Do try this at home: the role of CAIPIRINHA and non-Cartesian techniques for increased throughput and aesthetic enhancement in baking  (or vice versa)
Benedikt A Poser1

1Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

Synopsis

Parallel imaging with controlled aliasing has revolutionised the way we do MRI, and this may directly translate to the way we bake. In this work CAIPIRINHA principles are successfully applied to the baking of cinnamon rolls. Furthermore, the question is considered of whether CAIPIRINHA may have been inspired by established baking practices in the first place.

Target group

Any researchers who have never wondered about the connection between MRI and baking cinnamon rolls.

Introduction

Over the past decade, new sampling strategies in conjunction with parallel imaging [Pruessmann 1999, Griswold 2002] have revolutionised the way we do MRI. A significant push has recently come from so-called CAIPIRINHA techniques [Breuer 2005, 2006, Setsompop 2012] and their combination with non-Cartesian approaches [Bilgic 2015, Zahneisen 2013], which allow for remarkable improvements in scan efficiency and image quality, in both volumetric and simultaneous multi-slice imaging. The secret of CAIPIRINHA lies in the careful and elegant placement of sampling points in k-space. The original goal of this study was to exploit our positive experiences with such advanced sampling in MRI in the baking of Scandinavian style cinnamon rolls. In this specific example we aimed to maximise the throughput (bake many buns per hour), and to guarantee an esthetically pleasing end-result (no sticking together, nice beautiful shape etc). During the experiment, the suspicion arose that the celebrated art of placing sample points in modern MRI may itself actually have been inspired by old wisdom and skills from unrelated research fields or real-life situations. For instance, early records evidence the pondering about how to best stack cannon balls (1580’s), or atomic arrangements in crystals (1930’s). The Wuerzburg group has also on several accounts demonstrated the transferability of drinking related skills to MRI acquisition. Importantly for this study, we see indications that baking skills of CAIPIRINHA and spiral developers (or possibly their spouses, relatives or friends), are highly transferable to MRI and may have contributed significantly to the state-of-the-art in MRI. If true, this would severely undermine the originality and purpose of this study, which was attempting the opposite. While this chicken-and-egg problem was not easily resolved by a mini-survey of literature and pictorial evidence, it became clear that both fields share the same principles and challenges.

Methods

Baking was performed in a standard home kitchen with 2.5 kW Siemens convection oven (Fig 1a); other hardware is summarised in Fig. 1b. All activities were approved by the ruling housewife. Dough was prepared by mixing the ingredients (Fig 1c) according to ref [Oma Gaby, timeless]. The flattened dough was covered with butter, sugar and cinnamon and rolled up into spiral shape [Glover 1997], before cutting into 1.5cm slices and placing them on a baking tray as described in [Breuer 2006] and shown in Fig 2a, for an expected “rolls-per-tray” ratio benefit of sqrt(2) compared to naïve rectilinear placement. The spiral at each position then yielded the intended wave-CAIPI [Bilgic 2015] arrangement (Fig 2b). Baking time was 7min (parallel baking = 2 trays.) During the study we briefly explored applicability of compressed sensing (Fig 2c). While experts who master the complexities of such advanced reconstructions may find this funny (Lustig 2007), it actually caused a mess in our setup (Fig 2c) so it was not pursued further.

Results

The result of the CAIPIRINHA baking is shown in Fig 3. Baking was completed with 8 trays (4 oven-loads) instead of the typical 11 (6 oven-loads). No damage from sticking-together was observed, indicating a proper spacing between rolls. The rolls were rated for quality by the household members and some neighbours, and were considered tasty and overall eye-pleasing. A repeated point of criticism was the deviation from true spiral shape (Fig 3b,c), as also well known from scanner gradient imperfections (Fig 3d, [Duyn 1998]). Notably, baking reduces the shape distortion (3c vs. 3b). The survey of parallel imaging literature and picture evidence from the world-wide-web revealed intriguing analogies, briefly summarised in Fig 4. This includes an early but very still poor attempt of wave-CAIPI baking that could be dated back to April 2012 (Fig 4e).

Discussion and Conclusions

We have successfully applied CAIPIRINHA principles to the baking of cinnamon buns, and highly recommend this approach. The novelty of this however can be questioned, as we may have taken CAIPIRINHA back to where it came from. This remains an open question after a small investigation that shows strong analogies between tray baking and MR sampling. The findings indicate that important cross-fertilisation takes place between the two domains, and that better exploitation of these synergies can help in the shared endeavours to tackle obdurate challenges like trajectory imperfections, or simply to get beautiful results more quickly. It is hence also not unreasonable to assume that progress in MRI methodology can benefit from researchers spending more time at home with their significant others, and particularly in the kitchen.

Acknowledgements

The author acknowledges the various non-copyrighted sources of yummy pictures, and pays his due respect to the developers of nifty sampling schemes and well-behaved gradients. Keep up the great work.

References

Bilgic B, Gagoski BA, Cauley SF, Fan AP, Polimeni JR, Grant PE, Wald LL,Setsompop K. Wave-CAIPI for highly accelerated 3D imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2015 Jun;73(6):2152-62

Breuer FA, Blaimer M, Heidemann RM, Mueller MF, Griswold MA, Jakob PM. Controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) for multi-slice imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Mar;53(3):684-91.

Breuer FA, Blaimer M, Mueller MF, Seiberlich N, Heidemann RM, Griswold MA, Jakob PM. Controlled aliasing in volumetric parallel imaging (2D CAIPIRINHA). Magn Reson Med. 2006 Mar;55(3):549-56

Breuer FA, Moriguchi H, Seiberlich N, Blaimer M, Jakob PM, Duerk JL, Griswold MA. Zigzag sampling for improved parallel imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2008 Aug;60(2):474-8

Duyn JH, Yang Y, Frank JA, van der Veen JW. Simple correction method for k-space trajectory deviations in MRI. J Magn Reson. 1998 May;132(1):150-3

Glover G. Basic and advanced concepts of spiral imaging. In: ISMRM Fast MRIWorkshop, 1997. p 115–119.

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Lustig M, Donoho D, Pauly JM. Sparse MRI: The application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2007 Dec;58(6):1182-95.

Oma Gaby’s recipe book. Frau Luetjohanns Bullars. Family archive.

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Setsompop K, Gagoski BA, Polimeni JR, Witzel T, Wedeen VJ, Wald LL. Blipped-controlled aliasing in parallel imaging for simultaneous multislice echo planar imaging with reduced g-factor penalty. Magn Reson Med. 2012 May;67(5):1210-24

Zahneisen B, Poser BA, Ernst T, Stenger VA. Three-dimensional Fourier encoding of simultaneously excited slices: generalized acquisition and reconstruction framework. Magn Reson Med. 2014 Jun;71(6):2071-81

Figures

Equipment and materials used in the baking study. (A) standard Siemens oven holding two trays; (B) tools for dough preparation; and (C) ingredients for the cinnamon rolls.

Preparation of the cinnamon rolls on the baking tray (A), precisely following the method described in [Bilgic 2015] (B). Panel (C) illustrates the attempts to adapt the method by [Lustig 2007].

Results of the experimental part of the study. Panel (A) shows some rolls straight out of the oven. Panel (B) and (C) show close-up view of the unbaked and baked rolls, respectively. Both exhibit distortions of the spiral shape, however the deformations less pronounced after baking which is attributed to the positive effects of yeast. Spiral imperfections are well known in MR, as here shown by [Duyn 1998].

Analogies between modern MR sampling and tray baking, illustrated by images from the internet. (A) classic sampling [Pruessmann 2000]; (B) uniform and variable density spiral [Brian Hargreave’s website]; (C) 2D CAIPIRINHA [Breuer 2006]; (D) zig-zag CAIPIRINHA [Breuer 2008] as the precursor to (E) wave-CAIPIRINHA [Bilgic 2015].



Proc. Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med. 24 (2016)
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