Previously, we presented Wave-Shuffling: a technique that combines random-sampling and the temporal low-rank priors of T2-shuffling with the sinusoidal gradients of Wave-CAIPI to achieve highly-accelerated, time-resolved acquisitions. In this work, we optimize and apply Wave-Shuffling to T2-SPACE and MPRAGE to achieve rapid, 1 mm-isotropic resolution, time-resolved imaging of the brain where we recover a time-series of clinical contrast. We also present preliminary explorations into Joint-Contrast Wave-Shuffling to boost signal-to-noise ratio and reconstruction-conditioning at high accelerations.
Previously, we presented Wave-Shuffling: a technique that combines random-sampling and the temporal low-rank priors of T2−shuffling1 with the sinusoidal gradients of Wave-CAIPI2 to achieve highly-accelerated, time-resolved acquisitions. In this work, we optimize and apply Wave-Shuffling to T2−SPACE and MPRAGE to achieve rapid, 1mm−isotropic resolution, time-resolved imaging of the brain where we recover a time-series of clinical contrast. We also present preliminary explorations into Joint-Contrast Wave-Shuffling to boost signal-to-noise ratio and reconstruction-conditioning at high accelerations.
Forward Model. A succinct description of Wave-Shuffling is as follows:b=MFyzWFxREΦ⏟≜where c represents the underlying temporal coefficients from the Shuffling model, \Phi is the temporal basis that expands the coefficients to a model-based time-series of images, E is the ESPIRiT3 operator, R is the readout (x) resize operator to a larger FOV to account for the readout alias-spreading as a function of spatial phase-encode positions (y, z) induced by Wave-CAIPI, F is the Fourier Transform, W is the Wave-CAIPI Point Spread Function (PSF), M is the phase-encode sampling mask, and b is the acquired data.
Reconstruction. The reconstruction problem is posed as follows:c^*=\underset{c}{\mathrm{argmin}}\;\frac{1}{2}||Ac-b||_2^2+\lambda||T(c)||_1,where T is the spatial Wavelet transform and \lambda is the regularization. This problem is solved with BART4 using FISTA5.
A healthy subject was scanned on a 3T scanner using 32-channel head coil with\;T_2-SPACE and MPRAGE sequences that were modified to play sinusoidal gradients during readout and randomly reorder phase-encode sampling. The matrix size for both cases were 256\times256\times256 at 1mm isotropic.
MPRAGE. Fully-sampled (randomly ordered) data with and without sinusoidal readout gradients was acquired using TI=1.2s,TR=2.5s, flip angle of 8^\circ,T_{\text{acquisition}}=11\;\text{minutes} and an echo-train length of 256. The data was retrospectively under sampled to contain 100\%,50\%,25\% of the possible 256\times256 phase-encode points, which we denote R1,R2,R4 respectively.
T_2-SPACE. Fully-sampled (randomly ordered) data with 89\%\;Partial Fourier (PF) in the\;y\;direction, was acquired with a variable flip angle train6 of echo-train length of\;196, echo spacing of\;4.6ms.TR=3.2s,T_{\text{acquisition}}=16\;\text{minutes} and sinusoidal gradients. The data was retrospectively under sampled to contain 25\% of the possible 228\times256\;phase-encode points (22\% of 256\times256), which we denote R4. PF was accounted for by applying homodyne projection-onto-convex-sets (POCS) to the reconstructed coefficients.
Wave Parameter Optimization. Through simulations, it was observed that larger readout alias-spreading provides better reconstruction conditioning. This spreading is proportional to the maximum amplitude of the sinusoidal gradient, which is maximized by minimizing the number of cycles given gradient-slew and readout duration limitations. In our previous work7, we showed that small cycles create large corkscrew k-space trajectories that result in signal mixing across partition-encoding due to T_1/T_2\;recovery over the acquisition-train, which causes ringing artifacts in standard wave-CAIPI. The Shuffling model resolves signal-recovery over time, allowing for small cycles without artifacts. Consequently, for\;T_2-SPACE, we used\;2\; cycles with a gradient maximum-amplitude of 25mT/m. For MPRAGE with a lower readout bandwidth,\;8\;cycles with a gradient maximum-amplitude of 16mT/m was used for good conditioning while avoiding artifacts of lower-cycle cases with undesirable velocity-encoding.
Given recent developments of joint reconstruction for multi-contrast acquisitions8-11, we present our preliminary explorations of Joint-Contrast Wave-Shuffling. The magnitude coefficients of the above reconstructed R4 MPRAGE and R4\;T_2-SPACE data are registered with respect to each other using FSL12 (since the same subject was scanned on different sessions), and a locally low-rank threshold is applied to promote structural similarities. The result is depicted in Figure 4, where the prior is seen to help remove visual noise with a marginal improvement to normalized root mean squared error with respect to the respective R1 magnitude coefficients.
We plan to explore this direction further by incorporating the different signal evolution of MPRAGE and T_2-SPACE into \Phi so as to enforce joint-contrast with the data-consistency term. Simulation results of the same are presented in Figure 5. Brain web13 phantom courtesy of Dr. Bo Zhao.
This work was supported in part by NIH research grants: R01MH116173, R01EB020613,R01EB019437, U01EB025162, P41EB015896, and the shared instrumentation grants: S10RR023401, S10RR019307, S10RR019254, S10RR023043.