perfusion changes post VDA administration monitored with MRI (H) Total haemoglobin changes monitored post VDA administration with MSOT (inset) saturation oxygen values six hours post VDA treatment



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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