Synopsis
Parallel imaging with controlled aliasing has revolutionised
the way we do MRI, and this may directly translate to the way we bake. In this
work CAIPIRINHA principles are successfully applied to the baking of cinnamon
rolls. Furthermore, the question is considered of whether CAIPIRINHA may have
been inspired by established baking practices in the first place. Target
group
Any
researchers who have never wondered about the connection between MRI and baking
cinnamon rolls.
Introduction
Over the past decade, new sampling strategies in
conjunction with parallel imaging [Pruessmann 1999, Griswold 2002] have
revolutionised the way we do MRI. A significant push has recently come from
so-called CAIPIRINHA techniques [Breuer 2005, 2006, Setsompop 2012] and their
combination with non-Cartesian approaches [Bilgic 2015, Zahneisen 2013], which
allow for remarkable improvements in scan efficiency and image quality, in both
volumetric and simultaneous multi-slice imaging. The secret of CAIPIRINHA lies
in the careful and elegant placement of sampling points in k-space.
The original goal of this study was to exploit our
positive experiences with such advanced sampling in MRI in the baking of
Scandinavian style cinnamon rolls. In this specific example we aimed to maximise
the throughput (bake many buns per
hour), and to guarantee an esthetically
pleasing end-result (no sticking together, nice beautiful shape etc).
During the experiment, the suspicion arose that the
celebrated art of placing sample points in modern MRI may itself actually have
been inspired by old wisdom and skills from unrelated research fields or
real-life situations. For instance, early records evidence the pondering
about how to best stack cannon balls (1580’s), or atomic arrangements in
crystals (1930’s). The Wuerzburg group has also on
several accounts demonstrated the transferability of drinking related skills to
MRI acquisition.
Importantly for this study, we see indications
that baking skills of CAIPIRINHA and spiral developers (or possibly their
spouses, relatives or friends), are highly transferable to MRI and may have
contributed significantly to the state-of-the-art in MRI. If true, this would
severely undermine the originality and purpose of this study, which was
attempting the opposite. While this chicken-and-egg problem was not easily
resolved by a mini-survey of literature and pictorial evidence, it became clear
that both fields share the same principles and challenges.
Methods
Baking was performed in a standard home kitchen
with 2.5 kW Siemens convection oven (Fig 1a); other hardware is summarised in
Fig. 1b. All activities were approved by the ruling housewife. Dough was
prepared by mixing the ingredients (Fig 1c)
according to ref [Oma Gaby, timeless]. The flattened dough was covered with
butter, sugar and cinnamon and rolled up into spiral shape [Glover 1997],
before cutting into 1.5cm slices and placing them on a baking tray as described
in [Breuer 2006] and shown in Fig 2a, for an expected “rolls-per-tray” ratio
benefit of sqrt(2) compared to naïve rectilinear placement. The spiral at each position
then yielded the intended wave-CAIPI [Bilgic 2015] arrangement (Fig 2b). Baking
time was 7min (parallel baking = 2 trays.) During the study we briefly explored
applicability of compressed sensing (Fig 2c). While experts who master the
complexities of such advanced reconstructions may find this funny (Lustig 2007),
it actually caused a mess in our setup (Fig 2c) so it was not pursued further.
Results
The result of the CAIPIRINHA baking is shown in
Fig 3. Baking was completed with 8 trays (4 oven-loads) instead of the typical
11 (6 oven-loads). No damage from sticking-together was observed, indicating a
proper spacing between rolls. The rolls were rated for quality by the household
members and some neighbours, and were considered tasty and overall eye-pleasing. A repeated point of criticism was the deviation
from true spiral shape (Fig 3b,c), as also well known from scanner gradient
imperfections (Fig 3d, [Duyn 1998]). Notably, baking reduces the shape
distortion (3c vs. 3b).
The survey of parallel imaging literature and
picture evidence from the world-wide-web revealed intriguing analogies, briefly
summarised in Fig 4. This includes an early but very still poor attempt of
wave-CAIPI baking that could be dated back to April 2012 (Fig 4e).
Discussion and Conclusions
We have successfully applied CAIPIRINHA
principles to the baking of cinnamon buns, and highly recommend this approach. The
novelty of this however can be questioned, as we may have taken CAIPIRINHA back
to where it came from. This remains an open question after a small
investigation that shows strong analogies between tray baking and MR sampling. The findings indicate that important cross-fertilisation takes place
between the two domains, and that better
exploitation of these synergies can help in the shared endeavours to
tackle obdurate challenges like trajectory imperfections, or simply to get
beautiful results more quickly. It is hence also not unreasonable to assume
that progress in MRI methodology can benefit from researchers spending more
time at home with their significant others, and particularly in the kitchen.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the various non-copyrighted sources of yummy
pictures, and pays his due respect to the developers of nifty sampling schemes
and well-behaved gradients. Keep up the great work.References
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