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Brain-to-Brain Interaction and Entanglement1Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NJ, United States
Synopsis
Recognizing that the coherence of proton nuclear spin ensembles in dyadic brains is periodically enforced by the RF excitation pulses so that superposition states may be embedded in MR signals, the mathematical language of quantum theory is utilized to describe a dyadic fMRI experiment. Within this platform, the data-driven dyadic communication model, two coupled three-layer neural networks, predicts not only brain-to-brain interaction operations but also entanglement operations which might profoundly expand our understanding of human social communication.
INTRODUCTION
Quantifying communication between two human brains is essential for scientifically understanding social activities, just as studying the interaction of two particles is essential to modern physics. The difference is that a particle is an objective entity, whereas a brain is a subjective and objective dualistic entity. Thus, conventional objective observation and logic used in approaching physical sciences become profoundly insufficient when involving brain behaviors.
In light of that nuclear spins in the brain might reveal certain quantum aspects of brain activities,1 two recent developments in MRI present an opportunity to directly measure dyadic brain interactions and entanglements.2 First, the dyadic fMRI (dfMRI) can scan two face-to-face brains simultaneously inside of one MRI scanner, which enables direct observations of two communicating brains without any media filtration in between, as shown in Fig. 1. Second, the dualistic nature of a brain can be experimentally determined from the dfMRI data, where each brain in communication behaves as a “dual-logic system” whose exogenous and endogenous systems operate in two distinct but complementary logical systems.
MRI measurements are an observation of macroscopic quantum system,3 where coherence of proton nuclear spin ensembles in dyadic brains is periodically enforced by the RF excitation pulses so that superposition states may be embedded in MR signals periodically, and decoherence time differences in different brain tissues yield image contrast. Such superposition states in the experimental data from dyadic brain might allow us to observe not only the brain-to-brain interaction mediated by sensorimotor systems but also their entanglement beyond the capacity of sensorimotor systems.
METHODS
As an alternative to the probability theory, quantum theory is the mathematical tool for describing the dfMRI experiment. Here the mutual coupling between the two brains (Alice and Bob) were induced by periodic eye contact, which caused dyadic brain state variations. The Hilbert spaces of Alice and Bob are derived by PCA of their correlation matrices from the time series of the activated parcellates. The Hilbert space for dyadic brains is the tensor product of the two individual brain’s sub-spaces. The overall activation can be further decomposed into independent components which represent different communication channels during eye contact.2 For each channel, the mutual coupling between Alice and Bob Mwas empirically derived from the distance correlation matrix of the time series of dyadic activation vertices. Such coupling can be further decomposed to M=USV’by SVD, where S is the characteristic coupling matrix for the given channel. In this quantum framework, the steady-state information flux in each channel can be described by two coupled three-layer neural network shown in Fig. 2.RESULTS
Using the dfMRI experimental data in Ref. 2, the coupling matrix Mwas calculated for one of its communication channels to exemplify the quantum logical operation. Based on the Monte Carlo simulation of the coupled neural network model shown in Fig. 2 for this channel, although many operations are non-entangled brain-to-brain interactions, there are a few of operations that mathematically manifest the quantum entanglement. For example, a reflection of the information flux by Alice can be an OR-XOR gate, as shown in Tab. 1. Since the matrix for this gate cannot be decomposed into a tensor product of two sub-matrices, it is an entanglement operation.DISCUSSIONS
In term of cognitive neuroscience interpretation, this specific channel describes a communication between Alice and Bob’s Precuneous (PCN)/Temporal Occipital Fusiform (TOF). The PCN and TOF overlap with two areas known to be an essential pair of brain regions for establishing familiarity of human faces, where TOF is for identifying face pattern, and PCN is for episodic memory retrieval [4]. Here the excitation and inhibition states of face identification and memory retrieval can be entangled.CONCLUSIONS
As an alternative to the probability theory, the mathematical language of quantum theory is utilized to describe a dfMRI experiment. Within this platform, the data-driven dyadic communication model predicts not only brain-to-brain interaction operations but also entanglement operations which might profoundly expand our understanding of human social communication.Acknowledgements
No acknowledgement found.References
1. M. Fisher, Quantum cognition: The possibility of processing with nuclear spins in the brain, Annals of Physics, Nature 362, 593-602 (2015).
2. R. Lee,Dual Logic and Cerebral Coordinates for Reciprocal Interaction in Eye Contact, PLoS ONE, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0121791 (2015)
3. A. Abragam, Principles of Nuclear Magnetism.(Oxford Science Publications, 1961)
4. M. Gobbini, J. Haxby, Neural response to the visual familiarity of faces, Brain Res Bull 71, 76-82 (2006)
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